21 - MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR GENERAL USE
ICS 21 Details
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR GENERAL USE
MECHANISCHE SYSTEME UND BAUTEILE FUR GENERELLEN GEBRAUCH
SYSTEMES ET COMPOSANTS MECANIQUES A USAGE GENERAL
MEHANSKI SISTEMI IN DELI ZA SPLOŠNO RABO
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ISO 4033:2012 specifies the characteristics of hexagon high nuts (style 2), with threads from M5 up to and including M36, with product grade A for threads of diameter less than or equal to M16 and product grade B for threads of diameter greater than M16.
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ISO 8673:2012 specifies the geometry of hexagon nuts with nominal thread diameter from 8 mm up to and including 64 mm and the mechanical properties of hexagon regular nuts (style 1) with metric fine pitch thread in product grade A for nominal thread diameters 8 mm less than or equal to D less than or equal to 16 mm and in product grade B for nominal diameters 16 mm less than D less than or equal to 39 mm.
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ISO 8675:2012 specifies the characteristics of chamfered hexagon thin nuts (style 0), with metric fine pitch thread, with nominal thread diameters from 8 mm up to and including 64 mm, with product grade A for sizes D ≤ 16 mm and product grade B for sizes D > 16 mm.
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ISO 4035:2012 specifies the characteristics of chamfered hexagon thin nuts (style 0), with threads from M1,6 up to and including M64, with product grade A for threads of diameter less than or equal to M16 and product grade B for threads of diameter greater than M16.
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ISO 8674:2012 specifies the characteristics of hexagon high nuts (style 2) with metric fine pitch thread, with nominal thread diameters from 8 mm up to and including 36 mm, with product grade A for sizes D ≤ 16 mm and product grade B for sizes D > 16 mm.
Coarse thread hexagon nuts, style 2, according to ISO 4033 are intended to be the first choice.
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This document specifies the characteristics of hexagon thin nuts (style 0), in steel and stainless steel, with metric coarse pitch thread M1,6 to M64, and with product grades A and B. Thin nuts used as jam nuts are to be assembled together with a regular or high nut. WARNING — Thin nuts (style 0) have a reduced loadability compared to regular nuts or high nuts, and are not designed to provide resistance to thread stripping (see ISO 898-2). If in certain cases other specifications are requested, stainless steel grades and property classes can be selected from ISO 3506-2.
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This document specifies the characteristics of hexagon regular nuts (style 1), in steel and stainless steel, with metric fine pitch thread 8 mm to 39 mm, and with product grades A and B. NOTE For nuts with sizes D > 39 mm, see Annex A. If in certain cases other specifications are requested, property classes and stainless steel grades can be selected from ISO 898-2 or ISO 3506-2.
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This document specifies the characteristics of hexagon thin nuts (style 0), in steel and stainless steel, with metric fine pitch thread 8 mm to 64 mm, and with product grades A and B. Thin nuts used as jam nuts are to be assembled together with a regular or high nut. WARNING — Thin nuts (style 0) have a reduced loadability compared to regular nuts or high nuts, and are not designed to provide resistance to thread stripping (see ISO 898-2). If in certain cases other specifications are requested, stainless steel grades and property classes can be selected from ISO 3506-2.
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This document specifies the characteristics of hexagon high nuts (style 2), in steel and stainless steel, with metric coarse pitch thread M5 to M39, and with product grades A and B. If in certain cases other specifications are requested, property classes and stainless steel grades can be selected from ISO 898-2 or ISO 3506-2.
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This document specifies the characteristics of hexagon high nuts (style 2), in steel and stainless steel, with metric fine pitch thread 8 mm to 39 mm, and with product grades A and B. If in certain cases other specifications are requested, property classes and stainless steel grades can be selected from ISO 898-2 or ISO 3506-2.
