27.180 - Wind turbine energy systems
ICS 27.180 Details
Wind turbine energy systems
Windturbinen. Alternative Energiequellen
Énergie éolienne
Vetrne elektrarne
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- Amendment9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Amendment9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61400-5:2020 specifies requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wind turbine blades as well as an appropriate level of operational safety throughout the design lifetime. It includes requirements for:
- aerodynamic and structural design,
- material selection, evaluation and testing,
- manufacture (including associated quality management),
- transportation, installation, operation and maintenance of the blades.
The purpose of this document is to provide a technical reference for designers, manufacturers, purchasers, operators, third party organizations and material suppliers, as well as to define requirements for certification.
- Standard127 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard131 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
- Amendment46 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Amendment46 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC TS 61400-9:2025 sets out minimum requirements to the use of probabilistic design measures in order to ensure the structural and mechanical integrity of wind turbines. The document is based on the general approach in ISO 2394, which also forms the basis for IEC 61400-1. In 61400-1, the design verification approach is based on deterministic design using safety factors. However, edition 4 of IEC 61400-1:2019 opens for introduction of probabilistic design in an informative annex specifying requirements to the calibration of structural material safety factors and structural design assisted by testing. IEC 61400-1 is the governing standard. This document provides appropriate methodologies and requirements for full probabilistic design by taking into account specific uncertainties on not only material properties but also on environmental conditions, design models and the degree of validation. This document also provides provisions for semi-probabilistic design, including reliability-based calibration of partial safety factors and assessment of existing wind turbines. The probabilistic methods in this document are formulated generically and can be applied to structural and mechanical failure modes where a limit state equation can be formulated.
- Technical specification88 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-6:2020 specifies requirements and general principles to be used in assessing the structural integrity of onshore wind turbine support structures (including foundations). The scope includes the geotechnical assessment of the soil for generic or site specific purposes. The strength of any flange and connection system connected to the rotor nacelle assembly (including connection to the yaw bearing) are designed and documented according to this document or according to IEC 61400-1. The scope includes all life cycle issues that may affect the structural integrity such as assembly and maintenance.
The contents of the corrigendum of November 2020 have been included in this copy.
- Standard123 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard311 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard252 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
- Standard88 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
- Corrigendum5 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61400-4:2025 is applicable to enclosed speed increasing gearboxes for horizontal axis wind turbine drivetrains with a power rating in excess of 500 kW. This document applies to newly designed gearboxes for wind turbines installed onshore or offshore. The technical requirements given in this document are not intended for repaired or refurbished gearboxes, or for the extension of the service life beyond the design life. This document provides requirements and guidance on the analysis of the wind turbine loads in relation to the design of the gear and gearbox elements. The gearing elements covered by this document include such gears as spur, helical or double helical and their combinations in parallel and epicyclic arrangements in the main power path. This document does not apply to power take off (PTO) gears.
This document includes requirements, design recommendations, and rating of gearboxes with rolling bearings, plain bearings, or combinations of both bearing types. This document is supported by two Technical Reports: IEC TR 61400‑4‑2 provides additional information on lubrication of wind turbine drivetrains and IEC TR 61400‑4‑3 contains explanatory notes and supportive information to the requirements specified in this document.
It is published as a double logo standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2012. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- extension of the scope to wind turbines above 2 MW reference power;
- considerations for converging differing approaches to reliability in gear, bearing and wind turbine standards;
- new clause on wind turbine loads specific to drivetrains;
- revised clause on verification and validation;
- new clause on design requirements for plain bearings;
- revised and expanded design considerations for rolling bearings;
- revised clause on considerations and requirements in the design and analysis of gearbox structural elements;
- updated considerations and requirements on lubricants and lubrication systems;
- removal of requirements for documenting the compliance of a design with the requirements of the document in favour of reference to IECRE OD‑501‑2.
