2000/76/EC - Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste

This document specifies an empirical method for the simultaneous direct determination of the fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and sulfur content in environmental solid matrices by oxidative pyrohydrolytic combustion at (1 050 ± 50) °C, followed by ion chromatography. The method is applicable for the determination of concentrations ≥ 10 mg/kg of each element based on dry matter. The upper limit and exact concentration range covered depends on the blank levels of the instrumentation and the capacity of the chromatographic separation column used for determination.
NOTE 1   Simultaneous determination of iodine content is possible but currently not validated.
NOTE 2   Other detection methods can be applied if validated.

This document specifies an empirical method for the simultaneous direct determination of the fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and sulfur content in environmental solid matrices by oxidative pyrohydrolytic combustion at (1 050 ± 50) °C, followed by ion chromatography. The method is applicable for the determination of concentrations ≥ 10 mg/kg of each element based on dry matter. The upper limit and exact concentration range covered depends on the blank levels of the instrumentation and the capacity of the chromatographic separation column used for determination.
NOTE 1   Simultaneous determination of iodine content is possible but currently not validated.
NOTE 2   Other detection methods can be applied if validated.

This document specifies requirements for the calibration and validation (QAL2), the ongoing quality assurance during operation (QAL3) and the annual surveillance test (AST) of AMS used for monitoring total mercury emissions from stationary sources to demonstrate compliance with an emission limit value (ELV). This document is derived from EN 14181 and is only applicable in conjunction with EN 14181.
This document is applicable by direct correlation with the standard reference method (SRM) described in EN 13211.

This document specifies requirements for the calibration and validation (QAL2), the ongoing quality assurance during operation (QAL3) and the annual surveillance test (AST) of AMS used for monitoring total mercury emissions from stationary sources to demonstrate compliance with an emission limit value (ELV). This document is derived from EN 14181 and is only applicable in conjunction with EN 14181.
This document is applicable by direct correlation with the standard reference method (SRM) described in EN 13211.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded non-woody briquettes. This document covers only non-woody briquettes produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 1):
—    2 Herbaceous biomass
—    3 Fruit biomass
—    4 Aquatic biomass
—    5 Biomass blends and mixtures
NOTE 1    Herbaceous biomass originates from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the growing season. It includes grains or seeds crops from food production or processing industry and their by-products such as cereals.
NOTE 2    Blends and mixtures include blends and mixtures from the main origin-based solid biofuel groups woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass and aquatic biomass.
Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas mixtures are unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the blend and mixture is to be described using ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 1.
If solid biofuel blend or mixture contains chemically treated material it shall be stated.
NOTE 3              Thermally treated biomass briquettes (e.g. torrefied briquettes) are not included in the scope of this document

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded non-woody briquettes. This document covers only non-woody briquettes produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 1):
—    2 Herbaceous biomass
—    3 Fruit biomass
—    4 Aquatic biomass
—    5 Biomass blends and mixtures
NOTE 1    Herbaceous biomass originates from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the growing season. It includes grains or seeds crops from food production or processing industry and their by-products such as cereals.
NOTE 2    Blends and mixtures include blends and mixtures from the main origin-based solid biofuel groups woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass and aquatic biomass.
Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas mixtures are unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the blend and mixture is to be described using ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 1.
If solid biofuel blend or mixture contains chemically treated material it shall be stated.
NOTE 3              Thermally treated biomass briquettes (e.g. torrefied briquettes) are not included in the scope of this document

This European Standard specifies the conversion of raw data from an automated measuring system (AMS) to reported data by a data acquisition and handling system (DAHS). This specification includes:
- requirements for the handling of data,
- requirements for the reporting of data,
- calculation procedures required.
The main items covered by this European Standard are given by, but not limited to raw data acquisition, raw data validation, data correction and data averaging.
This European Standard supports the requirements of EN 14181 and legislation such as the IED and E-PRTR. It does not preclude the use of additional features and functions provided the minimum requirements of this European Standard are met and that these features do not adversely affect data quality, clarity or access.

This European Standard specifies the conversion of raw data from an automated measuring system (AMS) to reported data by a data acquisition and handling system (DAHS). This specification includes:
- requirements for the handling of data,
- requirements for the reporting of data,
- calculation procedures required.
The main items covered by this European Standard are given by, but not limited to raw data acquisition, raw data validation, data correction and data averaging.
This European Standard supports the requirements of EN 14181 and legislation such as the IED and E-PRTR. It does not preclude the use of additional features and functions provided the minimum requirements of this European Standard are met and that these features do not adversely affect data quality, clarity or access.

