This document gives guidance on the selection of test methods for evaluating the performance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled finishes in different applications. This document references the test methods available for measuring the properties of these finishes and correlates these properties to the requirements of specific enamelled articles.
This document is limited for the most part to test methods in ISO documents or European standards but does not provide acceptance criteria or performance limits for the properties.
This document is applicable to all enamelled articles, irrespective of their basis metals.

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This proposal specifies a method of test for determining the scratch hardness of the surface of vitreous
and porcelain enamels.

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This document specifies a simulating method of test for determination of the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food.
This document also specifies limits for the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food.
This document is applicable to enamelled articles, including tanks and vessels, which are intended to be used for the preparation, cooking, serving and storage of food.

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This document specifies the basic conditions concerning the method for determining the resistance of
vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles to heat.
The method specified is applicable to vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles that will, in service, be
subjected to high temperature, for example to some cooker components, exhaust pipe silencers, gas
heating chimneys and flue pipes.

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This document specifies the requirements for the design and use of vitreous enamel coated bolted
cylindrical steel tanks for the storage or treatment of water or municipal or industrial effluents and
sludges.
It is applicable to the design of the tank and any associated roof and gives guidance on the requirements
for the design of the foundation.
It is applicable where:
a) the tank is cylindrical and is mounted on a load-bearing base substantially at or above ground level;
b) the product of the tank diameter in metres and the wall height in metres lies within the range
5 to 500;
c) the tank diameter does not exceed 100 m and the total wall height does not exceed 50 m;
d) the stored material has the characteristics of a liquid, exerting a negligible frictional force on the
tank wall; the stored material can be undergoing treatment as part of a municipal or industrial
effluent treatment process;
e) the internal pressure in the headspace above the liquid does not exceed 50 kPa and the internal
partial vacuum above the liquid does not exceed 10 kPa;
f) the walls of the tank are vertical;
g) the floor of the tank is substantially flat at its intersection with the wall; the floor of the tank can
have a rise or fall built in to allow complete emptying of the tank contents, the slope of which does
not exceed 1:100;
h) there is negligible inertial and impact load due to tank filling;
i) the minimum thickness of the tank shell is 1,5 mm;
j) the material used for the manufacture of the steel sheets is carbon steel (tanks constructed of
sheets made from aluminium or stainless steel are outside the scope of this document);
k) the temperature of the tank wall during operation is within the range −50 °C to +100 °C under all
operating conditions.
This document also gives details of procedures to be followed during installation on site and for
inspection and maintenance of the installed tank.
It does not apply to chemical-reaction vessels.
It does not cover resistance to fire.

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This document specifies a test method for the determination of the crack formation temperature of
enamels for the chemical industry by subjecting enamelled steel specimens to thermal shock using cold
water.
The value of the crack formation temperature measured according to this test method does not apply to
the finished component (see Annex A). It is a parameter of vitreous and porcelain enamels for comparing
the relative quality of different enamel formulations.

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This document specifies the basic conditions concerning the method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles to heat.
The method specified is applicable to vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles that are, in service, subjected to high temperature, for example, to some cooker components, exhaust pipe silencers, gas heating chimneys and flue pipes.

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This document specifies the requirements for the design and use of vitreous enamel coated bolted cylindrical steel tanks for the storage or treatment of water or municipal or industrial effluents and sludges.
It is applicable to the design of the tank and any associated roof and gives guidance on the requirements for the design of the foundation.
It is applicable where:
a) the tank is cylindrical and is mounted on a load-bearing base substantially at or above ground level;
b) the product of the tank diameter in metres and the wall height in metres lies within the range 5 to 500;
c) the tank diameter does not exceed 100 m and the total wall height does not exceed 50 m;
d) the stored material has the characteristics of a liquid, exerting a negligible frictional force on the tank wall; the stored material can be undergoing treatment as part of a municipal or industrial effluent treatment process;
e) the internal pressure in the headspace above the liquid does not exceed 50 kPa and the internal partial vacuum above the liquid does not exceed 10 kPa;
f) the walls of the tank are vertical;
g) the floor of the tank is substantially flat at its intersection with the wall; the floor of the tank can have a rise or fall built in to allow complete emptying of the tank contents, the slope of which does not exceed 1:100;
h) there is negligible inertial and impact load due to tank filling;
i) the minimum thickness of the tank shell is 1,5 mm;
j) the material used for the manufacture of the steel sheets is carbon steel (tanks constructed of sheets made from aluminium or stainless steel are outside the scope of this document);
k) the temperature of the tank wall during operation is within the range −50 °C to +100 °C under all operating conditions.
This document also gives details of procedures to be followed during installation on site and for inspection and maintenance of the installed tank.
It does not apply to chemical-reaction vessels.
It does not cover resistance to fire.

