17.020 - Metrology and measurement in general
ICS 17.020 Details
Metrology and measurement in general
Metrologie und Me?wesen im allgemeinen
Métrologie et mesurage en général
Meroslovje in merjenje na splošno
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This document presents methods for determining the critical value of the response variable and the minimum detectable value in Poisson distribution measurements. It is applicable when variations in both the background noise and the signal are describable by the Poisson distribution. The conventional approximation is used to approximate the Poisson distribution by the normal distribution consistent with ISO 11843-3 and ISO 11843-4. The accuracy of the normal approximation as compared to the exact Poisson distribution is discussed in Annex B.
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This document describes the use of robust methods for analysing the results of precision experiments without using outlier tests to exclude data from the calculations, and in particular, the detailed use of several such methods. The robust methods described in this document allow the data to be analysed in such a way that it is not required to make decisions about outliers that affect the results of the calculations.
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This document specifies the practical use of the fundamental concepts in ISO 11843 in case of the background noise predominance in instrumental analysis. This document specifies basic methods to — extract the stochastic properties of the background noise, — use the stochastic properties to estimate the SD or CV of the response variable, and — calculate the minimum detectable value based on the SD or CV obtained above. The methods described in this document are useful for checking the detection of a certain substance by various types of measurement equipment in which the background noise of the instrumental output predominates over the other sources of measurement uncertainty. Feasible choices are visible and ultraviolet absorption spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, luminescence spectrometry, liquid chromatography and gas chromatography.
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This clause of Part 1 is applicable, except as follows.
1.1.1 Equipment included in scope
Replacement:
This part of IEC 61010 specifies safety requirements and related verification tests for control equipment and/or their associated peripherals.
Some equipment examples are:
- programmable logic controller (PLC);
- programmable automation controller (PAC);
- distributed control systems (DCS);
- industrial PC (computers) and panel PC;
- programming and debugging tools (PADTs);
- displays and human-machine interfaces (HMI);
- any product performing the function of control equipment and/or their associated peripherals;
- positioners; and
- control equipment which have as their intended use the command and control of machines, automated manufacturing and industrial processes, e.g. discrete and continuous control.
Components of the above named equipment and in the scope of this standard are e.g.:
- (auxiliary) stand-alone power supplies;
- peripherals such as digital and analogue I/O,
- remote-I/O;
- industrial network equipment, embedded or standalone (e.g. switches, routers, wireless base station).
Control equipment and their associated peripherals are intended to be used in an industrial environment and may be provided as OPEN or ENCLOSED EQUIPMENT.
NOTE 1 Control equipment intended also for use in other environments or for other purposes (example: for use in building installations to control light or other electrical installations, or for use on cars, trains or ships) can have additional conformity requirements defined by the safety standard(s) for these applications. These requirements can involve as example: insulation, spacings and power restrictions.
NOTE 2 Computing devices and similar equipment within the scope of IEC 60950 (planned to be replaced by IEC 62368) and conforming to its requirements are considered to be suitable for use with control equipment within the scope of this standard. However, some of the requirements of IEC 60950 for resistance to moisture and liquids are less stringent than those in IEC 61010-1:2010, 5.4.4 second paragraph.
Control equipment covered in this standard is typically intended 237 for use in OVERVOLTAGE CATEGORY II (IEC 60664-1) in low-voltage installations, where the RATED equipment supply voltage does not exceed AC. 1 000 V r.m.s. (50/60 Hz), or DC 1 000 V.
Where control equipment is intended for installation to supply systems with overvoltage category III or IV, additional requirements are identified in Annex K.
The requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 51 and IEC Guide 104, as they relate to this part of IEC 61010, are incorporated herein.
1.1.2 Equipment excluded from scope
Replacement:
This standard does not deal with aspects of the overall automated system, e.g. a complete assembly line. Control equipment (e.g. DCS and PLC), their application program and their associated peripherals are considered as components (components in this context are items which perform no useful function by themselves) of an overall automated system.
Since control equipment (e.g. DCS and PLC) are component devices, safety considerations for the overall automated system including installation and application are beyond the scope of this standard. Refer to IEC 60364 series of standards or applicable national/local regulations for electrical installation and guidelines.
1.2.1 Aspects included in scope
Replace first sentence:
The purpose of the requirements of this standard is to ensure that all HAZARDs to the OPERATOR, SERVICE PERSONNEL and the surrounding area are reduced to a tolerable level.
NOTE By using the terms "OPERATOR" and "SERVICE PERSONNEL" this standard considers the perception of HAZARDS depending on training and skills. Annex AA gives a general approach in this regard.
1.2.2 Aspects excluded from scope
Replacement:
This standard does not cover:
a)[...]
b)[...]
c)[...]
d)[...]
e)[...]