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IEC TS 62998-3:2023 gives guidance on:
- analysis of sensor technologies of different wavelength ranges, measurement methods, and the sensing unit arrangement in an SRS, respectively the arrangement of SRSs in an SRSS;
- representative physical properties of safety-related objects with due consideration of their material characteristics and the sensor technology/technologies used in an SRS/SRSS to achieve the detection capability and comparable results during verification and validation;
- analysis of the interference of objects present in the surrounding on the safety related objects and thereby the influence on the dependability of the detection capability;
- use of algorithms during design, development and maintenance to achieve appropriate detection capability and dependability of detection;
- appropriate use of algorithms during the integration of SRS or SRSS by the integrator to improve execution of measurement information or provide decision information derived from measurement information.
If an SRS/SRSS uses sensor technologies not stated in this document, then the generic approach in accordance with IEC TS 62998-1 applies.
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This document specifies the methods of calculation of the load capacity of bevel gears, the formulae and symbols used for calculation, and the general factors influencing load conditions. The formulae in this document are intended to establish uniformly acceptable methods for calculating the load-carrying capacity of straight, helical (skew), spiral bevel, Zerol and hypoid gears. They are applicable equally to tapered depth and uniform depth teeth. Hereinafter, the term “bevel gear” refers to all of the gear types; if not, the specific forms are identified. The formulae in this document take into account the known major factors influencing load-carrying capacity. The rating formulae are only applicable to types of gear tooth deterioration, that are specifically addressed in the individual parts of the ISO 10300 series. Rating systems for a particular type of bevel gears can be established by selecting proper values for the factors used in the general formulae. NOTE This document is not applicable to bevel gears which have an inadequate contact pattern under load (see Annex D). The rating system of this document is based on virtual cylindrical gears and restricted to bevel gears whose virtual cylindrical gears have transverse contact ratios of εvα The user is cautioned that when the formulae are used for large average mean spiral angles (βm1 + βm2)/2 > 45°, for effective pressure angles αe > 30° and/or for large facewidths b > 13 mmn, the calculated results of this document should be confirmed by experience.
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This document specifies the fundamental formulae for use in the tooth root stress calculation of straight and helical (skew), Zerol and spiral bevel gears including hypoid gears, with a minimum rim thickness under the root of 3,5 mmn. All load influences on tooth root stress are included, insofar as they are the result of load transmitted by the gearing and able to be evaluated quantitatively. Stresses, such as those caused by the shrink fitting of gear rims, which are superposed on stresses due to tooth loading, are intended to be considered in the calculation of the tooth root stress, σF, or the permissible tooth root stress σFP. This document is not applicable in the assessment of tooth flank fracture. The formulae in this document are based on virtual cylindrical gears and restricted to bevel gears whose virtual cylindrical gears have transverse contact ratios of εvα This document does not apply to stress levels above those permitted for 103 cycles, as stresses in that range can exceed the elastic limit of the gear tooth. NOTE This document is not applicable to bevel gears which have an inadequate contact pattern under load. The user is cautioned that when the formulae are used for large average mean spiral angles (βm1 + βm2)/2 > 45°, for effective pressure angles αe > 30° and/or for large facewidths b > 13 mmn, the calculated results of this document should be confirmed by experience.
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This document specifies the methods of calculation of the load capacity of bevel gears, the formulae and symbols used for calculation, and the general factors influencing load conditions. The formulae in this document are intended to establish uniformly acceptable methods for calculating the load-carrying capacity of straight, helical (skew), spiral bevel, Zerol and hypoid gears. They are applicable equally to tapered depth and uniform depth teeth. Hereinafter, the term “bevel gear” refers to all of the gear types; if not, the specific forms are identified. The formulae in this document take into account the known major factors influencing load-carrying capacity. The rating formulae are only applicable to types of gear tooth deterioration, that are specifically addressed in the individual parts of the ISO 10300 series. Rating systems for a particular type of bevel gears can be established by selecting proper values for the factors used in the general formulae. NOTE This document is not applicable to bevel gears which have an inadequate contact pattern under load (see Annex D). The rating system of this document is based on virtual cylindrical gears and restricted to bevel gears whose virtual cylindrical gears have transverse contact ratios of εvα The user is cautioned that when the formulae are used for large average mean spiral angles (βm1 + βm2)/2 > 45°, for effective pressure angles αe > 30° and/or for large facewidths b > 13 mmn, the calculated results of this document should be confirmed by experience.