- Standard101 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Corrigendum5 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61400-4:2025 is applicable to enclosed speed increasing gearboxes for horizontal axis wind turbine drivetrains with a power rating in excess of 500 kW. This document applies to newly designed gearboxes for wind turbines installed onshore or offshore. The technical requirements given in this document are not intended for repaired or refurbished gearboxes, or for the extension of the service life beyond the design life. This document provides requirements and guidance on the analysis of the wind turbine loads in relation to the design of the gear and gearbox elements. The gearing elements covered by this document include such gears as spur, helical or double helical and their combinations in parallel and epicyclic arrangements in the main power path. This document does not apply to power take off (PTO) gears. This document includes requirements, design recommendations, and rating of gearboxes with rolling bearings, plain bearings, or combinations of both bearing types. This document is supported by two Technical Reports: IEC TR 61400‑4‑2 provides additional information on lubrication of wind turbine drivetrains and IEC TR 61400‑4‑3 contains explanatory notes and supportive information to the requirements specified in this document. It is published as a double logo standard. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2012. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - extension of the scope to wind turbines above 2 MW reference power; - considerations for converging differing approaches to reliability in gear, bearing and wind turbine standards; - new clause on wind turbine loads specific to drivetrains; - revised clause on verification and validation; - new clause on design requirements for plain bearings; - revised and expanded design considerations for rolling bearings; - revised clause on considerations and requirements in the design and analysis of gearbox structural elements; - updated considerations and requirements on lubricants and lubrication systems; - removal of requirements for documenting the compliance of a design with the requirements of the document in favour of reference to IECRE OD‑501‑2.
- Standard101 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides information regarding the measurement and evaluation of the mechanical vibration of wind turbines and their components. The working principles of wind turbines covered by this document are described in Annex B. The installation site and type of mechanical drive train of the wind turbine influence the vibration magnitude, so for the purposes of this document wind turbines have been divided into two groups: a) Group 1: Horizontal axis wind turbine installations with generators coupled to the rotor via a gearbox; and b) Group 2: Horizontal axis wind turbine installations with generators coupled to the rotor without a gearbox (direct drive wind turbines). The requirements of this document apply to both Group 1 and Group 2 wind turbines with a rated generator output exceeding 200 kW. This document recommends zones for evaluating the vibration at continuous load operation. However, in most cases these evaluation zone boundaries are not suitable for the early detection of faults. Annex A presents evaluation zone boundaries based on vibration data collected from thousands of wind turbines with rated generator outputs of 5 MW or less, which can be helpful in facilitating discussion between users and manufacturers when considering early fault detection. The evaluation criteria described in this document serve to ensure safe, reliable, long-term operation of the wind turbine and its components. It is intended to standardize the vibration measurements taken, to assist in their evaluation and to facilitate a comparative evaluation of the vibration measured in wind turbines and their components. In addition, recommendations are given for the determination of operational vibration limit values. The type and implementation of broad-band vibration monitoring methods to be used for wind turbines are addressed in this document, along with evaluation criteria for assessing vibration severity. This document does not address diagnosis or fault detection, although the measurement equipment described can be used for vibration monitoring. NOTE 1 For information regarding vibration condition monitoring see the ISO 13373 series. For Information regarding condition monitoring and diagnostics of wind turbines see the ISO 16079 series. NOTE 2 IEC 61400-13 describes load measurements that can be taken using strain gauges mounted on the wind turbine support structure and blades. For procedures to assist the detection of rolling bearing and gearbox defects see ISO 13373-2. For the measurement and evaluation of structure-borne noise in wind turbines fitted with rolling bearings see VDI 3832. NOTE 3 Evaluation of the unbalance of the slowly turning wind turbine rotor requires the use of measurement techniques and analysis which consider both mass and aerodynamic unbalance. To assess the influence of the rotor unbalance on vibrations see VDI 3834-1:2015-08, Annex B. The requirements described in this document do not apply to the acceptance measurements for wind turbine gearboxes and generators taken in the manufacturer’s test facility. NOTE 4 Acceptance measurements for wind turbine gearboxes and generators, taken in the manufacturers test facility, are assessed as described in ISO 20816-9 and/or IEC 60034-14. This document does not provide evaluation zones for vibration measurements taken on rotating parts (shaft relative displacement) due to the small number of turbines on which such measurements are/have been taken.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
- Standard2 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-15-1:2025 defines a framework for assessment and reporting of the wind turbine suitability conditions for both onshore and offshore wind power plants. This includes:
a) definition, measurement, and prediction of the long-term meteorological and wind flow characteristics at the site;
b) integration of the long-term meteorological and wind flow characteristics with wind turbine and balance-of-plant characteristics;
c) characterizing environmental extremes and other relevant plant design drivers;
d) addressing documentation and reporting requirements to help ensure the traceability of the assessment processes.