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IEC 61010-2-201:2024 supplements or modifies the corresponding clauses in IEC 61010-1 so as to convert that publication into the IEC standard: Particular requirements for control equipment. This document is to be used in conjunction with IEC 61010-1:2010, and IEC 61010 1:2010/AMD1:2016. Where a particular subclause of IEC 61010-1 is not mentioned in this document, that subclause applies as far as is reasonable. Where this document states "addition", "modification", "replacement", or "deletion", the relevant requirement, test specification or note in IEC 61010 1 should be adapted accordingly.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) 1.1.1: the related equipment included in the Scope has been clarified;
b) 4.3.2.101: the optical fibre module has been deleted;
c) 5.4.3: equipment installation has been clarified;
d) 6.7.1.1: revision of the figure representing insulation between separate circuits has been included;
e) 6.7.101: the subclause relating to insulation for FIELD WIRING TERMINALS of OVERVOLTAGE CATEGORY ll with a nominal voltage up to 1 000 V has been deleted;
f) 6.7.1.101: a new subclause relating to insulation for SELV/PELV CIRCUITS has been included;
g) 6.8.3: specification of voltage tester has been added;
h) 6.9.3: an additional exception relating to colour coding has been included;
i) 6.9.101: a new subclause relating to wiring for secondary circuits e.g. SELV/PELV has been included;
j) 8.2.2.101: additional requirements for glass displays have been included;
k) 8.3: the subclause relating to the drop test has been removed;
l) 9.3.2: additional requirements for material of connectors and insulating material have been included;
m) The particular requirements for non-metallic material have been clarified;
n) Clause 11: the particular requirements for protection against HAZARDS from fluid and solid foreign objects have been removed;
o) 12.4: an additional subclause relating to microwave radiation has been included;
p) 14.102: the description of switching devices has been clarified;
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This document
— introduces conditions, constraints and resources necessary to evaluate a measurement method or a result;
— defines an organizational scheme for the acquisition of trueness and precision data by study;
— provides the necessary definitions, statistical model and principles for ISO 5725 (all parts).
— is not applicable to proficiency testing or production of the reference item that has their own standards (ISO 13528, respectively and ISO Guide 35).
This document is concerned exclusively with measurement methods which yield results on a continuous scale and give a single value as the test result, although this single value may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of observations.
It defines values which describe, in quantitative terms, the ability of a measurement method to give a true result (trueness) or to replicate a given result (precision). Thus, there is an implication that exactly the identical item is being measured, in exactly the same way, and that the measurement process is under control.
This document may be applied to a very wide range of test items, including gas, liquids, powders and solid objects, manufactured or naturally occurring, provided that due consideration is given to any heterogeneity of the test item.
This document does not include methods of calculation that are described in the other parts.
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This document provides
a) a discussion of alternative experimental designs for the determination of trueness and precision measures including reproducibility, repeatability and selected measures of intermediate precision of a standard measurement method, including a review of the circumstances in which their use is necessary or beneficial, and guidance as to the interpretation and application of the resulting estimates, and
b) worked examples including specific designs and computations.
Each of the alternative designs discussed in this document is intended to address one (or several) of the following issues:
a) a discussion of the implications of the definitions of intermediate precision measures;
b) a guidance on the interpretation and application of the estimates of intermediate precision measures in practical situations;
c) determining reproducibility, repeatability and selected measures of intermediate precision;
d) improved determination of reproducibility and other measures of precision;
e) improving the estimate of the sample mean;
f) determining the range of in-house repeatability standard deviations;
g) determining other precision components such as operator variability;
h) determining the level of reliability of precision estimates;
i) reducing the minimum number of participating laboratories by optimizing the reliability of precision estimates;
j) avoiding distorted estimations of repeatability (split-level designs);
k) avoiding distorted estimations of reproducibility (taking the heterogeneity of the material into consideration).
Often, the performance of the method whose precision is being evaluated in a collaborative study will have previously been assessed in a single-laboratory validation study conducted by the laboratory which developed it. Relevant factors for the determination of intermediary precision will have been identified in this prior single-laboratory study.
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This document establishes general rules for evaluating and expressing uncertainty in measurement from the shop floor to fundamental research. Therefore, the principles of this suite of documents are intended to be applicable to a broad spectrum of measurements and their applications. An overview of the parts of the GUM is given in table A.1 in Annex A. NOTE Where the acronym GUM is used in this document, it refers to the suite of documents. An individual part of the GUM is referred to by its corresponding JCGM numbering (e.g., part 6 of the GUM is JCGM GUM-6:2020). This document gives a rationale for evaluating, expressing and using measurement uncertainty (Clause 2). A brief introduction is given to measurement (Clause 3) and to the decisions involved when evaluating measurement uncertainty (Clause 4). In Clause 5, a brief description of the contents of the parts of the GUM is given. In each of these clauses, the relevant parts of the GUM are identified for further guidance.
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This document — introduces conditions, constraints and resources necessary to evaluate a measurement method or a result; — defines an organizational scheme for the acquisition of trueness and precision data by study; — provides the necessary definitions, statistical model and principles for ISO 5725 (all parts). — is not applicable to proficiency testing or production of the reference item that has their own standards (ISO 13528, respectively and ISO Guide 35). This document is concerned exclusively with measurement methods which yield results on a continuous scale and give a single value as the test result, although this single value may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of observations. It defines values which describe, in quantitative terms, the ability of a measurement method to give a true result (trueness) or to replicate a given result (precision). Thus, there is an implication that exactly the identical item is being measured, in exactly the same way, and that the measurement process is under control. This document may be applied to a very wide range of test items, including gas, liquids, powders and solid objects, manufactured or naturally occurring, provided that due consideration is given to any heterogeneity of the test item. This document does not include methods of calculation that are described in the other parts.
