94/67/EC - Incineration of hazardous waste
Council Directive 94/67/EC establishes measures to prevent or reduce the negative environmental effects and health risks from incinerating hazardous waste within the European Community. It mandates appropriate operating conditions and emission limit values for hazardous waste incineration plants, including detailed provisions on plant design, operation, and monitoring. The Directive requires incineration at high temperatures (minimum 850°C, or 1100°C for certain wastes) with controlled oxygen levels to ensure near-complete combustion, and limits carbon monoxide and emissions of heavy metals, dioxins, and furans using the most advanced techniques. Permits are required for operation, listing types and quantities of wastes treated, and ensuring compliance through monitoring and reporting. Specific requirements apply to coincineration in plants not primarily intended for hazardous waste. Public access to permit applications and monitoring results is guaranteed. The Directive also calls for integration with existing waste and air pollution laws, allows for more stringent national measures, and includes provisions for periodic review to incorporate technological advances. Overall, the Directive aims to protect air, soil, water, and human health from the risks of hazardous waste incineration.
Purpose
Council Directive 94/67/EC aims to prevent or, where prevention is not practicable, to reduce as far as possible the negative environmental effects from the incineration of hazardous waste within the European Community. This includes preventing pollution of air, soil, surface water, and groundwater, and reducing risks to human health. The Directive sets out measures and procedures to regulate hazardous waste incineration plants by establishing appropriate operating conditions and binding emission limit values (ELVs). It also seeks to harmonize standards across Member States to reduce transboundary pollution risks and ensure a high level of environmental protection.
Key Obligations
- Permit Requirement: Operators must obtain a permit prior to operation, which includes demonstrating that their plant is designed and operated to prevent environmental pollution and comply with emission limits (Article 3).
- Waste Reception: Operators must have detailed descriptions of the waste, including physical and chemical composition and hazard characteristics. Waste must be verified and sampled upon delivery to ensure suitability for incineration (Article 5).
- Incineration Conditions: Plants must achieve high incineration efficiency, including minimum combustion temperatures of 850°C (or 1100°C for halogenated organic waste) maintained for at least two seconds with adequate oxygen levels (Article 6).
- Emission Limits: Specific ELVs apply for a variety of pollutants, including carbon monoxide, heavy metals, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulates, and dioxins/furans, with progressively strict standards especially for dioxins and furans (Article 7).
- Continuous Monitoring: Operators must continuously monitor emissions using standardized measurement techniques to ensure compliance with ELVs and take corrective actions if limits are exceeded (Article 11).
- Operational Controls: Automatic burners must maintain temperatures during start-up, shutdown, or temperature deviations. Waste feed must stop if minimum conditions are not met, or if purification devices fail (Article 6).
- Coincineration: Where hazardous waste is coincinerated in plants not primarily designed for hazardous waste, specific restrictions are applied limiting hazardous waste input to 40% of total heat release and partial application of this Directive (Article 3).
- Transparency: Permit applications, decisions, and monitoring results must be accessible to the public according to environmental information access rules (Article 4).
- Environmental Protection: Emissions must avoid significant ground-level pollution. Exhaust gases must be discharged via appropriately tall stacks to safeguard health and the environment (Article 6).
- Reporting and Review: Member States and the Commission must report on implementation. Emission limits and provisions must be reviewed and updated in light of technological progress (Article 17).
Affected Products and Actors
- Hazardous Waste: Defined by Directive 91/689/EEC, excluding certain combustible liquid wastes (such as waste oils meeting specific criteria), municipal waste covered by other directives, sewage sludge not rendered hazardous, and hazardous waste from offshore oil and gas exploration incinerated onboard (Article 2).
- Incineration Plants: Any installation used for the oxidation of hazardous wastes, including pretreatment, pyrolysis, or thermal processes followed by incineration. This includes plants burning hazardous waste as fuel. Excluded plants include animal carcass incinerators, certain infectious clinical waste incinerators, and municipal waste incinerators with limited hazardous waste (Article 2).
- Operators: Natural or legal persons who operate or have decisive economic power over the plants (Article 2).
Implementation Timeline
- Date of adoption: 16 December 1994.
- New plants: The Directive applies to all new incineration plants with permits granted on or after the date specified in Article 18(1) (exact date not included in the excerpt, typically shortly after adoption).
- Existing plants: Must adapt to comply with Directive provisions within prescribed deadlines to prevent transfer of hazardous waste to non-compliant plants.
- Dioxins/furans limit value: Applied from 1 January 1997, contingent on harmonized measurement techniques being available at the Community level.
- Emission limit values and technical provisions: Last official review scheduled before 31 December 2000 to reflect technological progress and operational experience.
This Directive sets a binding framework for managing hazardous waste incineration under strict environmental controls to protect human health and the environment across the EU.
This Directive applies to the incineration of hazardous waste, specifically targeting plants designed to oxidize hazardous waste through thermal processes such as combustion, pyrolysis, or other treatments where the products are subsequently incinerated. It includes installations that burn hazardous waste as a regular or additional fuel for industrial processes. The Directive excludes incinerators for animal carcasses or remains, incinerators for infectious clinical waste not rendered hazardous, and municipal waste incinerators also burning infectious clinical waste not mixed with hazardous wastes. It covers hazardous waste defined under Directive 91/689/EEC but excludes certain combustible liquid wastes meeting specific chemical criteria, hazardous waste from offshore oil and gas exploration incinerated onboard, municipal waste covered by other directives, and certain sewage sludges. The Directive also applies to coincineration where hazardous waste constitutes up to 40% of the heat released, subject to specific operational and permitting conditions.
Die Richtlinie 94/67/EG legt verbindliche Vorschriften für die Verbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle in der Europäischen Union fest, um die Umwelt sowie die menschliche Gesundheit vor schädlichen Emissionen zu schützen. Sie definiert klare Anforderungen an den Betrieb von Verbrennungsanlagen, einschließlich Genehmigungsverfahren, technischen Mindeststandards und Emissionsgrenzwerten, insbesondere für krebserregende Schadstoffe wie Dioxine und Furane. Neue und bestehende Anlagen müssen geeignete Verbrennungstemperaturen und Verweilzeiten sicherstellen, um eine möglichst vollständige Zerstörung der gefährlichen Abfälle zu gewährleisten und Emissionen zu minimieren. Die Mitverbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle in anderen Anlagen ist nur unter streng begrenzten Voraussetzungen zulässig. Zudem werden Anforderungen an die Überwachung und Kontrolle der Emissionen durch anspruchsvolle Messtechniken festgelegt. Die Richtlinie fördert Präventivmaßnahmen und verlangt, dass Abluft und Rückstände so behandelt werden, dass keine Verlagerung von Umweltbelastungen in andere Medien erfolgt. Ziel ist es, ein hohes und einheitliches Schutzniveau in allen Mitgliedstaaten zu erreichen und damit grenzüberschreitenden Umweltbelastungen vorzubeugen.