In the framework of EU Directive 99/31/EC [1] and EU Directive 2000/76/EC [2] halogens and sulfur need to be determined on waste samples. The implementation of the combustion-IC technique would allow in one single run the combustion of the sample followed by the determination of the halogens and sulfur with ion chromatography. Moreover, this instrument may be provided with a sample carrousel for both solids and liquids, allowing an automation of these type of analyses.
Recent developments of the C-IC technology have made this technique interesting for the determination of halogens and sulfur in waste samples. Therefore, a document on the current progress of the C-IC technology was prepared, including the evaluation of the performance of different commercially available systems and the presentation of analytical results obtained on certified reference materials and waste samples.

In the framework of EU Directive 99/31/EC [1] and EU Directive 2000/76/EC [2] halogens and sulfur need to be determined on waste samples. The implementation of the combustion-IC technique would allow in one single run the combustion of the sample followed by the determination of the halogens and sulfur with ion chromatography. Moreover, this instrument may be provided with a sample carrousel for both solids and liquids, allowing an automation of these type of analyses.
Recent developments of the C-IC technology have made this technique interesting for the determination of halogens and sulfur in waste samples. Therefore, a document on the current progress of the C-IC technology was prepared, including the evaluation of the performance of different commercially available systems and the presentation of analytical results obtained on certified reference materials and waste samples.

This Technical Specification describes a method for sampling and determining the concentration of gaseous sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions from stacks. This method is based on instrumental techniques. It is applicable to both periodic measurements and the calibration of automated measuring systems permanently installed on stacks, for regulatory or other purposes.

ISO 16994:2016 describes methods for the determination of the total sulfur and total chlorine content in solid biofuels. It specifies two methods for decomposition of the fuel and different analytical techniques for the quantification of the elements in the decomposition solutions. The use of automatic equipment is also included in ISO 16994:2016, provided that a validation is carried out as specified and that the performance characteristics are similar to those of the method described in ISO 16994:2016.

ISO 16993:2016 gives formulae which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to be expressed on the different bases in common use. Consideration is given to corrections that can be applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation to other bases.
In Annex A, tools for integrity checks of analytical results are given. In Annex B, conversion factors for calculation into other units are given. Annex C is a guideline for the use of validation parameters as can be found in ISO/TC 238 analytical standards.

This Technical Specification describes a method for sampling and determining the concentration of gaseous sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions from stacks. This method is based on instrumental techniques. It is applicable to both periodic measurements and the calibration of automated measuring systems permanently installed on stacks, for regulatory or other purposes.

ISO 16994:2016 describes methods for the determination of the total sulfur and total chlorine content in solid biofuels. It specifies two methods for decomposition of the fuel and different analytical techniques for the quantification of the elements in the decomposition solutions. The use of automatic equipment is also included in ISO 16994:2016, provided that a validation is carried out as specified and that the performance characteristics are similar to those of the method described in ISO 16994:2016.

ISO 16993:2016 gives formulae which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to be expressed on the different bases in common use. Consideration is given to corrections that can be applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation to other bases.
In Annex A, tools for integrity checks of analytical results are given. In Annex B, conversion factors for calculation into other units are given. Annex C is a guideline for the use of validation parameters as can be found in ISO/TC 238 analytical standards.

ISO 16968:2015 is intended for the determination of the minor elements Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Lead, Antimony, Vanadium, and Zinc in all solid biofuels. Further, it describes methods for sample decomposition and suggests suitable instrumental methods for the determination of the elements of interest in the digests. The determination of other elements such as Selenium, Tin, and Thallium is also possible with the method described in this International Standard.

ISO 16948:2015 describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels.

ISO 16967:2015 describes methods for the determination of major elements of solid biofuels respectively of their ashes, which are Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na, Ti. The determination of other elements such as barium (Ba) and manganese (Mn) is also possible with the methods described in ISO 16967:2015.
ISO 16967:2015 includes two parts: Part A describes the direct determination on the fuel, this method is also applicable for sulfur and minor elements, Part B gives a method of determination on a prepared 550 °C ash.

ISO 16995:2015 describes a method for the determination of the water soluble chloride, sodium and potassium content in solid biofuels by extraction with water in a closed container and their subsequent quantification by different analytical techniques.

ISO 16968:2015 is intended for the determination of the minor elements Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Lead, Antimony, Vanadium, and Zinc in all solid biofuels. Further, it describes methods for sample decomposition and suggests suitable instrumental methods for the determination of the elements of interest in the digests. The determination of other elements such as Selenium, Tin, and Thallium is also possible with the method described in this International Standard.