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This document provides a) a discussion of alternative experimental designs for the determination of trueness and precision measures including reproducibility, repeatability and selected measures of intermediate precision of a standard measurement method, including a review of the circumstances in which their use is necessary or beneficial, and guidance as to the interpretation and application of the resulting estimates, and b) worked examples including specific designs and computations. Each of the alternative designs discussed in this document is intended to address one (or several) of the following issues: a) a discussion of the implications of the definitions of intermediate precision measures; b) a guidance on the interpretation and application of the estimates of intermediate precision measures in practical situations; c) determining reproducibility, repeatability and selected measures of intermediate precision; d) improved determination of reproducibility and other measures of precision; e) improving the estimate of the sample mean; f) determining the range of in-house repeatability standard deviations; g) determining other precision components such as operator variability; h) determining the level of reliability of precision estimates; i) reducing the minimum number of participating laboratories by optimizing the reliability of precision estimates; j) avoiding distorted estimations of repeatability (split-level designs); k) avoiding distorted estimations of reproducibility (taking the heterogeneity of the material into consideration). Often, the performance of the method whose precision is being evaluated in a collaborative study will have previously been assessed in a single-laboratory validation study conducted by the laboratory which developed it. Relevant factors for the determination of intermediary precision will have been identified in this prior single-laboratory study.
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IEC Guide 115:2023 presents a practical approach to the application of uncertainty of measurement to conformity assessment activities in the electrotechnical sector. It is specifically conceived for use in IECEE Schemes as well as by testing laboratories engaged in testing electrical products to national safety standards. It describes the application of uncertainty of measurement principles and provides guidance on making uncertainty of measurement calculations. It also gives some examples relating to uncertainty of measurement calculations for product conformity assessment testing. IEC Guide 115 has been prepared by the IECEE Committee of Testing Laboratories (CTL) to provide guidance on the practical application of the measurement uncertainty requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 to the electrical safety testing conducted within the IECEE CB Scheme. The IECEE CB Scheme is a multilateral, international agreement, among over 40 countries and some 60 national certification bodies, for the acceptance of test reports on electrical products tested to IEC standards.The aim of the CTL is, among other tasks, to define a common understanding of the test methodology with regard to the IEC standards as well as to ensure and continually improve the repeatability and reproducibility of test results among the member laboratories. The practical approach to measurement uncertainty outlined in this document has been adopted for use in the IECEE Schemes, and is also extensively used around the world by testing laboratories engaged in testing electrical products to national safety standards.
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This document provides statistical techniques for the determination of the reproducibility of the level of detection for a) binary (qualitative) test methods for continuous measurands, e.g. the content of a chemical substance, and b) binary (qualitative) test methods for discrete measurands, e.g. the number of RNA copies in a sample. The reproducibility precision is determined according to ISO 5725 (all parts). Precision estimates are subject to random variability. Accordingly, it is important to determine the uncertainty associated with each estimate, and to understand the relationship between this uncertainty, the number of participants and the experimental design. This document thus provides not only a description of statistical tools for the calculation of the LOD reproducibility precision, but also for the standard error of the estimates.
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This document specifies a method for determining optical and dielectric constants in the UV-VIS-NIR spectral range as well as layer thicknesses in the field of at-line production control, quality assurance and material development through accredited test laboratories.
It is applicable to stand-alone measuring systems. The presentation of the uncertainty of results conforms to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3.
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This document specifies a method for determining optical and dielectric constants in the UV-VIS-NIR spectral range as well as layer thicknesses in the field of at-line production control, quality assurance and material development through accredited test laboratories.
It is applicable to stand-alone measuring systems. The presentation of the uncertainty of results conforms to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3.
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This document specifies experimental procedures and statistical analysis for the determination of measurement uncertainty in situations where the following conditions are fulfilled: Condition 1: The level of the measurand is non-negative, e.g. concentration level of a contaminant in a sample. Condition 2: Measurement error consists of two independent components: for one of these components the relative standard deviation is constant (that is, the absolute deviation is proportional to the level of the measurand), whereas for the other component the absolute standard deviation is constant (that is, independent of the level of the measurand). Condition 3: Samples for different levels of the measurand can be made available; if the level of the measurand is the concentration of a chemical substance, samples could be obtained e.g. by fortifying (spiking) blank samples. Conditions 1 and 2 are met for most applications of instrumental chemical analyses. Condition 3 can be met for chemical analyses if blank samples are available. This document can also be used to determine precision data for a particular laboratory for different technicians, different environmental conditions, the same or similar test items, with the same level of the measurand, over a certain period of time.