This document is framed to complement and support the scope of related IEC 61400 series by defining environmental input conditions. It is not intended to supersede the design and suitability requirements presented in those documents. Specific analytical and modelling procedures as described in IEC 61400-1, IEC 61400-2, IEC 61400-3-1 and IEC TS 61400-3-2 are excluded from the scope of this document.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC TS 61400-50-4:2025 describe procedures and methods which ensure that wind measurements using floating wind lidar systems are carried out and reported consistently and according to best practice. This document does not prescribe the purpose or use case of the wind measurements. However, as this document forms part of the IEC 61400 series of standards and technical specifications, it is anticipated that the wind measurements will be used in relation to some form of wind energy testing or resource assessment.
The scope of this document is limited to vertically profiling wind lidar devices in or on buoys.
This document aims to be applicable to any type and make of floating wind lidar system. The method and requirements provided in this document are independent of the model and type and of the measurement principle and allow application to new types of floating wind lidar systems as these become available.
This part of IEC 61400 aims to describe wind measurements using floating wind lidar with sufficient quality for the use case of wind resource assessment. Readers of this document can consider other use cases that can have other specific requirements.
- Technical specification81 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-15-1:2025 defines a framework for assessment and reporting of the wind turbine suitability conditions for both onshore and offshore wind power plants. This includes: a) definition, measurement, and prediction of the long-term meteorological and wind flow characteristics at the site; b) integration of the long-term meteorological and wind flow characteristics with wind turbine and balance-of-plant characteristics; c) characterizing environmental extremes and other relevant plant design drivers; d) addressing documentation and reporting requirements to help ensure the traceability of the assessment processes. This document is framed to complement and support the scope of related IEC 61400 series by defining environmental input conditions. It is not intended to supersede the design and suitability requirements presented in those documents. Specific analytical and modelling procedures as described in IEC 61400-1, IEC 61400-2, IEC 61400-3-1 and IEC TS 61400-3-2 are excluded from the scope of this document.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard2 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This document is applicable to enclosed speed increasing gearboxes for horizontal axis wind turbine drivetrains with a power rating in excess of 500 kW. This document applies to newly designed gearboxes for wind turbines installed onshore or offshore. The technical requirements given in this document are not intended for repaired or refurbished gearboxes, or for the extension of the service life beyond the design life. This document provides requirements and guidance on the analysis of the wind turbine loads in relation to the design of the gear and gearbox elements. The gearing elements covered by this document include such gears as spur, helical or double helical and their combinations in parallel and epicyclic arrangements in the main power path. This document does not apply to power take off (PTO) gears. This document includes requirements, design recommendations, and rating of gearboxes with rolling bearings, plain bearings, or combinations of both bearing types. Also included are requirements and guidance on the engineering of shafts, shaft hub interfaces, lubrication, wind turbine controller interface, and the gear case structure to achieve a design that is capable of withstanding the environment and operating conditions of a wind turbine. Requirements for dynamic analysis of the gearbox within the wind turbine system are specified for the purpose of identifying load levels exceeding the predictions of the global aeroelastic simulation. The analysis of noise transmission and emission (e.g. tonal emission at gear mesh frequencies) is not within the scope of this edition of the document. Further, this document provides requirements and guidance on gearbox design verification, prototype testing and production testing, as well as consideration of design for service and maintenance. A method for a systematic assessment of the design reliability of a gearbox design under reference operating conditions is specified in IEC TS 61400‑4-1[1]. This document is supported by two Technical Reports: IEC TR 61400‑4-2[2] provides additional information on lubrication of wind turbine drivetrains and IEC TR 61400‑4-3[3] contains explanatory notes and supportive information to the requirements specified in this document.
