2000/76/EC - Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste

This European Standard specifies the conversion of raw data from an automated measuring system (AMS) to reported data by a data acquisition and handling system (DAHS). This specification includes:
- requirements for the handling of data,
- requirements for the reporting of data,
- calculation procedures required.
The main items covered by this European Standard are given by, but not limited to raw data acquisition, raw data validation, data correction and data averaging.
This European Standard supports the requirements of EN 14181 and legislation such as the IED and E-PRTR. It does not preclude the use of additional features and functions provided the minimum requirements of this European Standard are met and that these features do not adversely affect data quality, clarity or access.

This European Standard specifies the conversion of raw data from an automated measuring system (AMS) to reported data by a data acquisition and handling system (DAHS). This specification includes:
- requirements for the handling of data,
- requirements for the reporting of data,
- calculation procedures required.
The main items covered by this European Standard are given by, but not limited to raw data acquisition, raw data validation, data correction and data averaging.
This European Standard supports the requirements of EN 14181 and legislation such as the IED and E-PRTR. It does not preclude the use of additional features and functions provided the minimum requirements of this European Standard are met and that these features do not adversely affect data quality, clarity or access.

This technical report provides a supplementary description of the oxidative pyrohydrolytic combustion technique followed by ion chromatography detection for the determination of halogens and sulfur in waste samples.

In the framework of EU Directive 99/31/EC [1] and EU Directive 2000/76/EC [2] halogens and sulfur need to be determined on waste samples. The implementation of the combustion-IC technique would allow in one single run the combustion of the sample followed by the determination of the halogens and sulfur with ion chromatography. Moreover, this instrument may be provided with a sample carrousel for both solids and liquids, allowing an automation of these type of analyses.
Recent developments of the C-IC technology have made this technique interesting for the determination of halogens and sulfur in waste samples. Therefore, a document on the current progress of the C-IC technology was prepared, including the evaluation of the performance of different commercially available systems and the presentation of analytical results obtained on certified reference materials and waste samples.

This Technical Specification describes a method for sampling and determining the concentration of gaseous sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions from stacks. This method is based on instrumental techniques. It is applicable to both periodic measurements and the calibration of automated measuring systems permanently installed on stacks, for regulatory or other purposes.

This document describes the method of determining the total moisture content of a test sample of solid
biofuels by drying in an oven and is used when the highest precision is not needed, e.g. for routine
production control on site. The method described in ISO 18134 (all parts) is applicable to all solid
biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass
of the test sample (wet basis).

ISO 18134-2:2017 describes the method of determining the total moisture content of a test sample of solid biofuels by drying in an oven and is used when the highest precision is not needed, e.g. for routine production control on site. The method described in ISO 18134 (all parts) is applicable to all solid biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass of the test sample (wet basis).

This Technical Specification describes a method for sampling and determining the concentration of gaseous sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions from stacks. This method is based on instrumental techniques. It is applicable to both periodic measurements and the calibration of automated measuring systems permanently installed on stacks, for regulatory or other purposes.

This International Standard gives formulae which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to
be expressed on the different bases in common use. Consideration is given to corrections that can be
applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation to other bases.
In Annex A, tools for integrity checks of analytical results are given. In Annex B, conversion factors for
calculation into other units are given. Annex C is a guideline for the use of validation parameters as can
be found in ISO/TC 238 analytical standards.

This International Standard describes methods for the determination of the total sulfur and total
chlorine content in solid biofuels. This International Standard specifies two methods for decomposition
of the fuel and different analytical techniques for the quantification of the elements in the decomposition
solutions. The use of automatic equipment is also included in this International Standard, provided that
a validation is carried out as specified and that the performance characteristics are similar to those of
the method described in this International Standard.

ISO 16994:2016 describes methods for the determination of the total sulfur and total chlorine content in solid biofuels. It specifies two methods for decomposition of the fuel and different analytical techniques for the quantification of the elements in the decomposition solutions. The use of automatic equipment is also included in ISO 16994:2016, provided that a validation is carried out as specified and that the performance characteristics are similar to those of the method described in ISO 16994:2016.