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This clause of Part 1 is applicable, except as follows. 1.1.1 Equipment included in scope Replacement: This part of IEC 61010 specifies safety requirements and related verification tests for control equipment and/or their associated peripherals. Some equipment examples are: - programmable logic controller (PLC); - programmable automation controller (PAC); - distributed control systems (DCS); - industrial PC (computers) and panel PC; - programming and debugging tools (PADTs); - displays and human-machine interfaces (HMI); - any product performing the function of control equipment and/or their associated peripherals; - positioners; and - control equipment which have as their intended use the command and control of machines, automated manufacturing and industrial processes, e.g. discrete and continuous control. Components of the above named equipment and in the scope of this standard are e.g.: - (auxiliary) stand-alone power supplies; - peripherals such as digital and analogue I/O, - remote-I/O; - industrial network equipment, embedded or standalone (e.g. switches, routers, wireless base station). Control equipment and their associated peripherals are intended to be used in an industrial environment and may be provided as OPEN or ENCLOSED EQUIPMENT. NOTE 1 Control equipment intended also for use in other environments or for other purposes (example: for use in building installations to control light or other electrical installations, or for use on cars, trains or ships) can have additional conformity requirements defined by the safety standard(s) for these applications. These requirements can involve as example: insulation, spacings and power restrictions. NOTE 2 Computing devices and similar equipment within the scope of IEC 60950 (planned to be replaced by IEC 62368) and conforming to its requirements are considered to be suitable for use with control equipment within the scope of this standard. However, some of the requirements of IEC 60950 for resistance to moisture and liquids are less stringent than those in IEC 61010-1:2010, 5.4.4 second paragraph. Control equipment covered in this standard is typically intended 237 for use in OVERVOLTAGE CATEGORY II (IEC 60664-1) in low-voltage installations, where the RATED equipment supply voltage does not exceed AC. 1 000 V r.m.s. (50/60 Hz), or DC 1 000 V. Where control equipment is intended for installation to supply systems with overvoltage category III or IV, additional requirements are identified in Annex K. The requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 51 and IEC Guide 104, as they relate to this part of IEC 61010, are incorporated herein. 1.1.2 Equipment excluded from scope Replacement: This standard does not deal with aspects of the overall automated system, e.g. a complete assembly line. Control equipment (e.g. DCS and PLC), their application program and their associated peripherals are considered as components (components in this context are items which perform no useful function by themselves) of an overall automated system. Since control equipment (e.g. DCS and PLC) are component devices, safety considerations for the overall automated system including installation and application are beyond the scope of this standard. Refer to IEC 60364 series of standards or applicable national/local regulations for electrical installation and guidelines. 1.2.1 Aspects included in scope Replace first sentence: The purpose of the requirements of this standard is to ensure that all HAZARDs to the OPERATOR, SERVICE PERSONNEL and the surrounding area are reduced to a tolerable level. NOTE By using the terms "OPERATOR" and "SERVICE PERSONNEL" this standard considers the perception of HAZARDS depending on training and skills. Annex AA gives a general approach in this regard. 1.2.2 Aspects excluded from scope Replacement: This standard does not cover: a)[...] b)[...] c)[...] d)[...] e)[...]
- Standard86 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes a method to evaluate the standard uncertainty for a process mean, arising from observable variation in successive possibly autocorrelated measurements. In this document, the successive measurements are restricted to stationary processes. This document also includes tests for validity of assumptions. The resulting uncertainty is related to that arising from observable measurements while other sources of uncertainty are also considered.
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This document provides guidance for implementing the theories of the ISO 11843 series in various practical situation. As defined in this series, the term minimum detectable value corresponds to the limit of detection or detection limit defined by the IUPAC. The focus of interest is placed on the practical applications of statistics to quantitative analyses.
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This document specifies technical requirements and documentation necessary to establish metrological traceability of values assigned to calibrators, trueness control materials and human samples for quantities measured by IVD MDs. The human samples are those intended to be measured, as specified for each IVD MD. Metrological traceability of values for quantities in human samples extends to the highest available reference system component, ideally to RMPs and certified reference materials (CRMs).
All parties having a role in any of the steps described in a calibration hierarchy for an IVD MD are subject to the requirements described. These parties include but are not limited to manufacturers (of IVD MDs), RMP developers (see ISO 15193), RM producers (see ISO 15194), and reference/calibration laboratories (see ISO 15195) supporting calibration hierarchies for IVD MDs.
NOTE 1 Producers of RMs intended for use in standardization or calibration of IVD MDs include commercial and non-commercial organizations producing RMs for use by many end-users of IVD MDs and/or calibration laboratories, or for use by a single end-user medical laboratory, as in the case of a measurement standard (calibrator) intended to be used exclusively for calibration of a laboratory-developed MP.
This document is applicable to:
a) all IVD MDs that provide measurement results in the form of numeric values, i.e. rational (ratio) and/or differential (interval) scales, and counting scales.
b) IVD MDs where the measurement result is reported as a qualitative value established with a ratio of two measurements (i.e. the signal from a specimen being tested and the signal from a RM with a specified concentration or activity at the cut-off), or a counting scale, with corresponding decision threshold(s). This also includes IVD MDs where results are categorized among ordinal categories based on pre-established quantitative intervals for a quantity.
c) RMs intended for use as trueness control materials for verification or assessment of calibration of IVD MDs, i.e. some commutable CRMs and some external quality assessment (EQA) materials (if so indicated in the RM's intended use statement).
d) IVD MD-specific calibrators and trueness control materials with assigned values, intended to be used together with a specified IVD MD.
e) IVD MDs as described in a) and b), where no end-user performed calibration is required (i.e. when the manufacturer performs a factory calibration of the IVD MD).
This document is not applicable to:
a) calibrators and trueness control materials for IVD MDs which, due to their formulation, are known to have zero amount of measurand;
b) control materials that are used only for internal quality control purposes in medical laboratories to assess the imprecision of an IVD MD, either its repeatability or reproducibility, and/or for assessing changes in IVD MD results compared to a previously established calibration condition;
c) control materials that are used only for internal quality control purposes in medical laboratories and which are supplied with intervals of suggested acceptable values that are not metrologically traceable to higher order reference system components;
d) properties reported as nominal scales and ordinal scales, where no magnitude is involved.
NOTE 2 Nominal scales are typically used to report e.g. identity of blood cell types, microorganism types, identity of nucleic acid sequences, identity of urine particles.
NOTE 3
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This document specifies a method for determining optical and dielectric constants in the UV-VIS-NIR spectral range as well as layer thicknesses in the field of at-line production control, quality assurance and material development through accredited test laboratories. It is applicable to stand-alone measuring systems. The presentation of the uncertainty of results conforms to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3.