- Draft96 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
IEC TS 61400-21-4:2025 specifies a uniform methodology, defining measurement, testing and assessment procedures of electrical characteristics of wind turbine components and subsystems, as basis for the verification of the electrical capabilities of wind turbines and wind turbine families.
This document includes the following aspects:
- definitions of test bench, subsystems and interface;
- definitions of system requirements for the test bench to perform relevant measurements (grid strengths, short circuit power, THD, …);
- measurement procedures for quantifying the electrical characteristics;
- test and measurement procedures for verifying and validating the electrical characteristics of components and subsystems in relation to grid compliance requirements;
- procedures for the transferability of the component and subsystem test results, measured at the test bench, to WT product families;
- documentation requirements and validation procedures of components, subsystems and wind turbines.
The results of the measurements and assessments of the wind turbine components and subsystems will be used as input for the verification of electrical capabilities as described in IEC 61400-21-1 and for the validation and verification of the electrical simulation models for wind power plants (WPP) as described in IEC 61400-27.
- Technical specification216 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-4:2025 is applicable to enclosed speed increasing gearboxes for horizontal axis wind turbine drivetrains with a power rating in excess of 500 kW. This document applies to newly designed gearboxes for wind turbines installed onshore or offshore. The technical requirements given in this document are not intended for repaired or refurbished gearboxes, or for the extension of the service life beyond the design life. This document provides requirements and guidance on the analysis of the wind turbine loads in relation to the design of the gear and gearbox elements. The gearing elements covered by this document include such gears as spur, helical or double helical and their combinations in parallel and epicyclic arrangements in the main power path. This document does not apply to power take off (PTO) gears.
This document includes requirements, design recommendations, and rating of gearboxes with rolling bearings, plain bearings, or combinations of both bearing types. This document is supported by two Technical Reports: IEC TR 61400‑4‑2 provides additional information on lubrication of wind turbine drivetrains and IEC TR 61400‑4‑3 contains explanatory notes and supportive information to the requirements specified in this document.
It is published as a double logo standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2012. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- extension of the scope to wind turbines above 2 MW reference power;
- considerations for converging differing approaches to reliability in gear, bearing and wind turbine standards;
- new clause on wind turbine loads specific to drivetrains;
- revised clause on verification and validation;
- new clause on design requirements for plain bearings;
- revised and expanded design considerations for rolling bearings;
- revised clause on considerations and requirements in the design and analysis of gearbox structural elements;
- updated considerations and requirements on lubricants and lubrication systems;
- removal of requirements for documenting the compliance of a design with the requirements of the document in favour of reference to IECRE OD‑501‑2.
- Standard94 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard105 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard200 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC TS 61400-28:2025 sets out minimum requirements for actions, investigations and assessments to ensure the continued structural integrity of wind farm assets, particularly wind turbines, aimed at verifying that they remain safe for personnel to operate. The document describes how to maintain those assets and collect suitable evidence to demonstrate to third parties that risks are minimised, particularly where risks are related to collateral damage or injury, such as could be suffered by personnel or structures neighbouring the wind farm. Covered in this document are assessments of current condition and remaining useful life, resulting in the technical basis for justifying extended operation beyond the design life (defined in 3.1.3) and also beyond the site-specific assessed lifetime, whichever is shorter, for structural or major components and systems contributing to primary layer of the safety system.