ISO 16967:2015 describes methods for the determination of major elements of solid biofuels respectively of their ashes, which are Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na, Ti. The determination of other elements such as barium (Ba) and manganese (Mn) is also possible with the methods described in ISO 16967:2015.
ISO 16967:2015 includes two parts: Part A describes the direct determination on the fuel, this method is also applicable for sulfur and minor elements, Part B gives a method of determination on a prepared 550 °C ash.

ISO 16948:2015 describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels.

This Technical Specification CEN/TS 1948-5 specifies the long-term sampling of PCDD/PCDF/PCB concentrations in emissions of stationary sources. It is intended to base the new method on EN 1948 Part 2, 3, 4 "Analyses of PCDD/PCDF/PCB".
The development of the new method is necessary due to the enhanced demand of several European countries and of the European Commission with regard to possible amendment of the Waste Incineration Directive 2000/76.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/stationary.htm#2
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/technical_annex2.pdf
Preferably the development of the method has to be done by validation measurements.

ISO 16995:2015 describes a method for the determination of the water soluble chloride, sodium and potassium content in solid biofuels by extraction with water in a closed container and their subsequent quantification by different analytical techniques.

This Technical Specification CEN/TS 1948-5 specifies the long-term sampling of PCDD/PCDF/PCB concentrations in emissions of stationary sources. It is intended to base the new method on EN 1948 Part 2, 3, 4 "Analyses of PCDD/PCDF/PCB".
The development of the new method is necessary due to the enhanced demand of several European countries and of the European Commission with regard to possible amendment of the Waste Incineration Directive 2000/76.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/stationary.htm#2
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/technical_annex2.pdf
Preferably the development of the method has to be done by validation measurements.

ISO 16911-1:2013 specifies a method for periodic determination of the axial velocity and volume flow rate of gas within emissions ducts and stacks. It is applicable for use in circular or rectangular ducts with measurement locations meeting the requirements of EN 15259. Minimum and maximum duct sizes are driven by practical considerations of the measurement devices described within ISO 16911-1:2013.
ISO 16911-1:2013 requires all flow measurements to have demonstrable metrological traceability to national or international primary standards.
To be used as a standard reference method, the user is required to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are equal to or better than the performance criteria defined in ISO 16911-1:2013 and that the overall uncertainty of the method, expressed with a level of confidence of 95 %, is determined and reported. The results for each method defined in ISO 16911-1:2013 have different uncertainties within a range of 1 % to 10 % at flow velocities of 20 m/s.
Methods further to these can be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence, based on the principles of CEN/TS 14793.

ISO 16911-2:2013 describes specific requirements for automated measuring system (AMS) flow monitoring. It is partly derived from EN 14181 which is the general document on the quality assurance of AMSs and is applicable in conjunction with that document.
ISO 16911-2:2013 specifies conditions and criteria for the choice, mounting, commissioning and calibration of AMSs used for determining the volume flow rate from a source in ducted gaseous streams. ISO 16911-2:2013 is applicable by correlation with the manual reference methods described in ISO 16911-1.
ISO 16911-2:2013 is primarily developed for monitoring emissions from waste incinerators and large combustion plants. From a technical point of view, it can be applied to other processes for which flow rate measurement is required with a defined and minimized uncertainty.

ISO 16911-2:2013 describes specific requirements for automated measuring system (AMS) flow monitoring. It is partly derived from EN 14181 which is the general document on the quality assurance of AMSs and is applicable in conjunction with that document.
ISO 16911-2:2013 specifies conditions and criteria for the choice, mounting, commissioning and calibration of AMSs used for determining the volume flow rate from a source in ducted gaseous streams. ISO 16911-2:2013 is applicable by correlation with the manual reference methods described in ISO 16911-1.
ISO 16911-2:2013 is primarily developed for monitoring emissions from waste incinerators and large combustion plants. From a technical point of view, it can be applied to other processes for which flow rate measurement is required with a defined and minimized uncertainty.

ISO 16911-1:2013 specifies a method for periodic determination of the axial velocity and volume flow rate of gas within emissions ducts and stacks. It is applicable for use in circular or rectangular ducts with measurement locations meeting the requirements of EN 15259. Minimum and maximum duct sizes are driven by practical considerations of the measurement devices described within ISO 16911-1:2013.
ISO 16911-1:2013 requires all flow measurements to have demonstrable metrological traceability to national or international primary standards.
To be used as a standard reference method, the user is required to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are equal to or better than the performance criteria defined in ISO 16911-1:2013 and that the overall uncertainty of the method, expressed with a level of confidence of 95 %, is determined and reported. The results for each method defined in ISO 16911-1:2013 have different uncertainties within a range of 1 % to 10 % at flow velocities of 20 m/s.
Methods further to these can be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence, based on the principles of CEN/TS 14793.