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IEC Guide 115:2021 presents a practical approach to the application of uncertainty of measurement to conformity assessment activities in the electrotechnical sector. It is specifically conceived for use in IECEE Schemes as well as by testing laboratories engaged in testing electrical products to national safety standards. It describes the application of uncertainty of measurement principles and provides guidance on making uncertainty of measurement calculations. It also gives some examples relating to uncertainty of measurement calculations for product conformity assessment testing. IEC Guide 115 has been prepared by the IECEE Committee of Testing Laboratories (CTL) to provide guidance on the practical application of the measurement uncertainty requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 to the electrical safety testing conducted within the IECEE CB Scheme. The IECEE CB Scheme is a multilateral, international agreement, among over 40 countries and some 60 national certification bodies, for the acceptance of test reports on electrical products tested to IEC standards.The aim of the CTL is, among other tasks, to define a common understanding of the test methodology with regard to the IEC standards as well as to ensure and continually improve the repeatability and reproducibility of test results among the member laboratories. The practical approach to measurement uncertainty outlined in this document has been adopted for use in the IECEE Schemes, and is also extensively used around the world by testing laboratories engaged in testing electrical products to national safety standards.
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IEC 61010-2-202:2020 is available as IEC 61010-2-202:2020 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 61010-2-202:2020 constitutes Part 2-202 of a planned series of standards on industrial-process measurement, control and automation equipment. Safety terms of general use are defined in IEC 61010-1. More specific terms are defined in each part. This part incorporates the safety related requirements of electrically operated valve ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs. This document does not cover functional safety aspects of electrically operated ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides guidance on developing and using a measurement model and also covers the assessment of the adequacy of a measurement model. The document is of particular interest to developers of measurement procedures, working instructions and documentary standards. The model describes the relationship between the output quantity (the measurand) and the input quantities known to be involved in the measurement. The model is used to obtain a value for the measurand and an associated uncertainty. Measurement models are also used in, for example, design studies, simulation of processes, and in engineering, research and development. This document explains how to accommodate in a measurement model the quantities involved. These quantities relate i) to the phenomenon or phenomena on which the measurement is based, that is, the measurement principle, ii) to effects arising in the specific measurement, and iii) to the interaction with the artefact or sample subject to measurement. The guidance provided is organised in accordance with a work flow that could be contemplated when developing a measurement model from the beginning. This work flow starts with the specification of the measurand (clause 6). Then the measurement principle is modelled (clause 7) and an appropriate form of the model is chosen (clause 8). The basic model thus obtained is extended by identifying (clause 9) and adding (clause 10) effects arising from the measurement and the artefact or sample subject to measurement. Guidance on assessing the adequacy of the resulting measurement model is given in clause 12. The distinction between the basic model and the (complete) measurement model in the work flow should be helpful to those readers who already have a substantial part of the measurement model in place, but would like to verify that it contains all effects arising from the measurement so that it is fit for purpose. Guidance on the assignment of probability distributions to the quantities appearing in the measurement model is given in JCGM 100:2008 and JCGM 101:2008. In clause 11, this guidance is supplemented by describing how statistical models can be developed and used for this purpose. When using a measurement model, numerical problems can arise including computational effects such as rounding and numerical overflow. It is demonstrated how such problems can often be alleviated by expressing a model differently so that it performs well in calculations. It is also shown how a reformulation of the model can sometimes be used to eliminate some correlation effects among the input quantities when such dependencies exist. Examples from a number of metrology disciplines illustrate the guidance provided in this document.
- Guide96 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides guidance on developing and using a measurement model and also covers the assessment of the adequacy of a measurement model. The document is of particular interest to developers of measurement procedures, working instructions and documentary standards. The model describes the relationship between the output quantity (the measurand) and the input quantities known to be involved in the measurement. The model is used to obtain a value for the measurand and an associated uncertainty. Measurement models are also used in, for example, design studies, simulation of processes, and in
engineering, research and development.
This document explains how to accommodate in a measurement model the quantities involved. These quantities relate i) to the phenomenon or phenomena on which the measurement is based, that is, the measurement principle, ii) to effects arising in the specific measurement, and iii) to the interaction with the artefact or sample subject to measurement.
The guidance provided is organised in accordance with a work flow that could be contemplated when developing a measurement model from the beginning. This work flow starts with the specification of the measurand (clause 6). Then the measurement principle is modelled (clause 7) and an appropriate form of the model is chosen (clause 8). The basic model thus obtained is extended by identifying (clause 9) and adding (clause 10) effects arising from the measurement and the artefact or sample subject to measurement. Guidance on assessing the adequacy of the resulting measurement model is given in clause 12. The distinction between the basic model and the (complete) measurement model in the work flow should be helpful to those readers who already have a substantial part of the measurement model in place, but would like to verify that it contains all effects arising from the measurement so that it is fit for purpose.
Guidance on the assignment of probability distributions to the quantities appearing in the measurement model is given in JCGM 100:2008 and JCGM 101:2008. In clause 11, this guidance is supplemented by describing how statistical models can be developed and used for this purpose.
When using a measurement model, numerical problems can arise including computational effects such as rounding and numerical overflow. It is demonstrated how such problems can often be alleviated by expressing a model differently so that it performs well in calculations. It is also shown how a reformulation of the model can sometimes be used to eliminate some correlation effects among the input quantities when such dependencies exist.
Examples from a number of metrology disciplines illustrate the guidance provided in this document.
- Guide96 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 61010-2-202:2020 is available as IEC 61010-2-202:2020 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 61010-2-202:2020 constitutes Part 2-202 of a planned series of standards on industrial-process measurement, control and automation equipment. Safety terms of general use are defined in IEC 61010-1. More specific terms are defined in each part. This part incorporates the safety related requirements of electrically operated valve ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs. This document does not cover functional safety aspects of electrically operated ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs.