Zweck
Die Richtlinie 94/67/EG des Rates vom 16. Dezember 1994 zielt darauf ab, Maßnahmen und Verfahren einzuführen, um Belastungen der Umwelt durch die Verbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle vorzubeugen oder – wenn nicht vollständig möglich – auf ein Minimum zu begrenzen. Insbesondere soll durch geeignete Betriebsbedingungen und Emissionsgrenzwerte sichergestellt werden, dass Luft, Boden, Oberflächen- und Grundwasser sowie die menschliche Gesundheit geschützt werden. Die Richtlinie legt verbindliche Mindestanforderungen für Verbrennungsanlagen in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft fest, um ein hohes Niveau des Umweltschutzes zu gewährleisten.
Hauptverpflichtungen
Genehmigungserfordernis: Betreiber von Verbrennungsanlagen müssen vor Inbetriebnahme eine behördliche Genehmigung einholen. Diese setzt voraus, dass die Anlagen so ausgelegt, ausgerüstet und betrieben werden, dass Umweltverunreinigungen vermieden oder vermindert werden und Emissionsgrenzwerte eingehalten werden.
Annäherung und Überwachung der Emissionen: Alle Verbrennungsanlagen müssen so betrieben werden, dass der Verbrennungsprozess komplett und effizient erfolgt, unter Einhaltung definierter Mindesttemperaturen (mindestens 850 °C, bei halogenierten organischen Stoffen mindestens 1100 °C) mit ausreichendem Sauerstoffgehalt. Brenner müssen automatisch einschalten, wenn die Temperatur sinkt, um Emissionen zu minimieren.
Emissionsgrenzwerte und Messtechniken: Es gelten verbindliche Grenzwerte für Schadstoffe im Abgas, darunter Kohlenmonoxid (CO) mit Tages- und Kurzzeitgrenzwerten. Die Emissionen müssen kontinuierlich und mit anspruchsvollen Messtechniken überwacht werden.
Besondere Vorschriften für Dioxine und Furane: Da diese Verbindungen besonders umweltschädlich sind, sind hierfür strengere Emissionsgrenzwerte und der Einsatz der besten verfügbaren Techniken vorgeschrieben.
Kontrolle von Abfällen und Annahme der Abfälle: Betreiber müssen vor Annahme der Abfälle deren physikalische und chemische Zusammensetzung sowie Gefahrenmerkmale genau prüfen und dokumentieren. Es sind Proben zu nehmen und aufzubewahren, und alle Vorgänge zur Annahme sind transparent zu dokumentieren.
Mitverbrennung: Die Mitverbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle in Anlagen, die primär nicht für deren Verbrennung bestimmt sind, ist nur unter strengen Voraussetzungen zulässig. Die Emissionen aus der Mitverbrennung dürfen nicht höher sein als bei der Verbrennung herkömmlicher Brennstoffe.
Informationspflicht und Öffentlichkeitszugang: Genehmigungen, Entscheidungen und Überwachungsergebnisse sind gemäß EU-Vorschriften über Umweltinformationen der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen.
Anpassung und Berichterstattung: Die Mitgliedstaaten und die Kommission müssen regelmäßig über die Umsetzung und technischen Entwicklungen berichten. Bis Ende 2000 sollen Vorschläge zur Erweiterung und Anpassung der Grenzwerte vorgelegt werden.
Betroffene Produkte und Akteure
Gefährliche Abfälle: Die Richtlinie gilt für alle festen oder flüssigen gefährlichen Abfälle gemäß der Definition der Richtlinie 91/689/EWG, mit bestimmten Ausnahmen wie z. B. Altöl, bestimmte flüssige brennbare Abfälle, Abfälle von Öl- und Gasbohrinseln, Hausmüll und Klärschlamm bei Vorliegen bestimmter Bedingungen.
Verbrennungsanlagen: Alle technischen Anlagen, die gefährliche Abfälle durch Oxidation (Verbrennung) behandeln, hierzu zählen auch Anlagen zur Pyrolyse und thermischen Vorbehandlung, wenn die dabei entstehenden Stoffe verbrannt werden. Ausschlüsse gelten für Einrichtungen, die Tierkörper oder infektiöse klinische Abfälle verbrennen sowie kommunale Müllanlagen mit bestimmten klinischen Abfällen.
Betreiber: Jede natürliche oder juristische Person, die eine solche Anlage betreibt oder wirtschaftlich kontrolliert.
Umsetzungszeitplan
Die Mitgliedstaaten müssen die Richtlinie in nationales Recht umsetzen und sicherstellen, dass bestehende Anlagen (vor dem Stichtag genehmigte Anlagen) rasch an die neuen Anforderungen angepasst werden.
Für neue Anlagen gilt die Richtlinie ab dem in Artikel 18 Absatz 1 angegebenen Zeitpunkt der Genehmigung unmittelbar.
Spezifische Emissionsgrenzwerte für Schadstoffe in wässrigen Abfällen aus der Abgasreinigung sind innerhalb von zwei Jahren nach Inkrafttreten der Richtlinie festzulegen.
Bis zum 31. Dezember 2000 musste der Rat auf Grundlage von Berichten der Kommission Vorschläge zur Neufestsetzung der Emissionsgrenzwerte und zur Anpassung der Bestimmungen vorlegen.
Diese Vorgaben verpflichten die Mitgliedstaaten zu einer raschen und konsequenten Anpassung ihres Rechts und Überwachungssystems für die Verbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle, um Gefahren für Umwelt und Gesundheit zu minimieren.
Die Richtlinie 94/67/EG gilt für die Verbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle in technischen Anlagen, die zur Behandlung solcher Abfälle durch Oxidation, mit oder ohne Rückgewinnung der entstehenden Verbrennungswärme, eingesetzt werden. Dies umfasst auch Anlagen, in denen gefährliche Abfälle als üblicher oder zusätzlicher Brennstoff für industrielle Prozesse verbrannt werden. Ausgenommen sind Verbrennungsanlagen für Tierkörper, infektiöse klinische Abfälle (sofern nicht gefährlich nach einschlägigen Kriterien) sowie kommunale Verbrennungsanlagen, die klinische Abfälle verbrennen. Die Richtlinie zielt darauf ab, Umweltbelastungen durch Emissionen bei der Verbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle einschließlich Gas-, Staub- und Wasseremissionen zu begrenzen, um die Umwelt und die menschliche Gesundheit zu schützen. Sie findet Anwendung auf neue und bestehende Verbrennungsanlagen in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft und regelt auch die Mitverbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle in Anlagen, die nicht primär für diese Verbrennung bestimmt sind, unter bestimmten Bedingungen und Beschränkungen.