- Technical specification108 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-15-1:2025 defines a framework for assessment and reporting of the wind turbine suitability conditions for both onshore and offshore wind power plants. This includes:
a) definition, measurement, and prediction of the long-term meteorological and wind flow characteristics at the site;
b) integration of the long-term meteorological and wind flow characteristics with wind turbine and balance-of-plant characteristics;
c) characterizing environmental extremes and other relevant plant design drivers;
d) addressing documentation and reporting requirements to help ensure the traceability of the assessment processes.
This document is framed to complement and support the scope of related IEC 61400 series by defining environmental input conditions. It is not intended to supersede the design and suitability requirements presented in those documents. Specific analytical and modelling procedures as described in IEC 61400-1, IEC 61400-2, IEC 61400-3-1 and IEC TS 61400-3-2 are excluded from the scope of this document.
- Standard80 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-3-2:2025 specifies requirements for assessment of the external conditions at a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) site and specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of FOWTs. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all anticipated hazards during the planned lifetime.
This document focuses on the engineering integrity of the structural components of a FOWT but is also concerned with subsystems such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems and mechanical systems.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC TS 61400-3-2, published in 2019. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to IEC TS 61400‑3-2:
a) The relevant contents of IEC 61400-3-1 have been migrated into IEC 61400-3-2, making IEC 61400-3-2 a self-standing document that does not have to be read directly in conjunction with IEC 61400-3-1.
b) Several modifications have been made regarding metocean conditions in Clause 6 considering the nature of FOWT and the offshore site where FOWT will be installed, including: (1) the importance of wave directional spreading has been highlighted as it may result in larger loads for FOWT, including the addition of the new informative Annex O and Annex P and (2) the characteristic of swell has been explained, which may be relevant for some FOWT projects, including the addition of new informative Annex R regarding the characteristic of swell.
c) Subclauses 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5 have been changed to include a revised DLC table and its related descriptions, including amongst others updated requirements on directionality, wave conditions, redundancy check and damage stability cases, and a robustness check case; further updates are made related to guidance and necessities provided on load calculations and simulation requirements.
d) Subclause 7.6 has been updated with guidance on fatigue assessment along with clarifications on serviceability analysis and the applicable material for WSD; related Annex L has been updated and a new Annex M has been added for clarification of the safety factors and load and load effect approach for floating substructures
e) The concept of floater control system that will interact with the wind turbine controller has been introduced in Clause 8.
f) Clause 11 has been renamed from "Foundation and substructure design" to "Anchor design" and requirements for the transient conditions have been added.
g) A more detailed clause regarding concrete design has been added to Clause 16 together with an informative Annex Q.
h) Clause 15 has been updated with the aim to improve ease of use, using experience from oil and gas and considering unique wind turbine characteristics; updates included guidance for TLPs, damage stability, dynamic stability, testing and the addition for Annex S regarding how to analyse collision probability.
- Standard168 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61400-3-2:2025 specifies requirements for assessment of the external conditions at a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) site and specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of FOWTs. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all anticipated hazards during the planned lifetime. This document focuses on the engineering integrity of the structural components of a FOWT but is also concerned with subsystems such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems and mechanical systems. This first edition cancels and replaces IEC TS 61400-3-2, published in 2019. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to IEC TS 61400‑3-2: a) The relevant contents of IEC 61400-3-1 have been migrated into IEC 61400-3-2, making IEC 61400-3-2 a self-standing document that does not have to be read directly in conjunction with IEC 61400-3-1. b) Several modifications have been made regarding metocean conditions in Clause 6 considering the nature of FOWT and the offshore site where FOWT will be installed, including: (1) the importance of wave directional spreading has been highlighted as it may result in larger loads for FOWT, including the addition of the new informative Annex O and Annex P and (2) the characteristic of swell has been explained, which may be relevant for some FOWT projects, including the addition of new informative Annex R regarding the characteristic of swell. c) Subclauses 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5 have been changed to include a revised DLC table and its related descriptions, including amongst others updated requirements on directionality, wave conditions, redundancy check and damage stability cases, and a robustness check case; further updates are made related to guidance and necessities provided on load calculations and simulation requirements. d) Subclause 7.6 has been updated with guidance on fatigue assessment along with clarifications on serviceability analysis and the applicable material for WSD; related Annex L has been updated and a new Annex M has been added for clarification of the safety factors and load and load effect approach for floating substructures e) The concept of floater control system that will interact with the wind turbine controller has been introduced in Clause 8. f) Clause 11 has been renamed from "Foundation and substructure design" to "Anchor design" and requirements for the transient conditions have been added. g) A more detailed clause regarding concrete design has been added to Clause 16 together with an informative Annex Q. h) Clause 15 has been updated with the aim to improve ease of use, using experience from oil and gas and considering unique wind turbine characteristics; updates included guidance for TLPs, damage stability, dynamic stability, testing and the addition for Annex S regarding how to analyse collision probability.