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IEC 62828-1:2017 establishes a general framework for defining reference conditions and test procedures applicable to all types of industrial and process measurement transmitters (PMTs) used in measuring and control systems for industrial process and machinery. These reference test conditions are divided into “standard reference conditions”, which apply when determining the accuracy of measurement, and “ambient and process reference conditions”, which are used to assess the influence of external quantities on the measurement. The IEC 62828 series cancels and replaces the IEC 60770 series and proposes revisions for the IEC 61298 series.
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IEC 61010-2-202:2020 constitutes Part 2-202 of a planned series of standards on industrial-process measurement, control and automation equipment. Safety terms of general use are defined in IEC 61010-1. More specific terms are defined in each part. This part incorporates the safety related requirements of electrically operated valve ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs. This document does not cover functional safety aspects of electrically operated ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs.
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1.1 This document
— amplifies the general principles for designing experiments for the numerical estimation of the precision of measurement methods by means of a collaborative interlaboratory experiment;
— provides a detailed practical description of the basic method for routine use in estimating the precision of measurement methods;
— provides guidance to all personnel concerned with designing, performing or analysing the results of the tests for estimating precision.
NOTE Modifications to this basic method for particular purposes are given in other parts of ISO 5725.
1.2 It is concerned exclusively with measurement methods which yield measurements on a continuous scale and give a single value as the test result, although this single value can be the outcome of a calculation from a set of observations.
1.3 It assumes that in the design and performance of the precision experiment, all the principles as laid down in ISO 5725-1 are observed. The basic method uses the same number of test results in each laboratory, with each laboratory analysing the same levels of test sample; i.e. a balanced uniform-level experiment. The basic method applies to procedures that have been standardized and are in regular use in a number of laboratories.
1.4 The statistical model of ISO 5725-1:1994, Clause 5, is accepted as a suitable basis for the interpretation and analysis of the test results, the distribution of which is approximately normal.
1.5 The basic method, as described in this document, (usually) estimates the precision of a measurement method:
a) when it is required to determine the repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations as defined in ISO 5725-1;
b) when the materials to be used are homogeneous, or when the effects of heterogeneity can be included in the precision values; and
c) when the use of a balanced uniform-level layout is acceptable.
1.6 The same approach can be used to make a preliminary estimate of precision for measurement methods which have not reached standardization or are not in routine use.
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1.1 This document
— specifies basic methods for estimating the bias of a measurement method and the laboratory bias when a measurement method is applied;
— provides a practical approach of a basic method for routine use in estimating the bias of measurement methods and laboratory bias;
— provides a brief guidance to all personnel concerned with designing, performing or analysing the results of the measurements for estimating bias.
1.2 It is concerned exclusively with measurement methods which yield measurements on a continuous scale and give a single value as the measurement result, although the single value can be the outcome of a calculation from a set of observations.
1.3 This document applies when the measurement method has been standardized and all measurements are carried out according to that measurement method.
NOTE In ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007(VIM), "measurement procedure" (2.6) is an analogous term related to the term "measurement method" used in this document.
1.4 This document applies only if an accepted reference value can be established to substitute the true value by using the value, for example:
— of a suitable reference material;
— of a suitable measurement standard;
— referring to a suitable measurement method;
— of a suitable prepared known sample.
1.5 This document applies only to the cases where it is sufficient to estimate bias on one property at a time. It is not applicable if the bias in the measurement of one property is affected by the level of any other property (i.e. it does not consider interferences by any influencing quantity). Comparison of the trueness of two-measurement methods is considered in ISO 5725-6.
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1.1 This document — specifies basic methods for estimating the bias of a measurement method and the laboratory bias when a measurement method is applied; — provides a practical approach of a basic method for routine use in estimating the bias of measurement methods and laboratory bias; — provides a brief guidance to all personnel concerned with designing, performing or analysing the results of the measurements for estimating bias. 1.2 It is concerned exclusively with measurement methods which yield measurements on a continuous scale and give a single value as the measurement result, although the single value can be the outcome of a calculation from a set of observations. 1.3 This document applies when the measurement method has been standardized and all measurements are carried out according to that measurement method. NOTE In ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007(VIM), "measurement procedure" (2.6) is an analogous term related to the term "measurement method" used in this document. 1.4 This document applies only if an accepted reference value can be established to substitute the true value by using the value, for example: — of a suitable reference material; — of a suitable measurement standard; — referring to a suitable measurement method; — of a suitable prepared known sample. 1.5 This document applies only to the cases where it is sufficient to estimate bias on one property at a time. It is not applicable if the bias in the measurement of one property is affected by the level of any other property (i.e. it does not consider interferences by any influencing quantity). Comparison of the trueness of two-measurement methods is considered in ISO 5725-6.