La directive 94/67/CE établit un cadre réglementaire communautaire pour prévenir et réduire les impacts environnementaux liés à l'incinération des déchets dangereux. Elle exige que les installations d'incinération soient conçues, équipées et exploitées pour minimiser les émissions polluantes dans l'air, le sol et les eaux, protégeant ainsi la santé publique et l'environnement. La directive fixe des valeurs limites d'émission spécifiques, notamment pour les dioxines et furannes, et impose des conditions strictes de contrôle et de surveillance continue. Elle définit également les modalités d’octroi des permis d’exploitation, la classification des installations (existantes, nouvelles), ainsi que les procédures relatives à l’acceptation et au traitement des déchets. Par ailleurs, elle prévoit des mesures spécifiques pour la co-incinération dans des installations non dédiées. La transparence est également encadrée avec l’accès aux informations sur les installations. La directive invite à un réexamen périodique des normes en fonction des avancées techniques et scientifiques pour garantir un niveau élevé de protection environnementale au sein de l’Union européenne.
Objet
La directive 94/67/CE du Conseil, adoptée le 16 décembre 1994, vise à prévenir ou réduire autant que possible les effets néfastes de l’incinération des déchets dangereux sur l’environnement et la santé humaine. Elle fixe des conditions d’exploitation et des valeurs limites d’émission pour les installations européennes dédiées à l’incinération de ces déchets. L’objectif est de protéger l’air, le sol, les eaux de surface et souterraines des pollutions engendrées par ce procédé, tout en limitant les risques sanitaires associés.
Obligations principales
Permis d’exploitation : Les installations ne peuvent exploiter un incinérateur de déchets dangereux qu’après obtention d’un permis délivré par les autorités compétentes. Ce permis doit préciser les types et quantités de déchets autorisés ainsi que la capacité totale de l’installation.
Gestion des déchets avant incinération : L’exploitant doit disposer d’une description détaillée des déchets (composition physique et chimique, risques, précautions) avant leur acceptation. Il doit procéder à la pesée, vérifier les documents réglementaires et réaliser des prélèvements d’échantillons représentatifs pour contrôle. Ces échantillons sont conservés au moins un mois après incinération.
Conditions d’incinération :
- Le procédé doit garantir un niveau d’incinération aussi complet que possible.
- La température des gaz doit atteindre au moins 850 °C pendant 2 secondes avec 6 % d’oxygène minimum. Pour les déchets avec plus de 1 % de composés organiques halogénés, la température minimale est de 1100 °C.
- Des brûleurs automatiques doivent maintenir la température minimale à tout instant où des déchets non brûlés sont présents dans la chambre.
Co-incinération : Lorsqu’une installation n’est pas destinée principalement à l’incinération de déchets dangereux mais en co-incinère jusqu’à 40 % de la chaleur produite par ces déchets, certaines dispositions spécifiques s’appliquent, notamment en matière de permis, de contrôle des émissions et de conditions d’alimentation en déchets.
Surveillance et transparence :
- Les mesures de contrôle continu des émissions doivent être effectuées et communiquées aux autorités.
- Les demandes de permis, décisions, et résultats des contrôles sont accessibles au public conformément à la directive 90/313/CEE sur l’accès à l’information environnementale.
Réduction des émissions spécifiques : La directive contient des dispositions particulières pour réduire les émissions de dioxines, furannes et autres substances polluantes via l’utilisation des techniques les plus avancées.
Mesures en cas de dépassement : Des dispositions spéciales sont prévues en cas de dépassement des valeurs limites ainsi qu’en cas de pannes ou défaillances inévitables des systèmes d’épuration.
Produits et acteurs concernés
Déchets dangereux concernés : Tout déchet solide ou liquide dangereux au sens de la directive 91/689/CEE, à l’exception de certains déchets liquides combustibles, déchets issus de la recherche et exploitation offshore, déchets municipaux ou boues non dangereuses.
Installations visées :
- Les incinérateurs de déchets dangereux et leurs équipements associés : réception, stockage, prétraitement, incinération, traitement des gaz et eaux usées.
- Sont exclus : incinérateurs de carcasses/animaux, déchets hospitaliers infectieux (sauf cas particuliers) et certains incinérateurs de déchets municipaux.
Exploitants : Toute personne physique ou morale exerçant un pouvoir économique décisif sur l’installation.
Autorités compétentes : Responsables de délivrer les permis d’exploitation et d’assurer la surveillance de la conformité aux prescriptions.
Calendrier de mise en œuvre
La directive précise que :
Les nouvelles installations doivent répondre aux exigences à compter de la date d’entrée en vigueur de la directive.
Les installations existantes doivent se conformer à terme aux valeurs limites d’émission prévues, évitant le transfert accru de déchets dangereux vers ces sites.
Des valeurs limites spécifiques pour les eaux de lavage issues de l’épuration des gaz doivent être établies dans les deux ans suivant l’entrée en vigueur.
Un comité d’experts doit assister la Commission pour suivre la mise en œuvre, adapter la directive aux avancées techniques, et préparer un réexamen des valeurs limites au plus tard avant le 31 décembre 2000.
En résumé, cette directive encadre strictement la gestion et l’exploitation des installations d’incinération de déchets dangereux dans l’Union européenne afin d’assurer un haut niveau de protection environnementale et sanitaire.
La directive 94/67/CE concerne l'incinération des déchets dangereux au sein de la Communauté européenne. Elle s'applique aux installations conçues spécifiquement pour l'incinération de déchets dangereux par oxydation, incluant le traitement préalable, la pyrolyse ou tout autre traitement thermique dont les produits sont ensuite incinérés. Cette directive exclut certains déchets dangereux tels que les déchets liquides combustibles conformes aux critères définis, les déchets dangereux issus de la recherche et exploitation pétrolière offshore incinérés à bord, les déchets municipaux régis par d'autres directives, ainsi que certains boues d'épuration non rendues dangereuses. Elle ne couvre pas les incinérateurs de carcasses animales, d’ordures hospitalières infectieuses non dangereuses, ni certains incinérateurs municipaux traitant des déchets non dangereux. Elle s'applique également, sous certaines conditions, aux installations non destinées principalement à l'incinération de déchets dangereux qui effectuent de la co-incinération. L’objectif est de prévenir et réduire la pollution atmosphérique, des sols et des eaux, et de protéger la santé humaine.