In the framework of the EU Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste and the EU Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste there is a growing need for fast, easy-to-handle screening tools. In this respect, low costs, fast analyses, control of truck loads and yes/no-acceptance decisions are relevant criteria. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique meets these requirements as a screening tool for on-site verification on the landfill and for entrance control on the incineration plants.
Recent developments of the XRF technology have made this technique a method of choice for on-site analysis, namely miniaturisation of the XRF system (X-ray tube), the optimisation of the calibration programmes and the improvement of the detectors. Therefore, a state-of-the-art document on the current progress of the XRF technology and instruments available for on-site analysis shall support the key arguments, dealing with the pro’s and contra’s, and the performance of these systems to be expected.
The XRF standard EN 15309, is validated for Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U, and describes in the informative annex the procedures for hand-held XRF systems together with the portable/transportable systems (placed in mobile labs). Although XRF can analyse a broad range of elements, the main focus of this document is on the series of elements that is also being covered by EN 15309. Of that series the following elements are related to the landfill directive: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn.
The information in this document will be useful in all cases in which on-site determination of the elemental compositions of waste is needed and hand-held instrumentation is therefore used. These cases may include, beside landfills and incineration plant, also waste treatment plants, contaminations soil sites and controls of transports of waste.

In the framework of the EU Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste and the EU Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste there is a growing need for fast, easy-to-handle screening tools. In this respect, low costs, fast analyses, control of truck loads and yes/no-acceptance decisions are relevant criteria. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique meets these requirements as a screening tool for on-site verification on the landfill and for entrance control on the incineration plants.
Recent developments of the XRF technology have made this technique a method of choice for on-site analysis, namely miniaturisation of the XRF system (X-ray tube), the optimisation of the calibration programmes and the improvement of the detectors. Therefore, a state-of-the-art document on the current progress of the XRF technology and instruments available for on-site analysis shall support the key arguments, dealing with the pro’s and contra’s, and the performance of these systems to be expected.
The XRF standard EN 15309, is validated for Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U, and describes in the informative annex the procedures for hand-held XRF systems together with the portable/transportable systems (placed in mobile labs). Although XRF can analyse a broad range of elements, the main focus of this document is on the series of elements that is also being covered by EN 15309. Of that series the following elements are related to the landfill directive: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn.
The information in this document will be useful in all cases in which on-site determination of the elemental compositions of waste is needed and hand-held instrumentation is therefore used. These cases may include, beside landfills and incineration plant, also waste treatment plants, contaminations soil sites and controls of transports of waste.

The method described in this European Standard determines the concentration of chlorinated compounds in a flue gas that - after passage of the sampling system including a particle filter - give Cl- ions in the absorption solution. This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration. The method applies to waste gases in which chlorides concentration expressed as HCl may vary between
1 mg m-3 and 5 000 mg m-3 under normal pressure and temperature conditions (see Note 1), and according to emission limit values laid down, for example, in the Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
NOTE 1   The limit values of this European Standard are expressed in mg HCl/m3, on dry basis, at the reference conditions of 273 K and 101,3 kPa and at the reference O2 concentration.
NOTE 2   The required uncertainty results from the capacity of the method tested in the field (Annex D) and in the laboratory (see performance characteristics in Tables 1 and 2 and Annex C).

The method described in this European Standard determines the concentration of chlorinated compounds in a flue gas that - after passage of the sampling system including a particle filter - give Cl- ions in the absorption solution. This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration. The method applies to waste gases in which chlorides concentration expressed as HCl may vary between
1 mg m-3 and 5 000 mg m-3 under normal pressure and temperature conditions (see Note 1), and according to emission limit values laid down, for example, in the Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
NOTE 1   The limit values of this European Standard are expressed in mg HCl/m3, on dry basis, at the reference conditions of 273 K and 101,3 kPa and at the reference O2 concentration.
NOTE 2   The required uncertainty results from the capacity of the method tested in the field (Annex D) and in the laboratory (see performance characteristics in Tables 1 and 2 and Annex C).

This document specifies the requirements for the manufacturer’s quality management system (QMS), the initial assessment of the manufacturer’s production control and the continuing surveillance of the effect of subsequent changes on the performance of certified air quality monitoring equipment (AQME).
This document also serves as a reference document for auditing the manufacturer’s QMS.
This document elaborates and supplements the requirements of EN ISO 9001:2015.