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This document specifies a method of test for determining the scratch hardness of the surface of vitreous and porcelain enamels.

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This document specifies a test method for the determination of the crack formation temperature of enamels for the chemical industry by subjecting enamelled steel specimens to thermal shock using cold water.
The value of the crack formation temperature measured according to this test method does not apply to the finished component (see Annex A). It is a parameter of vitreous and porcelain enamels for comparing the relative quality of different enamel formulations.

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This document specifies the basic conditions concerning the method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles to heat. The method specified is applicable to vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles that are, in service, subjected to high temperature, for example, to some cooker components, exhaust pipe silencers, gas heating chimneys and flue pipes.

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This document specifies the requirements for the design and use of vitreous enamel coated bolted cylindrical steel tanks for the storage or treatment of water or municipal or industrial effluents and sludges. It is applicable to the design of the tank and any associated roof and gives guidance on the requirements for the design of the foundation. It is applicable where: a) the tank is cylindrical and is mounted on a load-bearing base substantially at or above ground level; b) the product of the tank diameter in metres and the wall height in metres lies within the range 5 to 500; c) the tank diameter does not exceed 100 m and the total wall height does not exceed 50 m; d) the stored material has the characteristics of a liquid, exerting a negligible frictional force on the tank wall; the stored material can be undergoing treatment as part of a municipal or industrial effluent treatment process; e) the internal pressure in the headspace above the liquid does not exceed 50 kPa and the internal partial vacuum above the liquid does not exceed 10 kPa; f) the walls of the tank are vertical; g) the floor of the tank is substantially flat at its intersection with the wall; the floor of the tank can have a rise or fall built in to allow complete emptying of the tank contents, the slope of which does not exceed 1:100; h) there is negligible inertial and impact load due to tank filling; i) the minimum thickness of the tank shell is 1,5 mm; j) the material used for the manufacture of the steel sheets is carbon steel (tanks constructed of sheets made from aluminium or stainless steel are outside the scope of this document); k) the temperature of the tank wall during operation is within the range −50 °C to +100 °C under all operating conditions. This document also gives details of procedures to be followed during installation on site and for inspection and maintenance of the installed tank. It does not apply to chemical-reaction vessels. It does not cover resistance to fire.

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This document specifies a method of test for determining the scratch hardness of the surface of vitreous and porcelain enamels.

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This International Standard specifies a method of determining, by successive thermal shock tests, the
behaviour of vitreous and porcelain enamelled cooking utensils and similar articles under sudden
changes of temperature (resistance to thermal shock).

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Specifies a test method which is used as a factory production control test. The test is not intended to be used for testing the adhesion of the enamel. Annexes A and B are for information only.

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Applies to enamelled walls of roasting devices, grills and baking devices; self-cleaning consists in the capacity first to absorb oil or fat in droplet form, and then to volatilize the greater part of the fat or oil by the sequential processes of distillation, decomposition, and combustion. Is not applicable to pyrolytically cleaning enamels.

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This document specifies a test method for the determination of the crack formation temperature of enamels for the chemical industry by subjecting enamelled steel specimens to thermal shock using cold water. The value of the crack formation temperature measured according to this test method does not apply to the finished component (see Annex A). It is a parameter of vitreous and porcelain enamels for comparing the relative quality of different enamel formulations.

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Specifies a test method which is used as a factory production control test. The test is not intended to be used for testing the adhesion of the enamel. Annexes A and B are for information only.

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This International Standard specifies a method of determining, by successive thermal shock tests, the
behaviour of vitreous and porcelain enamelled cooking utensils and similar articles under sudden
changes of temperature (resistance to thermal shock).

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Applies to enamelled walls of roasting devices, grills and baking devices; self-cleaning consists in the capacity first to absorb oil or fat in droplet form, and then to volatilize the greater part of the fat or oil by the sequential processes of distillation, decomposition, and combustion. Is not applicable to pyrolytically cleaning enamels.

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This document gives guidance on the selection of test methods for evaluating the performance of
vitreous and porcelain enamelled finishes in different applications. This document references the test
methods available for measuring the properties of these finishes and correlates these properties to the
requirements of specific enamelled articles.
This document is limited for the most part to test methods in ISO documents or European standards
but does not provide acceptance criteria or performance limits for the properties.
This document is applicable to all enamelled articles, irrespective of their basis metals.