Direktiva 94/67/ES določa ukrepe za preprečevanje in zmanjševanje negativnih vplivov na okolje ter zdravje ljudi, ki nastajajo pri sežiganju nevarnih odpadkov. Namenjena je vzpostavitvi ustreznih obratovalnih pogojev in mejnih vrednosti emisij za sežigalnice nevarnih odpadkov v Evropski uniji. Direktiva predpisuje dovoljevanja za obratovanje, nadzor nad dovozom in sprejemom odpadkov, zagotavljanje optimalnih pogojev zgorevanja, vključno z nadzorom temperature in vsebnosti kisika, ter določanje mejnih vrednosti emisij za različna onesnaževala, kot so težke kovine, dioksini, furani in plinski emisiji. Predvideva tudi zahteve za obvladovanje odpadnih vod in preprečevanje prenosa onesnaževanja v tla in podtalnico. Direktiva spodbuja uporabo najsodobnejših tehnologij za zmanjševanje emisij in zahteva redno spremljanje stanja ter javno dostopnost informacij. Poleg tega ureja sosežig nevarnih odpadkov in določa postopke za ukrepanje v primeru preseganja mejnih vrednosti emisij ali tehničnih motenj.
Namen
Direktiva Sveta 94/67/ESz o sežiganju nevarnih odpadkov določa ukrepe in postopke za preprečevanje ali čim učinkovitejše zmanjšanje negativnih učinkov na okolje ter tveganj za zdravje ljudi, ki nastajajo pri sežiganju nevarnih odpadkov. Cilj je zagotavljanje ustreznih obratovalnih pogojev in mejnih vrednosti emisij za sežigalnice nevarnih odpadkov v Evropski skupnosti. Direktiva temelji na načelih preprečevanja onesnaževanja pri viru, strogojših ukrepih na ravni Skupnosti zaradi razlike v nacionalnih predpisih ter varstvu zdravja ljudi in okolja.
Ključne obveznosti
- Dovoljenja za obratovanje: Sežigalnice nevarnih odpadkov morajo pridobiti dovoljenje, ki določa vrste in količine odpadkov, zmogljivost in pogoje za preprečevanje onesnaževanja (člen 3).
- Nosilec obrata mora: sprejeti ukrepe za preprečitev ali zmanjšanje negativnih vplivov na okolje, vključno s pravilnim sprejemom in opisom odpadkov ter vzorčenjem (člen 5).
- Obratovalni pogoji: Sežigalnice morajo doseči popolno sežiganje z določenimi temperaturnimi in časovnimi zahtevami za zgorevalni plin, npr. segrevanje na najmanj 850 °C vsaj 2 sekundi; pri halogeniranih organskih snoveh na najmanj 1100 °C (člen 6).
- Mejne vrednosti emisij: V tovornih plinih ne smejo biti presežene največje dovoljene koncentracije za različna onesnaževala, vključno z ogljikovim monoksidom, težkimi kovinami, žveplovim dioksidom, vodikovim kloridom, fluoridom, dioksini in furan (člen 7).
- Odpadne vode: Emisije odpadnih vod iz čiščenja odpadnih plinov morajo biti omejene in se smejo odvajati le po odgovorni obdelavi, skladno z dovoljenji in predpisi (člen 8).
- Ravnanje z ostanki: Ostanki sežigalnic morajo biti predelani ali odstranjen skladno z zakonodajo o odpadkih, pri čemer se lahko zahteva predhodna obdelava (člen 9).
- Sosežiganje: Uporaba naprav, ki niso prvotno namenjene sežiganju nevarnih odpadkov, je dovoljena pod pogoji, da delež sežiganih nevarnih odpadkov ne presega 40 % toplote in da so izpolnjene posebne zahteve glede emisij (člen 3).
Vplivani proizvodi in akterji
- Sežigalnice nevarnih odpadkov: vključujejo sežigalnice industrijskih nevarnih odpadkov, sežigalnice infektivnih bolnišničnih odpadkov in sežigalnice komunalnih odpadkov, če se v njih sežigajo tudi specifični nevarni odpadki.
- Upravljavci sežigalnic: so dolžni zagotoviti skladnost z dovoljenji, nadzorovati kakovost odpadkov, izvajati meritve emisij in primerno ravnati z ostanki.
- Pristojni organi: izdajo dovoljenja, nadzorujejo izvajanje direktive, spremljajo emisije in izvajajo javno obveščanje.
- Industrijski obrati: ki izvajajo sosežig nevarnih odpadkov v drugih napravah (npr. cementarne), morajo izpolnjevati posebne zahteve glede emisij in dovoljenj.
Časovni okvir za implementacijo
- Začetek veljavnosti: Direktiva je začela veljati takoj po sprejetju.
- Preverjanja in poročanje: Države članice morajo spremljati in poročati o duševnosti izvajanja direktive.
- Mejne vrednosti emisij dioksinov in furanov: morajo biti dosežene najkasneje do 1. januarja 1997.
- Določitev mejnih vrednosti emisij v odpadnih vodah: naj bi bila določena v dveh letih po začetku veljavnosti direktive.
- Ponovni pregled mejnih vrednosti emisij: naj bi bil izveden pred 31. decembrom 2000 glede na tehnološki razvoj in izkušnje.
Direktiva omogoča državam članicam, da uveljavljajo tudi strožje ukrepe varstva okolja, kar podpira visoko raven varstva zdravja ljudi in okolja znotraj skupnosti.
Direktiva 94/67/ES se nanaša na sežiganje nevarnih odpadkov in določa ukrepe za preprečevanje ali zmanjšanje negativnih vplivov na okolje in zdravje ljudi, ki nastanejo zaradi emisij pri tem postopku. Uporablja se na sežigalnice nevarnih odpadkov, vključno z gorljivimi tekočimi odpadki, kot so opredeljeni v drugih direktivah EU, ter nevarnim odpadkom, ki nastaja pri raziskovanju in izkoriščanju nafte in plina. Izključuje pa določene vrste odpadkov, kot so komunalni odpadki in blato iz čistilnih naprav, če ne posegajo v določila drugih direktiv. Direktiva zajema načrtovanje, obratovanje in nadzor nad sežigalnicami, vključuje tudi pravila glede sosežiganja nevarnih odpadkov v napravah, ki niso namenjene izključno za sežig nevarnih odpadkov. Namen je zagotoviti visoko raven varstva okolja skozi določitev obratovalnih pogojev in mejnih vrednosti emisij.
General Information
This document specifies a manual reference method for the determination of the mass concentration of specific elements in stationary source emissions. The method is applicable to each of the specific elements in the concentration range of 0,005 mg/m3 to 5 mg/m3.
This document has been validated for the determination of the mass concentration of metals in incineration exhaust gases - applying the performance criteria stated in Clause 9 - for the following elements:
- arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), and vanadium (V) and their compounds.
The document can be used to determine metals other than those listed above (for example, selenium (Se) (ISO 17211), tellurium (Te), beryllium (Be), tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn)).
NOTE 1 These other metals mentioned above are commonly required by National Regulations, but this document currently has not yet been validated for these metals.
The document was validated for waste incinerators, but it is also applicable to other industrial processes, the practical experience shows that it can be applied over wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
If mercury is intended to be determined as well, this can be sampled in a side stream arrangement of the sampling train (EN 13211) [5].