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1.1 This document — amplifies the general principles for designing experiments for the numerical estimation of the precision of measurement methods by means of a collaborative interlaboratory experiment; — provides a detailed practical description of the basic method for routine use in estimating the precision of measurement methods; — provides guidance to all personnel concerned with designing, performing or analysing the results of the tests for estimating precision. NOTE Modifications to this basic method for particular purposes are given in other parts of ISO 5725. 1.2 It is concerned exclusively with measurement methods which yield measurements on a continuous scale and give a single value as the test result, although this single value can be the outcome of a calculation from a set of observations. 1.3 It assumes that in the design and performance of the precision experiment, all the principles as laid down in ISO 5725-1 are observed. The basic method uses the same number of test results in each laboratory, with each laboratory analysing the same levels of test sample; i.e. a balanced uniform-level experiment. The basic method applies to procedures that have been standardized and are in regular use in a number of laboratories. 1.4 The statistical model of ISO 5725-1:1994, Clause 5, is accepted as a suitable basis for the interpretation and analysis of the test results, the distribution of which is approximately normal. 1.5 The basic method, as described in this document, (usually) estimates the precision of a measurement method: a) when it is required to determine the repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations as defined in ISO 5725-1; b) when the materials to be used are homogeneous, or when the effects of heterogeneity can be included in the precision values; and c) when the use of a balanced uniform-level layout is acceptable. 1.6 The same approach can be used to make a preliminary estimate of precision for measurement methods which have not reached standardization or are not in routine use.
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This document gives names, symbols, definitions and units for quantities of mechanics. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given.
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ISO 80000-11:2019 gives names, symbols and definitions for characteristic numbers used in the description of transport and transfer phenomena.
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This document presents methods for determining the critical value of the response variable and the minimum detectable value in Poisson distribution measurements. It is applicable when variations in both the background noise and the signal are describable by the Poisson distribution. The conventional approximation is used to approximate the Poisson distribution by the normal distribution consistent with ISO 11843‑3 and ISO 11843‑4. The accuracy of the normal approximation as compared to the exact Poisson distribution is discussed in Annex C.
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1.1 This document is concerned with polynomial calibration functions that describe the relationship between a stimulus variable and a response variable. These functions contain parameters estimated from calibration data consisting of a set of pairs of stimulus value and response value. Various cases are considered relating to the nature of any uncertainties associated with the data. 1.2 Estimates of the polynomial function parameters are determined using least‐squares methods, taking account of the specified uncertainty information. It is assumed that the calibration data are fit for purpose and thus the treatment of outliers is not considered. It is also assumed that the calibration data errors are regarded as drawn from normal distributions. An emphasis of this document is on choosing the least‐squares method appropriate for the nature of the data uncertainties in any particular case. Since these methods are well documented in the technical literature and software that implements them is freely available, they are not described in this document. 1.3 Commonly occurring types of covariance matrix associated with the calibration data are considered covering (a) response data uncertainties, (b) response data uncertainties and covariances, (c) stimulus and response data uncertainties, and (d) stimulus data uncertainties and covariances, and response data uncertainties and covariances. The case where the data uncertainties are unknown is also treated. 1.4 Methods for selecting the degree of the polynomial calibration function according to prescribed criteria are given. The covariance matrix associated with the estimates of the parameters in the selected polynomial function is available as a by‐product of the least‐squares methods used. 1.5 For the chosen polynomial function this document describes the use of the parameter estimates and their associated covariance matrix for inverse and direct evaluation. It also describes how the provisions of ISO/IEC Guide 98‐3:2008 (GUM) can be used to provide the associated standard uncertainties. 1.6 Consideration is given to accounting for certain constraints (such as the polynomial passing through the origin) that may need to be imposed and also to the use of transformations of the variables that may render the behaviour of the calibration function more polynomial‐like. Interchanging the roles of the variables is also considered. 1.7 Examples from several areas of measurement science illustrate the use of this document.
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Background noise exists ubiquitously in analytical instruments, whether or not a sample is applied to the instrument. This document is concerned with mathematical methodologies for estimating the minimum detectable value in case that the most predominant source of measurement uncertainty is background noise. The minimum detectable value can directly and mathematically be derived from the stochastic characteristics of the background noise. This document specifies basic methods to — extract the stochastic properties of the background noise, — use the stochastic properties to estimate the standard deviation (SD) or coefficient of variation (CV) of the response variable, and — calculate the minimum detectable value based on the SD or CV obtained above. The methods described in this document are useful for checking the detection of a certain substance by various types of measurement equipment in which the background noise of the instrumental output predominates over the other sources of measurement uncertainty. Feasible choices are visible and ultraviolet absorption spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, luminescence spectrometry, liquid chromatography and gas chromatography.
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NEW!IEC 61010-2-201:2017 is available as IEC 61010-2-201:2017 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 61010-2-201:2017 specifies safety requirements and related verification tests for any product performing the function of control equipment and/or their associated peripherals. In addition, these products have as their intended use the command and control of machines, automated manufacturing and industrial processes, e.g. discrete and continuous control. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2013. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This second edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition; a) clarify, change, delete definitions which were causing confusion, b) change and clarify the temperature testing methodology, c) change documentation methodologies allowed, d) change some terminal markings, e) add clarity to some of the informative annexes, f) add Annex E with changes, g) add Annexes AA – FF.
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ISO 18674-3:2017 specifies the measurement of displacements across a line by means of inclinometers carried out for geotechnical monitoring. General rules of performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills and of geotechnical works are presented in ISO 18674‑1.
ISO 18674-3:2017 also refers to deflectometers (see Annex B) to supplement inclinometers for the determination of horizontal displacements across horizontal measuring lines.
NOTE In general, there are two independent displacement components acting across measuring lines. Inclinometers allow the determination of the two components for vertical measuring lines. For horizontal lines, inclinometers are limited to the determination of the vertical component only.
If applied in conjunction with ISO 18674‑2, ISO 18674-3:2017 allows the determination of displacements acting in any direction.