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This document specifies the characteristics of hexagon regular nuts (style 1), in steel and stainless steel, with metric coarse pitch thread M5 to M39, and with product grades A and B. NOTE For nuts with sizes D D > M39, see Annex A. If in certain cases other specifications are requested, property classes and stainless steel grades can be selected from ISO 898-2 or ISO 3506-2.
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This document specifies dimensional and geometrical characteristics, deviation limits from nominal sizes, and tolerance values to define the interface (except chamfers) of radial rolling bearings. Nominal boundary dimensions are defined in ISO 15, ISO 355[2] and ISO 8443[4]. This document does not apply to certain radial bearings of particular types (e.g. needle roller bearings) or for particular fields of application (e.g. airframe bearings). Tolerances for such bearings are given in the relevant International Standards. Chamfer dimension limits are given in ISO 582[3].
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This document specifies dimensional characteristics, deviation limits from nominal values, and tolerance values to define the interface (except chamfers) of thrust rolling bearings. Nominal boundary dimensions are defined in ISO 104[1]. This document is not applicable to certain thrust bearings (e.g. thrust needle roller bearings) or for particular fields of application (e.g. special thrust precision bearings). Tolerances for such bearings are given in the relevant International Standards. Chamfer dimension limits are given in ISO 582[3].
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This document establishes formulae for the calculation of power rating and centre distance of standard synchronous belts on two pulley drives. It is applicable to trapezoidal belts only. It does not apply to curvilinear synchronous belts. The numerical values of certain parameters used in the calculations depend upon the pitch and the construction of the belt and are specified by the belt manufacturer.
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This document specifies a test method based on a FZG four-square test machine to determine the relative load-carrying capacity of lubricating oils defined by the gear-surface damage known as scuffing. High surface temperatures due to high surface pressures and sliding velocities can initiate the breakdown of the lubricant films. This test method can be used to assess such lubricant breakdown under defined conditions of temperature, high sliding velocity and stepwise increased load. NOTE This method is technically equivalent to ASTM D 5182-19 and CEC L-07-A-95.
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This document specifies a test method based on a FZG four-square test machine to determine the relative load-carrying capacity of high EP oils defined by the gear surface damage known as scuffing. This test method is useful for evaluating the scuffing load capacity potential of oils typically used with highly stressed cylindrical gearing found in many vehicle and stationary applications. It is not suitable for establishing the scuffing load capacity potential of oils used in highly loaded hypoid bevel gearing applications, for which purpose other methods are available in the industry. NOTE This method is technically equivalent to CEC L-84-02.
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This document specifies a test method based on a FZG four-square test machine for determining the relative load-carrying capacity of semi-fluid gear greases defined by the gear surface damage known as scuffing. This method is useful for evaluating the scuffing load capacity potential of semi-fluid gear greases of NLGI classes 0 to 000, typically used with highly stressed gearing for enclosed gear drives. It can only be applied to greases giving a sufficient lubricant flow in the test gear box of the FZG test machine. NOTE The test method is technically equivalent to DIN Fachbericht 74.
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This document specifies the test data for outside and inside diameters of wrapped bushes made of mono and multi-layer bearing material for plain bearing applications. It also specifies test designations. Since the wall thickness of the bush is measured in the free condition, no special test data are required for this on the drawing (see ISO 3547‑5 and ISO 3547‑6). NOTE Depending on the manufacturing method, the back of the bushes can show isolated light depressions and, similarly, bushes with lubrication holes, grooves and bore indentations can show distortion. It is therefore suggested to measure the wall thickness away from these areas.