NOTE 2 This document has been validated with the described materials, equipment, sampling, and digestion performances etc., followed by analyses with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES,) or inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This does not exclude the use of other types of equipment or analyses that meet the requirements and have been proven to be equivalent to the described European Standard.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a manual reference method for the determination of the mass concentration of specific elements in stationary source emissions. The method is applicable to each of the specific elements in the concentration range of 0,005 mg/m3 to 5 mg/m3.
This document has been validated for the determination of the mass concentration of metals in incineration exhaust gases - applying the performance criteria stated in Clause 9 - for the following elements:
- arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), and vanadium (V) and their compounds.
The document can be used to determine metals other than those listed above (for example, selenium (Se) (ISO 17211), tellurium (Te), beryllium (Be), tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn)).
NOTE 1 These other metals mentioned above are commonly required by National Regulations, but this document currently has not yet been validated for these metals.
The document was validated for waste incinerators, but it is also applicable to other industrial processes, the practical experience shows that it can be applied over wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
If mercury is intended to be determined as well, this can be sampled in a side stream arrangement of the sampling train (EN 13211) [5].
NOTE 2 This document has been validated with the described materials, equipment, sampling, and digestion performances etc., followed by analyses with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES,) or inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This does not exclude the use of other types of equipment or analyses that meet the requirements and have been proven to be equivalent to the described European Standard.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the calibration and validation (QAL2), the ongoing quality assurance during operation (QAL3) and the annual surveillance test (AST) of AMS used for monitoring total mercury emissions from stationary sources to demonstrate compliance with an emission limit value (ELV). This document is derived from EN 14181 and is only applicable in conjunction with EN 14181.
This document is applicable by direct correlation with the standard reference method (SRM) described in EN 13211.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the calibration and validation (QAL2), the ongoing quality assurance during operation (QAL3) and the annual surveillance test (AST) of AMS used for monitoring total mercury emissions from stationary sources to demonstrate compliance with an emission limit value (ELV). This document is derived from EN 14181 and is only applicable in conjunction with EN 14181.
This document is applicable by direct correlation with the standard reference method (SRM) described in EN 13211.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies requirements for the calibration and validation (QAL2), the ongoing quality assurance during operation (QAL3) and the annual surveillance test (AST) of automated measuring systems (AMS) used for monitoring dust emissions from stationary sources to demonstrate compliance with emission limit values (ELV) below 50 mg/m3 at standard conditions. It specifically deals with measurements in wet gases and at low concentrations.
This document is derived from EN 14181 and is only applicable in conjunction with EN 14181.
This document is applicable by direct correlation with the standard reference method (SRM) described in EN 13284-1.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts prEN 1948-2:2005 and
prEN 1948-3:2005 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been developed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF sampling.
The user has the possibility to choose between three different methods:
- "filter/condenser method"
- "dilution method"
- "cooled probe method"
Each sampling method is illustrated by some sampling systems described in detail in Annex B as examples of proven procedures.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses see CEN/TS 1948-4), although no validated performance characteristics are avail
- Standard64 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the identification and quantification procedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts of this standard, prEN 1948-1:2005 and prEN 1948-2:2005, describing sampling and extraction and clean-up, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF identification and quantification methods to be applied. Some methods are described in detail in Annex A as examples of proven procedures.
Each of the three sampling methods (Part 1) can be combined with the extraction and clean-up (Part 2) and the identification and quantification (Part 3) to complete the measurement procedure.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements in order to measure every 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDD/PCDF congener required to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1 of prEN 1948-1:2005).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the extraction and clean-up procedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts prEN 1948-1:2005 and prEN 1948-3:2005 describing sampling or identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about
0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF extraction and clean-up methods to be applied. Some methods are described in detail in Annex A as examples of proven procedures.
Each of the three sampling methods (Part 1) can be combined with the extraction and clean-up (Part 2) and the identification and quantification (Part 3) to complete the measurement procedure.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1 of
prEN 1948-1:2005).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses se
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the extraction and clean-up procedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts prEN 1948-1:2005 and prEN 1948-3:2005 describing sampling or identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about
0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF extraction and clean-up methods to be applied. Some methods are described in detail in Annex A as examples of proven procedures.
Each of the three sampling methods (Part 1) can be combined with the extraction and clean-up (Part 2) and the identification and quantification (Part 3) to complete the measurement procedure.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1 of
prEN 1948-1:2005).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses se
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts prEN 1948-2:2005 and
prEN 1948-3:2005 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been developed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF sampling.
The user has the possibility to choose between three different methods:
- "filter/condenser method"
- "dilution method"
- "cooled probe method"
Each sampling method is illustrated by some sampling systems described in detail in Annex B as examples of proven procedures.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses see CEN/TS 1948-4), although no validated performance characteristics are avail
- Standard64 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the identification and quantification procedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts of this standard, prEN 1948-1:2005 and prEN 1948-2:2005, describing sampling and extraction and clean-up, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF identification and quantification methods to be applied. Some methods are described in detail in Annex A as examples of proven procedures.
Each of the three sampling methods (Part 1) can be combined with the extraction and clean-up (Part 2) and the identification and quantification (Part 3) to complete the measurement procedure.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements in order to measure every 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDD/PCDF congener required to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1 of prEN 1948-1:2005).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
TC - Addition of a caution notice after 6.3.2
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish, French and German languagee-Library read for1 day
TC - Addition of a caution notice after 6.3.2
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish, French and German languagee-Library read for1 day
This European standard specifies a manual reference method for the determination of the mass concentration of mercury in exhaust gases from ducts and chimneys. The method is applicable for the concentration range of total mercury from 0,001 to 0,5 mg/m3 in exhaust gases with the following composition: total suspended matter from 0 to 20 mg/m3; CxHy from 0 to 10 mg/m3; HCl from 0 to 50 mg/m3; HF from 0 to 10 mg/m3; SO2 from 0 to 250 mg/m3; NOx from 0 to 500 mg/m3; CO2 from 0 to 15 vol%; H2O (g) from 10 to 25 vol% (actual); O2 from 8 to 15 vol% (dry, actual); temperature from 60 to 140°C.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European standard specifies a manual reference method for the determination of the mass concentration of mercury in exhaust gases from ducts and chimneys. The method is applicable for the concentration range of total mercury from 0,001 to 0,5 mg/m3 in exhaust gases with the following composition: total suspended matter from 0 to 20 mg/m3; CxHy from 0 to 10 mg/m3; HCl from 0 to 50 mg/m3; HF from 0 to 10 mg/m3; SO2 from 0 to 250 mg/m3; NOx from 0 to 500 mg/m3; CO2 from 0 to 15 vol%; H2O (g) from 10 to 25 vol% (actual); O2 from 8 to 15 vol% (dry, actual); temperature from 60 to 140°C.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for sampling, and determining car-bon monoxide content in ducts and stacks emitting to atmosphere. It describes the Non Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) analytical technique, including the sampling system and sample gas conditioning system, to determine CO in flue gases. This European Standard is the reference method for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, it is necessary to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are lower than the performance criteria defined in this European standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 6 % relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
NOTE When the NDIR method is used as an AMS, refer to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN TC 264.