- Standard168 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard2 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
1.1 This document specifies the safety requirements for the construction and installation of power operated lifting appliances installed permanently for indoor or outdoor service in wind turbines and intended for access to workplaces on wind turbines, including rescue and evacuation procedures. A lifting appliance serves defined landing levels and can move persons to working positions where they are carrying out work (which could be from the carrier) and has a carrier which is:
a) designed for the transportation of persons and goods;
b) guided;
c) travelling vertically or along a path within 15° maximum from the vertical;
d) supported or sustained by rack and pinion or rope traction drive;
e) travelling with a speed not more than 0,7 m/s;
f) able to operate in a temperature range between - 25 °C to + 55 °C.
1.2 This document does not cover hazards related to:
a) noise;
b) the use of the lifting appliance for erection or dismantling of the wind turbine;
c) lightning protection;
d) use in potentially explosive atmospheres;
e) electromagnetic compatibility (emission, immunity);
f) transporting of goods outside the carrier;
g) the use of combustion engines;
h) hydraulic and pneumatic drive units;
i) the use of lifting appliances in floating wind turbines;
j) use during earthquakes.
1.3 This document is not applicable to lifting appliances manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard112 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61400-3-2:2025 specifies requirements for assessment of the external conditions at a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) site and specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of FOWTs. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all anticipated hazards during the planned lifetime.
This document focuses on the engineering integrity of the structural components of a FOWT but is also concerned with subsystems such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems and mechanical systems.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC TS 61400-3-2, published in 2019. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to IEC TS 61400‑3-2:
a) The relevant contents of IEC 61400-3-1 have been migrated into IEC 61400-3-2, making IEC 61400-3-2 a self-standing document that does not have to be read directly in conjunction with IEC 61400-3-1.
b) Several modifications have been made regarding metocean conditions in Clause 6 considering the nature of FOWT and the offshore site where FOWT will be installed, including: (1) the importance of wave directional spreading has been highlighted as it may result in larger loads for FOWT, including the addition of the new informative Annex O and Annex P and (2) the characteristic of swell has been explained, which may be relevant for some FOWT projects, including the addition of new informative Annex R regarding the characteristic of swell.
c) Subclauses 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5 have been changed to include a revised DLC table and its related descriptions, including amongst others updated requirements on directionality, wave conditions, redundancy check and damage stability cases, and a robustness check case; further updates are made related to guidance and necessities provided on load calculations and simulation requirements.
d) Subclause 7.6 has been updated with guidance on fatigue assessment along with clarifications on serviceability analysis and the applicable material for WSD; related Annex L has been updated and a new Annex M has been added for clarification of the safety factors and load and load effect approach for floating substructures
e) The concept of floater control system that will interact with the wind turbine controller has been introduced in Clause 8.
f) Clause 11 has been renamed from "Foundation and substructure design" to "Anchor design" and requirements for the transient conditions have been added.
g) A more detailed clause regarding concrete design has been added to Clause 16 together with an informative Annex Q.
h) Clause 15 has been updated with the aim to improve ease of use, using experience from oil and gas and considering unique wind turbine characteristics; updates included guidance for TLPs, damage stability, dynamic stability, testing and the addition for Annex S regarding how to analyse collision probability.