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This document specifies the calculation procedures to calculate and assess a given bearing design, as well as to design a bearing as a function of some optional parameters. This document contains the design of the required lubrication system including the calculation of the restrictor data. This document applies to hydrostatic plain journal bearings under steady-state conditions.
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This document specifies functions for thrust pad bearings. It also covers the effect of dynamic viscosity on lubricant film temperature.
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This document specifies the basic dimensions of ISO general purpose metric screw threads according to ISO 261. The values refer to the design profiles according to ISO 68-1. This document is applicable to the metric fastening screw threads.
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This document specifies the selected sizes for bolts, screws, studs and nuts in the diameter range from 1 mm to 100 mm of ISO general purpose metric screw threads (M) having the basic and design profiles according to ISO 68-1. These sizes of diameter and pitch combinations are selected from ISO 261. This document is applicable to the metric commercial fastener screw threads.
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This International Standard gives a number of optimized test plans, the corresponding border lines and characteristics. In addition the algorithms for designing test plans using a spreadsheet program are also given, together with guidance on how to choose test plans.
This standard specifies procedures to test whether an observed value of
- failure rate,
- failure intensity,
- mean operating time to failure (MTTF),
- mean operating time between failures (MTBF),
conforms to a given requirement.
It is assumed, except where otherwise stated, that during the accumulated test time, the times to failure or the operating times between failures are independent and identically exponentially distributed. This assumption implies that the failure rate or failure intensity is assumed to be constant.
Four types of test plans are described as follows:
- truncated sequential probability ratio test (SPRT);
- fixed time/failure terminated test (FTFT);
- fixed calendar time terminated test without replacement;
- combined test.
This standard does not cover guidance on how to plan, perform, analyse and report a test. This information can be found in IEC 60300-3-5.
This standard does not describe test conditions. This information can be found in IEC 60605-2 and in IEC 60300-3-5.
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This International Standard gives a number of optimized test plans, the corresponding border lines and characteristics. In addition the algorithms for designing test plans using a spreadsheet program are also given, together with guidance on how to choose test plans. This standard specifies procedures to test whether an observed value of - failure rate, - failure intensity, - mean operating time to failure (MTTF), - mean operating time between failures (MTBF), conforms to a given requirement. It is assumed, except where otherwise stated, that during the accumulated test time, the times to failure or the operating times between failures are independent and identically exponentially distributed. This assumption implies that the failure rate or failure intensity is assumed to be constant. Four types of test plans are described as follows: - truncated sequential probability ratio test (SPRT); - fixed time/failure terminated test (FTFT); - fixed calendar time terminated test without replacement; - combined test. This standard does not cover guidance on how to plan, perform, analyse and report a test. This information can be found in IEC 60300-3-5. This standard does not describe test conditions. This information can be found in IEC 60605-2 and in IEC 60300-3-5.
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This document deals with the requirements for the ferrule-securing of eyes and endless loops.
It also deals with the requirements for ferrules for the ferrule-securing of eyes and endless loops.
This document applies to the ferrule-securing of eye terminations formed either by a Flemish eye or turn-back eye and covers ferrules made of non alloy carbon steel and aluminium.
This document applies to slings and assemblies using steel wire ropes for general lifting applications up to and including 60 mm diameter conforming to EN 12385-4, lift ropes conforming to EN 12385-5 and spiral strand ropes conforming to EN 12385-10. It is approved for use on rope grades up to 1960. For use on rope grades higher than 1960, the designer/ manufacturer must satisfy the testing requirements of this document.
Type testing of ferrule-secured systems and manufacturing quality control requirements are also specified.
This document deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations, and events relevant to this particular steel wire rope termination when used as intended and under conditions of use which are foreseeable by the manufacturer.