ISO 16993:2016 gives formulae which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to be expressed on the different bases in common use. Consideration is given to corrections that can be applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation to other bases.
In Annex A, tools for integrity checks of analytical results are given. In Annex B, conversion factors for calculation into other units are given. Annex C is a guideline for the use of validation parameters as can be found in ISO/TC 238 analytical standards.

This document aims to define the requirements and method used for testing the mechanical durability of briquettes. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to such briquettes, and to all persons and organisations involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising briquettes.
The durability is measure of the resistance of densified fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation processes.

This document describes a method of determining bulk density of solid biofuels by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all solid biofuels with a nominal top size of maximum 100 mm.
Bulk density is not an absolute value, therefore conditions for its determination have to be standandised in order to gain comparative measuring results.
Note 1: The nominal top size is defined as the aperture size of the sieve where at least 95 % by mass of the material passes (ISO DIS 16559 (14588)).
Note 2: Bulk density of solid biofuels is subject to variation due to several factors such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from actual conditions during transportation, storage and transhipment.

This document aims to define the requirements and method used for testing the mechanical durability of pellets. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to such pellets, and to all persons and organisations involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising pellets.
The durability is the measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation processes.

ISO 17828:2015 defines a method of determining bulk density of solid biofuels by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all pourable solid biofuels with a nominal top size of maximum 100 mm.
Bulk density is not an absolute value; therefore, conditions for its determination have to be standardized in order to gain comparative measuring results.
NOTE Bulk density of solid biofuels is subject to variation due to several factors such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying, and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from actual conditions during transportation, storage, or transhipment.

ISO 17831-1:2015 defines a determination method for testing the mechanical durability of pellets. The mechanical durability is a measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation.

ISO 17831-2:2015 defines a method for determining the mechanical durability of briquettes. The mechanical durability is a measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation.

This document specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid biofuels.

This document describes the methods for the determination of diameter and length of pellets. Concerning the pellet length methods for both determination of the proportion of oversized pellets and for the determination of the average length are included.

This document aims to define the requirements and method used to determine the volatile matter content of solid biofuels. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to solid biofuels, and to all persons and organisations involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising solid biofuels.
The volatile matter content is determined as the loss in mass, less that due moisture, when solid biofuel is subject to partial pyrolysis under standardized conditions.

ISO 17829:2015 specifies the methods for the determination of diameter and length of pellets. Concerning the pellet length methods for both determination of the proportion of oversized pellets and for determination of the average length are included.

ISO 18123:2015 aims to define the requirements and method used to determine the volatile matter content of solid biofuels. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools, and entire plants related to solid biofuels, and to all persons and organisations involved in producing, purchasing, selling, and utilizing solid biofuels.
The volatile matter content is determined as the loss in mass, less that due to moisture, when solid biofuel is subject to partial pyrolysis under standardized conditions.

ISO 18122:2015 specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid biofuels.

This document describes the method of determining the moisture in the analysis sample by drying the sample in an oven. It is intended to be used for general analysis samples according to ISO WD XXXXX (14780). The method described in this document is applicable to all solid biofuels.
Since biofuels in small particle size are very hygroscopic, their moisture content will vary with the change of humidity of the atmosphere and therefore, the moisture of the analyses sample should always be determined simultaneously when portions are weighed out for other analytical determinations, for example calorific value, carbon, nitrogen.

This document describes the method of determining the total moisture content of a sample of solid biofuels by drying in an oven and should be used when high precision of the determination of moisture content is necessary. The method described in this document is applicable to all solid biofuels.
The total moisture content of biofuels is not an absolute value and conditions for its determination have to be standardised to enable comporative determinations to be made.

ISO 18134-3:2015 describes the method of determining the moisture in the analysis test sample by drying in an oven. It is intended to be used for general analysis samples in accordance with EN 14780. The method described in this part of ISO 18134-3:2015 is applicable to all solid biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass of the test sample (wet basis).
Since biofuels in small particle size are very hygroscopic, their moisture content will change with humidity in the atmosphere and therefore, the moisture of the test portion is determined simultaneously with determination of for example calorific value, carbon content, and nitrogen content.
NOTE The term moisture content when used with biomass materials can be misleading since untreated biomass frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content by oven drying (see References [1] and [2]).