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This document gives guidance on the selection of test methods for evaluating the performance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled finishes in different applications. This document references the test methods available for measuring the properties of these finishes and correlates these properties to the requirements of specific enamelled articles. This document is limited for the most part to test methods in ISO documents or European standards but does not provide acceptance criteria or performance limits for the properties. This document is applicable to all enamelled articles, irrespective of their basis metals.

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This document specifies a simulating method of test for determination of the release of metal-ions from
enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food.
This document also specifies limits for the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are
intended to come into contact with food.
This document is applicable to enamelled articles, including tanks and vessels, which are intended to be
used for the preparation, cooking, serving and storage of food

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This document specifies a test method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamel coatings to abrasion by rubbing, grinding or other mechanical effects.

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Specifies the requirements for the testing apparatus to be used. Includes a general description and figures.

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This document specifies a simulating method of test for determination of the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food. This document also specifies limits for the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food. This document is applicable to enamelled articles, including tanks and vessels, which are intended to be used for the preparation, cooking, serving and storage of food.

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This document provides a list of terms with their definitions illustrated by typical photographs, in order
to define a common vocabulary on the imperfections and damage that may occur during the
manufacture of organic matrix composite materials (which will be called “resin” in this document).
Some types of damage may also be encountered in use.
This document is restricted to their definitions and does not give any acceptance criteria. The word
“imperfection” will be preferred to the word “defect”, although the word “defect” might be usually used.
Defect acceptance criteria to be discussed between the user and customer and documented
appropriately between the two parties.

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Specifies the requirements for the testing apparatus to be used. Includes a general description and figures.

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This document specifies a test method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamel coatings to abrasion by rubbing, grinding or other mechanical effects.

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ISO 28706-2:2017 specifies a test method for the determination of the resistance of flat surfaces of vitreous and porcelain enamels to boiling acids, boiling neutral liquids, alkaline liquids and/or their vapours.
This method allows the determination of the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamels to the liquid and vapour phases of the corrosive medium simultaneously.

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This document specifies two low voltage tests for detecting and locating defects that extend to the basis metal in vitreous and porcelain enamel coatings.
Method A (electrical) is applicable to the rapid detection and determination of the general location of defects. Method B (optical), based on colour effects, is applicable to the more precise detection of defects and their exact locations. Both methods are commonly applied to flat surfaces. For more intricate shapes, such as undulated and/or corrugated surfaces, ISO 8289-2 is applicable.
NOTE 1  Selection of the correct test method is critical to distinguish the areas of increased conductivity detected by method B from actual pores that extend to the basis metal, which can be detected by both methods.
NOTE 2  The low voltage test is a non-destructive method of detecting defects and, therefore, is completely different from the high voltage test specified in ISO 2746. The results of the high and low voltage tests are not comparable and will differ.

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This document specifies the quality requirements for apparatus, components, appliances and accessories of glass-lined steel (including semi-crystallized enamel coatings) and glass-lined steel castings used for process plants. It specifies the quality requirements and the tests to be carried out by the manufacturer as well as the actions to be taken to repair defects.
It is also applicable to glass-lined pumps, pump components and fittings.
It does not apply to glass-lined flanged steel pipes or glass-lined flanged steel fittings.
NOTE 1  Provisions for glass-lined flanged steel pipes and glass-lined flanged steel fittings are given in ISO 28721-4.
The test methods specified cover checking the enamel, the dimensional accuracy and the performance of apparatus and components.
This document is applicable to new apparatus and components as well as used items that have been re-enamelled.
It does not contain requirements regarding the chemical or physical properties of vitreous and porcelain enamels.
NOTE 2  Examples of test reports are given in Annex A.

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EN-ISO 8289-1 specifies two low voltage tests for detecting and locating defects that extend to the basis metal in vitreous and porcelain enamel coatings.Method A (electrical) is applicable to the rapid detection and determination of the general location of defects. Method B (optical), based on colour effects, is applicable to the more precise detection of defects and their exact locations. Both methods are commonly applied to flat surfaces. For more intricate shapes, such as undulated and/or corrugated surfaces, ISO 8289-2 is applicable.

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This document specifies the minimum requirements and the functional characteristics of enamel coatings applied by any process, such as wet dipping, wet flow-coating, wet spraying, wet electrostatic spraying, wet electrodeposition or dry-powder electrostatic spraying, to profiled steel heat exchanger panels in regenerative heat exchangers, before and after packing in baskets.
For very severe service conditions, or to obtain extended operational life, more stringent limits can be agreed between customer and supplier.