This document applies to terminations of steel wire ropes with ferrules and ferrule-securing which are manufactured after the date of this publication.
NOTE One design of ferrule-secured turn-back eye termination using an oval aluminium ferule which satisfies the requirements of this document is given for information in Annex A.
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This document specifies, according to ISO 12301, the checking of the peripheral length of thin-walled half bearings with or without flange, and describes the necessary checking methods and measuring equipment. Thin-walled half bearings are flexible and, in the free condition, do not conform to a cylindrical profile. This is one reason the peripheral length of the half bearings can only be measured under a constraining load by use of specialized measuring equipment. In addition, measuring equipment different from that illustrated in this document can be used, provided the measuring accuracy of the equipment is consistent with the specifications given in Clause 17. This document does not include the measurement of the parting line taper. This document applies to thin-walled half bearings, the specifications of which are given in ISO 3548‑1.
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This document specifies tolerances, design features and test methods for thin-walled half bearings with integral flange up to an outside diameter of Do = 250 mm and without flange up to an outside diameter of Do = 500 mm. Due to the variety of design, it is, however, not possible to standardize the dimensions of the half bearings.
Half bearings according to this document are predominantly used in reciprocating machinery and consist of a steel backing and one or more bearing metal layers on the inside.
In reciprocating machinery, flanged half bearings can be used in connection with half bearings without flange.
Alternatively, to serve as a flanged half bearing, it is possible to use a half bearing without flange together with two separate half thrust washers according to ISO 6526, or a half bearing with assembled flanges.
NOTE All dimensions and tolerances are given in millimetres.
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This document defines, describes and classifies the characteristics of damage occurring in service in hydrodynamically lubricated metallic plain bearings due to cavitation erosion, together with possible countermeasures. It assists in understanding the various characteristic forms of damage which can occur.
Consideration is restricted to damage which has a well-defined appearance and which can be attributed to particular causes with a high degree of certainty. Various appearances are illustrated with photographs and diagrams.
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This document specifies the boundary dimensions and normal class tolerance values for needle roller bearings with machined rings.
This document specifies dimensional and geometrical characteristics, and limit deviations from nominal sizes.
These specifications apply to complete needle roller bearings and to bearings without inner ring.
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This document defines terms applied in the field of rolling bearings and their technology.
This document includes terms related to all types of rolling bearings wherein the principal degree of freedom is continuous rotation around an axis enabled by an ordered set of rolling elements between two circular raceways such that loads can be transmitted between them in a particular range of either radial or axial directions, or both. This document also includes accessories to these products.
The following types of terms are not included:
— terms specified in ISO 76, ISO 281 and ISO 1132-1;
— terms which are narrowly applied in only one specialized rolling bearing International Standard.
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This document specifies the boundary dimensions, other relevant dimensions and the corresponding tolerances of accessories for sleeve type linear ball bearings which are specified in ISO 10285.
This document applies to:
— the following housings:
— closed and adjustable flangeless housings for series 5 sleeve type linear ball bearings,
— open and open adjustable flangeless housings for series 5 sleeve type linear ball bearings;
— standard height shaft support rails for series 5 sleeve type linear ball bearings;
— flanged shaft support blocks for series 5 sleeve type linear ball bearings;
— solid and tubular shafts for series 5 sleeve type linear ball bearings.
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This document specifies a system of fits applicable to metallic plain bearings used in general engineering for mean relative bearing clearances, ψm, of 0,56 ? up to 3,15 ?. Other clearance ranges can be used depending upon the requirements in specific applications.
This system of fits is not applicable to half‑bearings and bushes which, due to their special characteristics, are not measured by diameter but by wall thickness, and which are dimensionally changed on assembly. It is not applicable to profile bore or tilting pad bearings, or to cases where specific tolerances have been established by consideration of the bearing performance at both extremes of clearance.
This document is applicable preferably to rotating machine parts and shafting, but it can be used similarly in other ranges of application.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of halfbearings of a multilayer bearing material.