ISO 18134-1:2015 describes the method of determining the total moisture content of a test sample of solid biofuels by drying in an oven and may be used when high precision of the determination of moisture content is necessary. The method described in this International Standard is applicable to all solid biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass of the test sample (wet basis).
NOTE The term moisture content, when used with biomass materials, can be misleading since untreated biomass frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which might evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying (see References [2] and [3]).

This I nternational Standard is intented for the determination of the minor elements As, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn in all solid biofuels. Further it describes methods for sample decomposition and suggests suitable instrumental methods for the determination of the elements of interest in the disgest. The determination of other elements as Se, Ti and Th is also possible with the method described in this International Standard.

This International Standard describes a method for the determination major elements of solid biofuels respectively of their ashes, which are Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Na and Tl. The determination of other elements such as Barium (Ba) and manganese (Mn) is also possible with the methods described in this International Standard.

This Standard describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels

ISO 16968:2015 is intended for the determination of the minor elements Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Lead, Antimony, Vanadium, and Zinc in all solid biofuels. Further, it describes methods for sample decomposition and suggests suitable instrumental methods for the determination of the elements of interest in the digests. The determination of other elements such as Selenium, Tin, and Thallium is also possible with the method described in this International Standard.

ISO 16948:2015 describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels.

This Technical Specification CEN/TS 1948-5 specifies the long-term sampling of PCDD/PCDF/PCB concentrations in emissions of stationary sources. It is intended to base the new method on EN 1948 Part 2, 3, 4 "Analyses of PCDD/PCDF/PCB".
The development of the new method is necessary due to the enhanced demand of several European countries and of the European Commission with regard to possible amendment of the Waste Incineration Directive 2000/76.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/stationary.htm#2
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/technical_annex2.pdf
Preferably the development of the method has to be done by validation measurements.

ISO 16967:2015 describes methods for the determination of major elements of solid biofuels respectively of their ashes, which are Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na, Ti. The determination of other elements such as barium (Ba) and manganese (Mn) is also possible with the methods described in ISO 16967:2015.
ISO 16967:2015 includes two parts: Part A describes the direct determination on the fuel, this method is also applicable for sulfur and minor elements, Part B gives a method of determination on a prepared 550 °C ash.

This International Standard describes a method for the determination of the water soluble chloride, sodium and potassium content in solid biofuels by extraction with water in a closed container and their following quantification by different analytical techniques.

This Technical Specification CEN/TS 1948-5 specifies the long-term sampling of PCDD/PCDF/PCB concentrations in emissions of stationary sources. It is intended to base the new method on EN 1948 Part 2, 3, 4 "Analyses of PCDD/PCDF/PCB".
The development of the new method is necessary due to the enhanced demand of several European countries and of the European Commission with regard to possible amendment of the Waste Incineration Directive 2000/76.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/stationary.htm#2
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/technical_annex2.pdf
Preferably the development of the method has to be done by validation measurements.

ISO 16995:2015 describes a method for the determination of the water soluble chloride, sodium and potassium content in solid biofuels by extraction with water in a closed container and their subsequent quantification by different analytical techniques.

EN ISO 16559 determines the terminology and definitions for solid biofuels. According to the scope of the ISO/TC 238 this standard only includes raw and processed material originating from - forestry and arboriculture, - agriculture and horticulture, - aquaculture Materials originating from different recycling processes of end-of-life-products are not within the scope but relevant terms are included for information. Areas covered by ISO/TC28/SC7 “Liquid biofuels” and ISO/TC193 “Natural gas” are excluded. Other standards with a different scope than this International Standard may have different definitions than this standard.

ISO 16559:2014 determines the terminology and definitions for solid biofuels. According to the scope of the ISO/TC 238 this standard only includes raw and processed material originating from
forestry and arboriculture,
agriculture and horticulture,
aquaculture

EN ISO 17225-5 determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded firewood. This part of ISO 17225 covers only firewood produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225-1, Table 1): - 1.1.1 Whole trees without roots - 1.1.3 Stem wood - 1.1.4 Logging residues (thick branches, tops etc.) - 1.2.1 Chemically untreated wood residues.