This document specifies the general principles of certification, including common procedures and requirements, for the certification of air quality monitoring equipment (AQME).
This document applies to the certification of AQME for ambient air quality and emissions from stationary sources for which performance criteria and test procedures are available in European Standards.
This document provides for the certification of AQME according to the requirements of EN ISO/IEC 17065:2012.
This document elaborates and supplements the requirements of EN ISO/IEC 17065:2012 for bodies certifying AQME. It specifies requirements on testing laboratories as well as the manufacturer’s quality management system (QMS) and the surveillance for the manufacturing process as part of the certification process.

This document specifies the requirements for the manufacturer’s quality management system, the initial assessment of the manufacturer’s production control and the continuing surveillance of the effect of subsequent design changes on the performance of certified air quality monitoring equipment (AQME).
This document also serves as a reference document for auditing the manufacturer’s quality management system. This document elaborates and supplements the requirements of EN ISO 9001:2015.

This document specifies the general principles of certification, including common procedures and requirements, for the certification of air quality monitoring equipment (AQME).
This document applies to the certification of AQME for ambient air quality and emissions from stationary sources for which performance criteria and test procedures are available in European Standards.
This document provides for the certification of AQME according to the requirements of EN ISO/IEC 17065:2012.
This document elaborates and supplements the requirements of EN ISO/IEC 17065:2012 for bodies certifying AQME. It specifies requirements on testing laboratories as well as the manufacturer’s quality management system (QMS) and the surveillance for the manufacturing process as part of the certification process.

ISO 17829:2015 specifies the methods for the determination of diameter and length of pellets. Concerning the pellet length methods for both determination of the proportion of oversized pellets and for determination of the average length are included.

ISO 17829:2015 specifies the methods for the determination of diameter and length of pellets. Concerning the pellet length methods for both determination of the proportion of oversized pellets and for determination of the average length are included.

ISO 17831-2:2015 defines a method for determining the mechanical durability of briquettes. The mechanical durability is a measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation.

ISO 17831-1:2015 defines a determination method for testing the mechanical durability of pellets. The mechanical durability is a measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation.

ISO 17831-2:2015 defines a method for determining the mechanical durability of briquettes. The mechanical durability is a measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation.

ISO 17831-1:2015 defines a determination method for testing the mechanical durability of pellets. The mechanical durability is a measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation.

ISO 17828:2015 defines a method of determining bulk density of solid biofuels by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all pourable solid biofuels with a nominal top size of maximum 100 mm.
Bulk density is not an absolute value; therefore, conditions for its determination have to be standardized in order to gain comparative measuring results.
NOTE          Bulk density of solid biofuels is subject to variation due to several factors such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying, and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from actual conditions during transportation, storage, or transhipment.

ISO 18134-2:2017 describes the method of determining the total moisture content of a test sample of solid biofuels by drying in an oven and is used when the highest precision is not needed, e.g. for routine production control on site. The method described in ISO 18134 (all parts) is applicable to all solid biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass of the test sample (wet basis).

ISO 17828:2015 defines a method of determining bulk density of solid biofuels by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all pourable solid biofuels with a nominal top size of maximum 100 mm.
Bulk density is not an absolute value; therefore, conditions for its determination have to be standardized in order to gain comparative measuring results.
NOTE          Bulk density of solid biofuels is subject to variation due to several factors such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying, and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from actual conditions during transportation, storage, or transhipment.

ISO 18122:2015 specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid biofuels.

ISO 18123:2015 aims to define the requirements and method used to determine the volatile matter content of solid biofuels. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools, and entire plants related to solid biofuels, and to all persons and organisations involved in producing, purchasing, selling, and utilizing solid biofuels.
The volatile matter content is determined as the loss in mass, less that due to moisture, when solid biofuel is subject to partial pyrolysis under standardized conditions.

ISO 18134-3:2015 describes the method of determining the moisture in the analysis test sample by drying in an oven. It is intended to be used for general analysis samples in accordance with EN 14780. The method described in this part of ISO 18134-3:2015 is applicable to all solid biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass of the test sample (wet basis).
Since biofuels in small particle size are very hygroscopic, their moisture content will change with humidity in the atmosphere and therefore, the moisture of the test portion is determined simultaneously with determination of for example calorific value, carbon content, and nitrogen content.
NOTE          The term moisture content when used with biomass materials can be misleading since untreated biomass frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content by oven drying (see References [1] and [2]).