ISO 18674-3:2017 is applicable to:
- checking geotechnical designs in connection with the Observational Design procedure;
- monitoring of geotechnical structures prior to, during and after construction (e.g. natural slopes, slope cuts, embankments, excavation walls, foundations, dams, refuse dumps, tunnels);
- deriving geotechnical key parameters (e.g. from results of pile load tests or trial tunnelling);
- identification and monitoring of active shear planes in the ground.
NOTE ISO 18674-3:2017 fulfils the requirements for the performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground and of geotechnical works by the means of inclinometers as part of the geotechnical investigation and testing in accordance with References [1] and [2].
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IEC 62828-1:2017 establishes a general framework for defining reference conditions and test procedures applicable to all types of industrial and process measurement transmitters (PMTs) used in measuring and control systems for industrial process and machinery. These reference test conditions are divided into “standard reference conditions”, which apply when determining the accuracy of measurement, and “ambient and process reference conditions”, which are used to assess the influence of external quantities on the measurement. The IEC 62828 series cancels and replaces the IEC 60770 series and proposes revisions for the IEC 61298 series.
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ISO 21748:2017 gives guidance for
- evaluation of measurement uncertainties using data obtained from studies conducted in accordance with ISO 5725‑2, and
- comparison of collaborative study results with measurement uncertainty (MU) obtained using formal principles of uncertainty propagation (see Clause 14).
ISO 5725‑3 provides additional models for studies of intermediate precision. However, while the same general approach may be applied to the use of such extended models, uncertainty evaluation using these models is not incorporated in this document.
ISO 21748:2017 is applicable to all measurement and test fields where an uncertainty associated with a result has to be determined.
ISO 21748:2017 does not describe the application of repeatability data in the absence of reproducibility data.
ISO 21748:2017 assumes that recognized, non-negligible systematic effects are corrected, either by applying a numerical correction as part of the method of measurement, or by investigation and removal of the cause of the effect.
The recommendations in this document are primarily for guidance. It is recognized that while the recommendations presented do form a valid approach to the evaluation of uncertainty for many purposes, it is also possible to adopt other suitable approaches.
In general, references to measurement results, methods and processes in this document are normally understood to apply also to testing results, methods and processes.
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ISO 21748:2017 gives guidance for - evaluation of measurement uncertainties using data obtained from studies conducted in accordance with ISO 5725‑2, and - comparison of collaborative study results with measurement uncertainty (MU) obtained using formal principles of uncertainty propagation (see Clause 14). ISO 5725‑3 provides additional models for studies of intermediate precision. However, while the same general approach may be applied to the use of such extended models, uncertainty evaluation using these models is not incorporated in this document. ISO 21748:2017 is applicable to all measurement and test fields where an uncertainty associated with a result has to be determined. ISO 21748:2017 does not describe the application of repeatability data in the absence of reproducibility data. ISO 21748:2017 assumes that recognized, non-negligible systematic effects are corrected, either by applying a numerical correction as part of the method of measurement, or by investigation and removal of the cause of the effect. The recommendations in this document are primarily for guidance. It is recognized that while the recommendations presented do form a valid approach to the evaluation of uncertainty for many purposes, it is also possible to adopt other suitable approaches. In general, references to measurement results, methods and processes in this document are normally understood to apply also to testing results, methods and processes.
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IEC 61010-2-201:2017 specifies safety requirements and related verification tests for any product performing the function of control equipment and/or their associated peripherals. In addition, these products have as their intended use the command and control of machines, automated manufacturing and industrial processes, e.g. discrete and continuous control.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2013. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This second edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition;
a) clarify, change, delete definitions which were causing confusion,
b) change and clarify the temperature testing methodology,
c) change documentation methodologies allowed,
d) change some terminal markings,
e) add clarity to some of the informative annexes,
f) add Annex E with changes,
g) add Annexes AA – FF.
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ISO/TR 21074:2016 describes how to determine the repeatability and reproducibility of precision tests performed within standardization work using the chemical analysis method. Specifically, this document explains the procedure for calculating precision, using precision test data of ISO 5725‑3:1994, Table D.2 for the precision test in ISO 9647:1989 as an example. The procedure of the international test for determining precision is described in ISO 5725‑2 and ISO 5725‑3.
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IEC 62703:2013 specifies the general aspects in the terminology and definitions related to the performance of fluorometric oxygen analyzers used for the continuous determination of dissolved oxygen partial pressure or concentration in liquid media; unifies methods used in making and verifying statements on the functional performance of such analyzers; specifies which tests should be performed in order to determine the functional performance and how such tests should be carried out and provides basic documents to support the application of standards of quality assurance within ISO 9001.
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IEC 61010-2-202:2016 specifies the safety requirements for electric ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs, as applied to valves, intended to be installed in an industrial process or discrete control environment.
This publication is to be read in conjunction with IEC 61010-1:2010.
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ISO/TS 17503:2015 describes the estimation of uncertainties on the mean value in experiments conducted as crossed designs, and the use of variances extracted from such experiments and applied to the results of other measurements (for example, single observations). ISO/TS 17503:2015 covers balanced two-factor designs with any number of levels. The basic designs covered include the two-way design without replication and the two-way design with replication, with one or both factors considered as random. Calculations of variance components from ANOVA tables and their use in uncertainty estimation are given. In addition, brief guidance is given on the use of restricted maximum likelihood estimates from software, and on the treatment of experiments with small numbers of missing data points. Methods for review of the data for outliers and approximate normality are provided. The use of data obtained from the treatment of relative observations (for example, apparent recovery in analytical chemistry) is included.
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