EN ISO 17225-6 determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded non-woody pellets. This part of ISO 17225 covers only non-woody pellets produced from the following raw material (see ISO 17225-1, Table 1): - 2 Herbaceous biomass - 3 Fruit biomass - 4 Aquatic biomass - 5 Biomass blends and mixtures. Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas mixtures are unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the blend and mixture is to be described using ISO 17225-1, Table 1. If solid biofuel blend or mixture contains chemically treated material it shall be stated.

EN ISO 17225-7 determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded non-woody briquettes. This part of ISO 17225 covers only non-woody briquettes produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225-1, Table 1): - 2 Herbaceous biomass - 3 Fruit biomass - 4 Aquatic biomass - 5 Biomass blends and mixtures. Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas mixtures are unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the blend and mixture is to be described using ISO 17225-1, Table 1. If solid biofuel blend or mixture contains chemically treated material it shall be stated.

EN ISO 16911-1 specifies a method for periodic determination of the axial velocity and volume flow rate of gas within emissions ducts and stacks. It is applicable for use in circular or rectangular ducts with measurement locations meeting the requirements of EN 15259. Minimum and maximum duct sizes are driven by practical considerations of the measurement devices described within EN ISO 16911-1. EN ISO 16911-1 requires all flow measurements to have demonstrable metrological traceability to national or international primary standards. To be used as a standard reference method, the user is required to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are equal to or better than the performance criteria defined in EN ISO 16911-1 and that the overall uncertainty of the method, expressed with a level of confidence of 95 %, is determined and reported. The results for each method defined in EN ISO 16911-1 have different uncertainties within a range of 1 % to 10 % at flow velocities of 20 m/s. Methods further to these can be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence, based on the principles of CEN/TS 14793.

EN ISO 16911-2 describes specific requirements for automated measuring system (AMS) flow monitoring. It is partly derived from EN 14181 which is the general document on the quality assurance of AMSs and is applicable in conjunction with that document. EN ISO 16911-2 specifies conditions and criteria for the choice, mounting, commissioning and calibration of AMSs used for determining the volume flow rate from a source in ducted gaseous streams. EN ISO 16911-2 is applicable by correlation with the manual reference methods described in EN ISO 16911-1. EN ISO 16911-2 is primarily developed for monitoring emissions from waste incinerators and large combustion plants. From a technical point of view, it can be applied to other processes for which flow rate measurement is required with a defined and minimized uncertainty.

ISO 17225-7:2014 determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded non-woody briquettes.

ISO 17225-5:2014 determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded firewood.

ISO 17225-6:2014 determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded non-woody pellets.

ISO 16911-1:2013 specifies a method for periodic determination of the axial velocity and volume flow rate of gas within emissions ducts and stacks. It is applicable for use in circular or rectangular ducts with measurement locations meeting the requirements of EN 15259. Minimum and maximum duct sizes are driven by practical considerations of the measurement devices described within ISO 16911-1:2013.
ISO 16911-1:2013 requires all flow measurements to have demonstrable metrological traceability to national or international primary standards.
To be used as a standard reference method, the user is required to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are equal to or better than the performance criteria defined in ISO 16911-1:2013 and that the overall uncertainty of the method, expressed with a level of confidence of 95 %, is determined and reported. The results for each method defined in ISO 16911-1:2013 have different uncertainties within a range of 1 % to 10 % at flow velocities of 20 m/s.
Methods further to these can be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence, based on the principles of CEN/TS 14793.

ISO 16911-2:2013 describes specific requirements for automated measuring system (AMS) flow monitoring. It is partly derived from EN 14181 which is the general document on the quality assurance of AMSs and is applicable in conjunction with that document.
ISO 16911-2:2013 specifies conditions and criteria for the choice, mounting, commissioning and calibration of AMSs used for determining the volume flow rate from a source in ducted gaseous streams. ISO 16911-2:2013 is applicable by correlation with the manual reference methods described in ISO 16911-1.
ISO 16911-2:2013 is primarily developed for monitoring emissions from waste incinerators and large combustion plants. From a technical point of view, it can be applied to other processes for which flow rate measurement is required with a defined and minimized uncertainty.