- Standard345 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC TR 63411:2025 discusses the challenges of connecting offshore wind farms via VSC-HVDC, key technical issues and emerging technologies. The potential solutions include new technologies, methods and practices to provide more flexibility and improve the efficiency of power systems. The primary objective of this document is to provide a comprehensive overview of challenges, potential solutions, and emerging technologies for grid integration of large-scale offshore wind farms via VSC-HVDC. It is expected that this document can also provide guidance for further standardization on relevant issues. The purpose of this document is not intended to hinder any further development of state-of-art technologies in this field. This Technical report is not an exhaustive document in itself to specify any scope of work or similar, between a purchaser and a supplier, for any contractual delivery of a HVDC project/equipment. It is expected that this document is used for pre-study and then to make studies, specification for delivery of specific HVDC project, as applicable.
- Technical report72 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Amendment16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Amendment16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard27 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-24:2019 applies to lightning protection of wind turbine generators and wind power systems. Refer to guidelines for small wind turbines in annex.
This document defines the lightning environment for wind turbines and risk assessment for wind turbines in that environment. It defines requirements for protection of blades, other structural components and electrical and control systems against both direct and indirect effects of lightning. Test methods to validate compliance are included.
Guidance on the use of applicable lightning protection, industrial electrical and EMC standards including earthing is provided.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2010. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) it is restructured with a main normative part, while informative information is placed in annexes.
- Standard191 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard404 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard405 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-8:2024 outlines the minimum requirements for the design of wind turbine nacelle-based structures and is not intended for use as a complete design specification or instruction manual. This document focuses on the structural integrity of the structural components constituted within and in the vicinity of the nacelle, including the hub, mainframe, main shaft, associated structures of direct-drives, gearbox structures, yaw structural connection, nacelle enclosure. It also addresses connections of the structural components to control and protection mechanisms, as well as structural connections of electrical units and other mechanical systems. This document focuses primarily on ferrous material-based nacelle structures but can apply to other materials also as appropriate
- Standard69 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61400-8:2024 outlines the minimum requirements for the design of wind turbine nacelle-based structures and is not intended for use as a complete design specification or instruction manual. This document focuses on the structural integrity of the structural components constituted within and in the vicinity of the nacelle, including the hub, mainframe, main shaft, associated structures of direct-drives, gearbox structures, yaw structural connection, nacelle enclosure. It also addresses connections of the structural components to control and protection mechanisms, as well as structural connections of electrical units and other mechanical systems. This document focuses primarily on ferrous material-based nacelle structures but can apply to other materials also as appropriate
- Standard69 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method to measure the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral transmittance in the wavelength range from 280 nm to 700 nm of coatings for wind turbine rotor blades. Single and multilayer coatings or coating systems can be tested.
From the spectral transmittance the transmittance of UV, VIS and the combined UV and VIS wavelength range can be calculated.
It is applicable to free coatings films or coatings applied on a UV-transparent quartz substrate.
- Technical specification19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Technical specification19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes a method to measure ice adhesion from artificial ice on test substrates by using a centrifuge. Basic ice types are defined and test parameters for the ice removal are described to achieve reproducibility of test results for ice adhesion measurements for rotor blade coatings. This document does not intend to provide fixed test parameter to account for the diversity of relevant icing scenarios in this field of application.
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC TS 61400-26-4:2024, which is a Technical Specification, specifies terms and information categories for identification and reporting of reliability metrics. The definitions are applicable to key components, any number of wind turbines, fleets of wind turbine types, a wind power station or a portfolio of wind power stations. The wind power station is made up of all WTGSs (Wind Turbine Generator Systems), functional services and balance of plant elements as seen from the point of common coupling.
This document provides guidelines regarding reliability methodologies with informative annexes regarding use.
It expands on the information model in IEC 61400-26-1, recognizing that availability and reliability are interrelated.