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This document specifies two low voltage tests for detecting and locating defects that extend to the basis metal in vitreous and porcelain enamel coatings. Method A (electrical) is applicable to the rapid detection and determination of the general location of defects. Method B (optical), based on colour effects, is applicable to the more precise detection of defects and their exact locations. Both methods are commonly applied to flat surfaces. For more intricate shapes, such as undulated and/or corrugated surfaces, ISO 8289-2 is applicable. NOTE 1 Selection of the correct test method is critical to distinguish the areas of increased conductivity detected by method B from actual pores that extend to the basis metal, which can be detected by both methods. NOTE 2 The low voltage test is a non-destructive method of detecting defects and, therefore, is completely different from the high voltage test specified in ISO 2746. The results of the high and low voltage tests are not comparable and will differ.

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This document specifies a test method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamel coatings to abrasion by rubbing, grinding or other mechanical effects.

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This document specifies the quality requirements for apparatus, components, appliances and accessories of glass-lined steel (including semi-crystallized enamel coatings) and glass-lined steel castings used for process plants. It specifies the quality requirements and the tests to be carried out by the manufacturer as well as the actions to be taken to repair defects. It is also applicable to glass-lined pumps, pump components and fittings. It does not apply to glass-lined flanged steel pipes or glass-lined flanged steel fittings. The test methods specified cover checking the enamel, the dimensional accuracy and the performance of apparatus and components. This document is applicable to new apparatus and components as well as used items that have been re-enamelled. It does not contain requirements regarding the chemical or physical properties of vitreous and porcelain enamels.

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This document specifies a low-voltage test method for detecting and locating defects (pores, cracks or pop-offs) that occur in enamel coatings of corrugated and/or undulated profiles and that extend down to the metal base.
The method is based on colour effects (optical method) and is applicable to the precise detection of defects and their exact position. It can be used for non-flat, more profiled shapes such as corrugated or undulated surfaces.
NOTE       The low-voltage test is a non-destructive test for detecting defects extending down to the metal base and is, therefore, completely different in comparison to the high-voltage test in accordance with ISO 2746.

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This document specifies the requirements for product quality and product testing of enamelled valves and pressure pipe fittings for untreated and potable water supply.
It does not apply to chemical service glass-enamel and apparatus enamel.

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This document specifies the minimum requirements and the functional characteristics of enamel coatings applied by any process, such as wet dipping, wet flow-coating, wet spraying, wet electrostatic spraying, wet electrodeposition or dry-powder electrostatic spraying, to profiled steel heat exchanger panels in regenerative heat exchangers, before and after packing in baskets. For very severe service conditions, or to obtain extended operational life, more stringent limits can be agreed between customer and supplier.

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This document specifies the quality requirements for apparatus, components, appliances and accessories of glass-lined steel (including semi-crystallized enamel coatings) and glass-lined steel castings used for process plants. It specifies the quality requirements and the tests to be carried out by the manufacturer as well as the actions to be taken to repair defects. It is also applicable to glass-lined pumps, pump components and fittings. It does not apply to glass-lined flanged steel pipes or glass-lined flanged steel fittings. NOTE 1 Provisions for glass-lined flanged steel pipes and glass-lined flanged steel fittings are given in ISO 28721-4. The test methods specified cover checking the enamel, the dimensional accuracy and the performance of apparatus and components. This document is applicable to new apparatus and components as well as used items that have been re-enamelled. It does not contain requirements regarding the chemical or physical properties of vitreous and porcelain enamels. NOTE 2 Examples of test reports are given in Annex A.

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This document specifies the minimum requirements and the functional characteristics of enamel coatings applied by any process, such as wet dipping, wet flow-coating, wet spraying, wet electrostatic spraying, wet electrodeposition or dry-powder electrostatic spraying, to profiled steel heat exchanger panels in regenerative heat exchangers, before and after packing in baskets. For very severe service conditions, or to obtain extended operational life, more stringent limits can be agreed between customer and supplier.

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This document specifies the requirements for product quality and product testing of enamelled valves
and pressure pipe fittings for untreated and potable water supply.
It does not apply to chemical service glass-enamel and apparatus enamel.

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This standard specifies a low-voltage test method for detecting and locating defects (pores, cracks or pop-offs) which occur in enamel coatings of corrugated and/or undulated profiles and which extend down to the metal base.

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This document specifies a low-voltage test method for detecting and locating defects (pores, cracks or pop-offs) that occur in enamel coatings of corrugated and/or undulated profiles and that extend down to the metal base. The method is based on colour effects (optical method) and is applicable to the precise detection of defects and their exact position. It can be used for non-flat, more profiled shapes such as corrugated or undulated surfaces. NOTE The low-voltage test is a non-destructive test for detecting defects extending down to the metal base and is, therefore, completely different in comparison to the high-voltage test in accordance with ISO 2746.