It is necessary for anybody who would like to use an Alternative Method instead of this Standard Reference Method to work out the demonstration of the equivalence according to the Technical Specification TS 14793, providing that his capability to carry out this demonstration is officially recognised by his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration installations and large combustion plants. It has been validated for CO concentrations with sampling periods of 30 min in the range of 0 mg/m3 to 400 mg/m3 for large combustion plants and 0 mg/m3 – 740 mg/m3 for waste and co-incineration. For waste incineration plants, Council Directive 2000/76/EC lays down emission values which are expressed in mg/m3, on dry basis at a specified value of O2 and at reference conditions of 273 K and 101,3 kPa.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies specific requirements on automated measuring systems (AMS) for monitoring of total mercury. It is derived from EN 14181, which is the general document on the quality assurance of AMS. It is only applicable in conjunction with EN 14181.
This European Standard sets specific requirements for the quality assurance levels and annual surveillance test as specified in EN 14181, for mercury AMS used for proving that the mercury emissions from a source are compliant with emission limits below 0,5 mg/m3 ) (standard conditions) in ducted gaseous streams. This European Standard is applicable by direct correlation with the standard reference method (SRM) described in EN 13211.
This European Standard is primarily developed for emissions from waste incinerators. From a technical point of view, it may be applied to other processes, for which measurement at an emission limit is required with defined uncertainty.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the chemiluminescence method, including the sampling and the gas conditioning system, to determine the NO/NO2/NOX concentrations in flue gases emitted from ducts and stacks to atmosphere. This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory or other purposes such as calibration. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 10 percent relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
NOTE When the chemiluminescence method is the measurement principle used for AMS, reference should be made to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN TC 264.
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This SRM has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range of 0 mgNO2/m3 to 1 300 mgNO2/m3 for large combustion plants and 0 mgNO2/m3 to 400 mgNO2/m3 for waste incineration, according to emission limit values (ELVs) laid down in the following Council Directives:
Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
The ELVs for NOx (NO + NO2) in EU directives are expressed in mgNO2/m3, on dry basis, at a reference value for O2 and at the reference conditions (273 K and 101,3 kPa).
- Standard51 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the paramagnetic method, including the sampling and the gas conditioning system, to determine the oxygen concentrations in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere from ducts and stacks.
This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for the calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 6,0 percent of the measured concentration.
NOTE When paramagnetism is the measurement principle used for AMS, reference should be made to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN/TC 264.
An alternative method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN/TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range: 5 percent to 26 percent. Oxygen concentration values, expressed in percent volume, are used in order to allow emission measurements of pollutants to be standardised to the reference O2 concentration and dry gas conditions required by the following Council Directives:
Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the condensation/adsorption technique, including the sampling system, to determine the water vapour concentration in the flue gases emitting to atmosphere from ducts and stacks.
This technique is usually used all over Europe for water vapour monitoring. However to be implemented as the Standard Reference Method (SRM), the user has to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 20 percent of the measured value. This European Standard as the Standard Reference Method (SRM) is used for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes.
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN/TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
The determination of water vapour is mainly necessary for:
regulatory purposes, to express the concentration at standard conditions (on dry gas);
adjust the flow rate for isokinetic sampling, when a dry gas flow rate metering device is used.
For both applications, the quantity to be measured is the amount of water present in the gas phase (vapour), which does not include water droplets.
This European Standard is applicable in the range from 4 percent to 40 percent relative humidity and for water vapour concentration from 29 g/m3 to 250 g/m3 as a wet gas, although for a given temperature the upper limit of the method is related to the maximum pressure of water in air or in the gas.
(continued)
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes a manual method for sampling and determining SO2 content in ducts and stacks emitting to the atmosphere by two analytical methods: Ion chromatography and Thorin method.
This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 20,0 % relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range of (0,5 2 000) mg/m3 SO2 for Ion Chromatography variant and 5 mg/m3 - 2 000 mg/m3 SO2 for Thorin method according to emission limit values laid down in the following Council Directives:
¾ Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
¾ Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
The limit values of EU Directives are expressed in mg SO2/m3, on dry basis and at the reference conditions of 273 K and 101,3 kPa.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a manual reference method for the determination of the mass concentration of specific elements in exhaust gases from hazardous waste incinerators. The method is applicable to each of the specific elements in the concentration range of 0,005 mg/m3 to 0,5 mg/m3. Unless otherwise stated, gas volumes are expressed at dry conditions, normalised to 273 K and oxygen content 101,3 kPa, and normalized to a dry oxygen content of 11 % on the volume/volume basis.
Specific elements according to this European standard are antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), thallium (Tl), and vanadium (V).
This European standard is validated for the determination of the mass concentration of specific ele-ments in incineration exhaust gases with the composition given in Table 1.
This European standard is also applicable for exhaust gases from other sources with a similar flue gas composition.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a reference method for the measurement of low dust concentration in ducted gaseous streams in the concentrations below 50 mg/m3 standard conditions. This method has been validated with special emphasis around 5 mg/m3 on an average half hour sampling time.
This European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators. More generally, it may be applied to gases emitted from stationary sources, and to higher concentrations.
If the gases contain unstable, reactive or semi-volatile substances, the measurement depend on the sampling and filter treatment conditions.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies procedures for the sampling onto activated carbon, the preparation and the analysis of samples of volatile organic components such as those arising from solvent using processes. It can be used as a reference method.
NOTE See Council Directive 1999/13/EEC.
The results obtained using this Standard are expressed as the mass concentration (mg/m3) of the individual gaseous organic components. This Standard is suitable for use in the range of about 0,5 mg/m3 to 2000 mg/m3.
For the measurement of the mass concentration of total organic carbon arising from solvent using processes then EN 13526 should be used.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Part of EN 13284 specifies specific requirements on automated measuring systems (AMS) for dust monitoring. It is derived from EN 14181 which is the general document on the quality assurance of AMS. It is only applicable in conjunction with EN 14181.
This part of EN 13284 specifies test criteria for the QAL1 and specific requirements for QAL2, QAL3 and AST for dust AMS used for proving that the dust emissions from a source are compliant with emission limits below 50 mg/m3 (standard conditions) in ducted gaseous streams. This part of EN 13284 is applicable by direct correlation with the standard reference method (SRM) described in EN 13284-1.