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This document specifies the boundary dimensions for radial needle roller and cage assemblies.
In addition, this document gives the tolerances for the cage width and method of functional gauging of bore diameter of needle roller complement.
Informative values for the tolerances of shaft raceway, housing raceway and raceway widths are given in Annex A.
Functional gauging of radial needle roller and cage assembly is given in Annex B.
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This document specifies flange dimensions of single-row radial ball bearings with flanged outer ring and single-row angular contact ball bearings with flanged outer ring. All other boundary dimensions for complete bearings are given in ISO 15.
Tolerances for the flanges are given in ISO 492.
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This document defines requirements for the testing of lubricated plain journal bearings in test rigs, running under conditions of hydrodynamic or mixed lubrication, during bearing and/or material development. It deals with both static and dynamic loading in solid and multi-layer journal bearings. It is not applicable to the testing of dynamic characteristics of lubricant film in journal bearings applied in calculation of vibration and stability of turbo-rotors.
NOTE It is intended that further details of test procedures be established when carrying out testing based on this document.
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This document defines terms applied in the field of rolling bearings and their technology. This document includes terms related to all types of rolling bearings wherein the principal degree of freedom is continuous rotation around an axis enabled by an ordered set of rolling elements between two circular raceways such that loads can be transmitted between them in a particular range of either radial or axial directions, or both. This document also includes accessories to these products. The following types of terms are not included: — terms specified in ISO 76, ISO 281 and ISO 1132-1; — terms which are narrowly applied in only one specialized rolling bearing International Standard.
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This document specifies the method of surface modification that improves the friction characteristics of plain bearings, by press fitting a solid lubricant onto the bearing metal surface mechanically in combination with processing a lot of micro dimples on the surface.
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IEC 61124:2023 gives a number of optimized test plans, the corresponding border lines and characteristics. In addition, the algorithms for designing test plans using a spreadsheet program are also given, together with guidance on how to choose test plans.
This document specifies procedures to test whether an observed value of
failure rate,
failure intensity,
mean operating time to failure (MTTF),
mean operating time between failures (MTBF), conforms to a given requirement.
It is assumed, except where otherwise stated, that during the accumulated test time, the times to failure or the operating times between failures are independent and identically exponentially distributed. This assumption implies that the failure rate or failure intensity is assumed to be constant.
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This document specifies the measurement and test methods for general characteristics of cold formed helical extension springs made from round wire, excluding dynamic testing.
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This document specifies the boundary dimensions and normal class tolerance values for needle roller bearings with machined rings. This document specifies dimensional and geometrical characteristics, and limit deviations from nominal sizes. These specifications apply to complete needle roller bearings and to bearings without inner ring.
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This document specifies the methods of checking the regularity of the grooves and pulleys for V-belts specified in the system based on datum width. The grooved pulleys may be designed for use with classical or narrow V-belts. Inspection parameters and tolerances of grooved pulleys are covered by appropriate International Standards.
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This document specifies the boundary dimensions and preferred dimensions to be used for drawn cup needle roller bearings without inner ring as well as the minimum chamfer dimension limits. This document also specifies the closed end thickness dimensions for bearings with one closed end. In addition, this document specifies dimensional tolerances for the needle roller complement bore diameter and tolerances for the drawn cup width.
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This document specifies the characteristics of hexagon head screws, in steel, with metric coarse pitch threads M5 to M64, and with product grade C.
If in certain cases other specifications are requested, property classes can be selected from ISO 898-1, and dimensional options from ISO 888 or ISO 4753.
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This document specifies the characteristics of hexagon head screws, in steel and stainless steel, with metric fine pitch threads M8×1 to M64×4, and with product grades A and B.
If in certain cases other specifications are requested, property classes and stainless steel grades can be selected from ISO 898-1 or ISO 3506-1, and dimensional options from ISO 888 or ISO 4753.
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