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This document specifies the requirements for product quality and product testing of enamelled valves and pressure pipe fittings for untreated and potable water supply. It does not apply to chemical service glass-enamel and apparatus enamel.

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ISO 28706-3:2017 describes a test method for the determination of the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles to attack by alkaline liquids at temperatures between 25 °C and 95 °C. The apparatus used is a hexagonal vessel in which six enamelled specimens or a tetragonal glass bottle in which four enamelled specimens are simultaneously tested.
NOTE 1    The resistance to any alkaline liquid can be determined. However, the test method was originally used for the determination of the resistance to hot detergent solutions, within the neutral and alkaline range, used for washing textiles.
NOTE 2    Since detergents are continually subject to alterations in their composition, a standard test solution is specified which, in respect to its alkalinity, wetting properties and complexing behaviour, can be considered as a typical composition for the detergents present on the market. The pH value and alkalinity of the standard test solution depend on the proportions of sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium carbonate and sodium perborate present; sodium tripolyphosphate acts simultaneously as a complexing agent. The wetting properties of the standard test solution are obtained by the addition of alkylsulfonate. A higher sodium perborate content is not considered necessary since the effect of oxygen on enamel is unimportant and an increase in the perborate content does not cause any significant alteration in the alkalinity of the standard test solution. The testing of different enamels using this standard test solution and other test solutions (including 5 % sodium pyrophosphate solution) has justified the use of this standard test solution for determining the resistance of enamels to hot detergent solutions.

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This document describes a test method for the determination of the resistance of vitreous and porcelain
enamelled articles to attack by alkaline liquids at temperatures between 25 °C and 95 °C. The apparatus
used is a hexagonal vessel in which six enamelled specimens or a tetragonal glass bottle in which four
enamelled specimens are simultaneously tested.
NOTE 1 The resistance to any alkaline liquid can be determined. However, the test method was originally used
for the determination of the resistance to hot detergent solutions, within the neutral and alkaline range, used for
washing textiles.
NOTE 2 Since detergents are continually subject to alterations in their composition, a standard test solution
is specified which, in respect to its alkalinity, wetting properties and complexing behaviour, can be considered
as a typical composition for the detergents present on the market. The pH value and alkalinity of the standard
test solution depend on the proportions of sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium carbonate and sodium perborate
present; sodium tripolyphosphate acts simultaneously as a complexing agent. The wetting properties of the
standard test solution are obtained by the addition of alkylsulfonate. A higher sodium perborate content is not
considered necessary since the effect of oxygen on enamel is unimportant and an increase in the perborate
content does not cause any significant alteration in the alkalinity of the standard test solution. The testing of
different enamels using this standard test solution and other test solutions (including 5 % sodium pyrophosphate
solution) has justified the use of this standard test solution for determining the resistance of enamels to hot
detergent solutions.

  • Standard
    22 pages
    English language
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    1 day
  • Draft
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    English language
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ISO 20274:2017 specifies the procedures for the preparation of enamel samples for measurement of the thermal length change and calculation of the thermal expansion coefficient.

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ISO 28706-3:2017 describes a test method for the determination of the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles to attack by alkaline liquids at temperatures between 25 °C and 95 °C. The apparatus used is a hexagonal vessel in which six enamelled specimens or a tetragonal glass bottle in which four enamelled specimens are simultaneously tested. NOTE 1 The resistance to any alkaline liquid can be determined. However, the test method was originally used for the determination of the resistance to hot detergent solutions, within the neutral and alkaline range, used for washing textiles. NOTE 2 Since detergents are continually subject to alterations in their composition, a standard test solution is specified which, in respect to its alkalinity, wetting properties and complexing behaviour, can be considered as a typical composition for the detergents present on the market. The pH value and alkalinity of the standard test solution depend on the proportions of sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium carbonate and sodium perborate present; sodium tripolyphosphate acts simultaneously as a complexing agent. The wetting properties of the standard test solution are obtained by the addition of alkylsulfonate. A higher sodium perborate content is not considered necessary since the effect of oxygen on enamel is unimportant and an increase in the perborate content does not cause any significant alteration in the alkalinity of the standard test solution. The testing of different enamels using this standard test solution and other test solutions (including 5 % sodium pyrophosphate solution) has justified the use of this standard test solution for determining the resistance of enamels to hot detergent solutions.

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