This part of EN 13284 is primarily developed for emissions from waste incinerators. From a technical point of view, it may be applied to other processes, for which measurement at an emission limit is required with defined uncertainty.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a manual reference method for the determination of the mass concentration of specific elements in exhaust gases from hazardous waste incinerators. The method is applicable to each of the specific elements in the concentration range of 0,005 mg/m3 to 0,5 mg/m3. Unless otherwise stated, gas volumes are expressed at dry conditions, normalised to 273 K and oxygen content 101,3 kPa, and normalized to a dry oxygen content of 11 % on the volume/volume basis.
Specific elements according to this European standard are antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), thallium (Tl), and vanadium (V).
This European standard is validated for the determination of the mass concentration of specific ele-ments in incineration exhaust gases with the composition given in Table 1.
This European standard is also applicable for exhaust gases from other sources with a similar flue gas composition.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies specific requirements on automated measuring systems (AMS) for monitoring of total mercury. It is derived from EN 14181, which is the general document on the quality assurance of AMS. It is only applicable in conjunction with EN 14181.
This European Standard sets specific requirements for the quality assurance levels and annual surveillance test as specified in EN 14181, for mercury AMS used for proving that the mercury emissions from a source are compliant with emission limits below 0,5 mg/m3 ) (standard conditions) in ducted gaseous streams. This European Standard is applicable by direct correlation with the standard reference method (SRM) described in EN 13211.
This European Standard is primarily developed for emissions from waste incinerators. From a technical point of view, it may be applied to other processes, for which measurement at an emission limit is required with defined uncertainty.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Part of EN 13284 specifies specific requirements on automated measuring systems (AMS) for dust monitoring. It is derived from EN 14181 which is the general document on the quality assurance of AMS. It is only applicable in conjunction with EN 14181.
This part of EN 13284 specifies test criteria for the QAL1 and specific requirements for QAL2, QAL3 and AST for dust AMS used for proving that the dust emissions from a source are compliant with emission limits below 50 mg/m3 (standard conditions) in ducted gaseous streams. This part of EN 13284 is applicable by direct correlation with the standard reference method (SRM) described in EN 13284-1.
This part of EN 13284 is primarily developed for emissions from waste incinerators. From a technical point of view, it may be applied to other processes, for which measurement at an emission limit is required with defined uncertainty.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a reference method for the measurement of low dust concentration in ducted gaseous streams in the concentrations below 50 mg/m3 standard conditions. This method has been validated with special emphasis around 5 mg/m3 on an average half hour sampling time.
This European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators. More generally, it may be applied to gases emitted from stationary sources, and to higher concentrations.
If the gases contain unstable, reactive or semi-volatile substances, the measurement depend on the sampling and filter treatment conditions.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the condensation/adsorption technique, including the sampling system, to determine the water vapour concentration in the flue gases emitting to atmosphere from ducts and stacks.
This technique is usually used all over Europe for water vapour monitoring. However to be implemented as the Standard Reference Method (SRM), the user has to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 20 percent of the measured value. This European Standard as the Standard Reference Method (SRM) is used for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes.
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN/TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
The determination of water vapour is mainly necessary for:
regulatory purposes, to express the concentration at standard conditions (on dry gas);
adjust the flow rate for isokinetic sampling, when a dry gas flow rate metering device is used.
For both applications, the quantity to be measured is the amount of water present in the gas phase (vapour), which does not include water droplets.
This European Standard is applicable in the range from 4 percent to 40 percent relative humidity and for water vapour concentration from 29 g/m3 to 250 g/m3 as a wet gas, although for a given temperature the upper limit of the method is related to the maximum pressure of water in air or in the gas.
(continued)
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes a manual method for sampling and determining SO2 content in ducts and stacks emitting to the atmosphere by two analytical methods: Ion chromatography and Thorin method.
This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 20,0 % relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range of (0,5 2 000) mg/m3 SO2 for Ion Chromatography variant and 5 mg/m3 - 2 000 mg/m3 SO2 for Thorin method according to emission limit values laid down in the following Council Directives:
¾ Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
¾ Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
The limit values of EU Directives are expressed in mg SO2/m3, on dry basis and at the reference conditions of 273 K and 101,3 kPa.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for sampling, and determining car-bon monoxide content in ducts and stacks emitting to atmosphere. It describes the Non Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) analytical technique, including the sampling system and sample gas conditioning system, to determine CO in flue gases. This European Standard is the reference method for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, it is necessary to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are lower than the performance criteria defined in this European standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 6 % relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
NOTE When the NDIR method is used as an AMS, refer to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN TC 264.
It is necessary for anybody who would like to use an Alternative Method instead of this Standard Reference Method to work out the demonstration of the equivalence according to the Technical Specification TS 14793, providing that his capability to carry out this demonstration is officially recognised by his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration installations and large combustion plants. It has been validated for CO concentrations with sampling periods of 30 min in the range of 0 mg/m3 to 400 mg/m3 for large combustion plants and 0 mg/m3 – 740 mg/m3 for waste and co-incineration. For waste incineration plants, Council Directive 2000/76/EC lays down emission values which are expressed in mg/m3, on dry basis at a specified value of O2 and at reference conditions of 273 K and 101,3 kPa.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the chemiluminescence method, including the sampling and the gas conditioning system, to determine the NO/NO2/NOX concentrations in flue gases emitted from ducts and stacks to atmosphere. This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory or other purposes such as calibration. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 10 percent relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
NOTE When the chemiluminescence method is the measurement principle used for AMS, reference should be made to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN TC 264.
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This SRM has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range of 0 mgNO2/m3 to 1 300 mgNO2/m3 for large combustion plants and 0 mgNO2/m3 to 400 mgNO2/m3 for waste incineration, according to emission limit values (ELVs) laid down in the following Council Directives:
Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
The ELVs for NOx (NO + NO2) in EU directives are expressed in mgNO2/m3, on dry basis, at a reference value for O2 and at the reference conditions (273 K and 101,3 kPa).
- Standard51 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the paramagnetic method, including the sampling and the gas conditioning system, to determine the oxygen concentrations in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere from ducts and stacks.
This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for the calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 6,0 percent of the measured concentration.
NOTE When paramagnetism is the measurement principle used for AMS, reference should be made to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN/TC 264.
An alternative method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN/TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range: 5 percent to 26 percent. Oxygen concentration values, expressed in percent volume, are used in order to allow emission measurements of pollutants to be standardised to the reference O2 concentration and dry gas conditions required by the following Council Directives:
Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies procedures for the sampling onto activated carbon, the preparation and the analysis of samples of volatile organic components such as those arising from solvent using processes. It can be used as a reference method.
NOTE See Council Directive 1999/13/EEC.
The results obtained using this Standard are expressed as the mass concentration (mg/m3) of the individual gaseous organic components. This Standard is suitable for use in the range of about 0,5 mg/m3 to 2000 mg/m3.
For the measurement of the mass concentration of total organic carbon arising from solvent using processes then EN 13526 should be used.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a set of minimum performance requirements for an instrument using flame ionisation detection, together with procedures for its calibration and operation, for the measurement of the mass concentration of total gaseous organic carbon (TOC) in flue gases.
This European Standard is suitable for the measurement of gaseous or vapour phase TOC emissions from Solvent Using Processes.
NOTE 1 See Council Directive 1999/13/EEC.
The results obtained using this standard are expressed in milligrams per cubic metre as total carbon (mg/m3). This standard is suitable for the measurement of concentrations from 20 mg/m3 to 500 mg/m3 but can be used at lower concentrations.
NOTE 2 By its nature a flame ionisation detector (FID) can also be used to measure higher concentrations.
The method specified in this European Standard can be used as a reference method or, with suitable minimum operational requirements, for continuous monitoring. It can also be used for the calibration of automated measuring systems. An indication of the uncertainty of the measurement is shown in annex A.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a set of minimum performance requirements for an instrument using flame ionisation detection, together with procedures for its calibration and operation, for the measurement of the mass concentration of total gaseous organic carbon (TOC) in stationary source combustion emissions. This European Standard is suitable for the measurements of low level gaseous or vapour phase TOC emissions such as those from municipal waste incinerators and hazardous Waste incinerators.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a set of minimum performance requirements for an instrument using flame ionisation detection, together with procedures for its calibration and operation, for the measurement of the mass concentration of total gaseous organic carbon (TOC) in flue gases.
This European Standard is suitable for the measurement of gaseous or vapour phase TOC emissions from Solvent Using Processes.
NOTE 1 See Council Directive 1999/13/EEC.
The results obtained using this standard are expressed in milligrams per cubic metre as total carbon (mg/m3). This standard is suitable for the measurement of concentrations from 20 mg/m3 to 500 mg/m3 but can be used at lower concentrations.
NOTE 2 By its nature a flame ionisation detector (FID) can also be used to measure higher concentrations.
The method specified in this European Standard can be used as a reference method or, with suitable minimum operational requirements, for continuous monitoring. It can also be used for the calibration of automated measuring systems. An indication of the uncertainty of the measurement is shown in annex A.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a set of minimum performance requirements for an instrument using flame ionisation detection, together with procedures for its calibration and operation, for the measurement of the mass concentration of total gaseous organic carbon (TOC) in stationary source combustion emissions. This European Standard is suitable for the measurements of low level gaseous or vapour phase TOC emissions such as those from municipal waste incinerators and hazardous Waste incinerators.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies a method for sampling and filtration of gases, in view of their HCl concentration determination. Subsequent HCl absorption and analysis are described in prEN 1911-2 and prEN 1911-3 respectively. The method applies to ducted gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, and more generally to waste gases in which HCl concentration may vary between 1 mg. m-3 and 5000 mg.m-3 under normal pressure and temperature conditions. The method is validated for gaseous streams of dust concentration below 100 mg.m-3, and is not suitable for measurement of molecular chlorine Cl2 content.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European standard specifies methods for analysis of chlorides resulting from hydrogen chloride absorption, according to prEN 1911-2, in waste gases having been sampled and filtered according to prEN 1911-1. All compounds which are volatile at the filtration temperature and produce chloride ions upon dissolution during sampling are measured by this method, which gives therefore the volatile inorganic chlorides content of gases expressed as HCl.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European standard specifies a method for the absorption of hydrogen chloride, in waste gases having been sampled and filtered according to prEN 1911-1. The resulting absorption solutions is subsequently analyzed according to prEN 1991-3. The method described applies to ducted gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators and more generally to waste gases in which HCl concentration may vary between 1 mg.m-3 and 5000 mg.m-3 under normal pressure and temperature conditions. Note: For the purposes of this standard, normal pressure and temperature conditions are 101,325 kPa and O°C (273,15 K).
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European standard specifies a method for the absorption of hydrogen chloride, in waste gases having been sampled and filtered according to prEN 1911-1. The resulting absorption solutions is subsequently analyzed according to prEN 1991-3. The method described applies to ducted gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators and more generally to waste gases in which HCl concentration may vary between 1 mg.m-3 and 5000 mg.m-3 under normal pressure and temperature conditions. Note: For the purposes of this standard, normal pressure and temperature conditions are 101,325 kPa and O°C (273,15 K).
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European standard specifies methods for analysis of chlorides resulting from hydrogen chloride absorption, according to prEN 1911-2, in waste gases having been sampled and filtered according to prEN 1911-1. All compounds which are volatile at the filtration temperature and produce chloride ions upon dissolution during sampling are measured by this method, which gives therefore the volatile inorganic chlorides content of gases expressed as HCl.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies a method for sampling and filtration of gases, in view of their HCl concentration determination. Subsequent HCl absorption and analysis are described in prEN 1911-2 and prEN 1911-3 respectively. The method applies to ducted gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, and more generally to waste gases in which HCl concentration may vary between 1 mg. m-3 and 5000 mg.m-3 under normal pressure and temperature conditions. The method is validated for gaseous streams of dust concentration below 100 mg.m-3, and is not suitable for measurement of molecular chlorine Cl2 content.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Thie present part of this Standard specifies the extraction and clean-up proce- dures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is integral part of the complet measurementprocedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-1:1996 and EN 1948-3:1996 describing sampling or identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m cube in stationary source emissions.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-2:1996 and EN 1948-3:1996 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs and PCDFs.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
The present Part of the Standard specifies the identification and quantificationprocedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts of this Standard, EN 1948-1:1996 and EN 1948-2:1996, describing sampling and extraction and clean-up, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This Stan- dard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m cube in stationary source emissions.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
The present Part of the Standard specifies the identification and quantificationprocedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts of this Standard, EN 1948-1:1996 and EN 1948-2:1996, describing sampling and extraction and clean-up, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This Stan- dard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m cube in stationary source emissions.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Thie present part of this Standard specifies the extraction and clean-up proce- dures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is integral part of the complet measurementprocedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-1:1996 and EN 1948-3:1996 describing sampling or identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m cube in stationary source emissions.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Frequently Asked Questions
An EU Directive is a legislative act of the European Union that sets out goals that all EU member states must achieve. However, it is up to each member state to devise their own laws on how to reach these goals through national transposition. Directives are used to harmonize laws across the EU, particularly for the functioning of the single market.
Directive 94/67/EC covers "Incineration of hazardous waste". There are 51 standards associated with this directive.
Harmonized standards under 94/67/EC are European standards (ENs) developed by CEN, CENELEC, or ETSI in response to a mandate from the European Commission. When these standards are cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with them benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of 94/67/EC, facilitating CE marking and free movement within the European Economic Area.