- Technical specification51 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
1.1 This document specifies the safety requirements for the construction and installation of power operated lifting appliances installed permanently for indoor or outdoor service in wind turbines and intended for access to workplaces on wind turbines, including rescue and evacuation procedures. A lifting appliance serves defined landing levels and can move persons to working positions where they are carrying out work (which could be from the carrier) and has a carrier which is:
a) designed for the transportation of persons and goods;
b) guided;
c) travelling vertically or along a path within 15° maximum from the vertical;
d) supported or sustained by rack and pinion or rope traction drive;
e) travelling with a speed not more than 0,7 m/s;
f) able to operate in a temperature range between - 25 °C to + 55 °C.
1.2 This document does not cover hazards related to:
a) noise;
b) the use of the lifting appliance for erection or dismantling of the wind turbine;
c) lightning protection;
d) use in potentially explosive atmospheres;
e) electromagnetic compatibility (emission, immunity);
f) transporting of goods outside the carrier;
g) the use of combustion engines;
h) hydraulic and pneumatic drive units;
i) the use of lifting appliances in floating wind turbines;
j) use during earthquakes.
1.3 This document is not applicable to lifting appliances manufactured before the date of its publication.
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IEC 61400-8:2024 outlines the minimum requirements for the design of wind turbine nacelle-based structures and is not intended for use as a complete design specification or instruction manual. This document focuses on the structural integrity of the structural components constituted within and in the vicinity of the nacelle, including the hub, mainframe, main shaft, associated structures of direct-drives, gearbox structures, yaw structural connection, nacelle enclosure. It also addresses connections of the structural components to control and protection mechanisms, as well as structural connections of electrical units and other mechanical systems. This document focuses primarily on ferrous material-based nacelle structures but can apply to other materials also as appropriate
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IEC TS 61400-11-2:2024 presents measurement procedures, that enable the sound characteristics of a wind turbine to be determined at receptor (immission) locations. This involves using measurement methods appropriate to sound immission assessment at far-field locations of a wind turbine or wind farm. The procedures described are different in some respects from those that would be used for noise assessment from other industrial sound sources in environmental noise impact assessments. The procedures present methodologies that will enable the sound immission and sound characteristics of wind turbines to be described in a consistent and accurate manner.
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IEC TR 63401-3:2023, which is a Technical Report, provides an insight into the various forms of fast frequency response and frequency ride-through techniques that involve inverter-based generation sources (mainly wind and PV) in a bulk electrical system.
This document first focuses on extracting the clear definition of FFR from different references around the world, while studying the mechanism of FFR acting on system frequency and the unique features of FFR. It then compares various kinds of frequency response and demonstrates the relationship among synchronous inertia response, fast frequency response, and primary frequency response. Several system needs and conditions where FFR is suitable are identified. This document also focuses on the performance objectives, practicality and capabilities of various non-synchronous resources, and discusses the test methods for verifying FFR capability at different levels. Finally, it focuses on the ROCOF issues and on the robust performances of FFR. .
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IEC TS 61400-31:2023 establishes a guideline for the assessment of the risks which a wind turbine may pose to the general public.
This document aims to facilitate a uniform scope and a uniform use of methods in wind turbine risk assessments. This document covers risk due to internal or external causes, such as technical failures, human errors, extreme wind conditions, turbine icing, lightning strikes, earthquakes, flooding, landslides or fire.This document covers only onshore wind turbines with a horizontal axis and a swept area greater than 200 m2. Substations and other external structures are excluded.
This document describes risks during operation of the wind turbine including maintenance, idling and standstill. It does not describe risks during construction, civil works, crane operations, assembly or decommissioning.
Risks according to this document are assessed by prescriptive and/or risk-based methods.
This document covers risk reduction measures that might be necessary to reduce risk to a tolerable level.
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IEC TS 61400-30:2023 specifies the essential health and safety requirements related to the design of wind turbines with horizontal axes with the exception of those included in the scope of IEC 61400-2. This document focuses on requirements for safe operation, inspection, maintenance, installation and decommissioning.
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IEC 61400-21-2 - Wind energy generation systems - Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics - Wind power plants - has the following scope: IEC 61400-21-2 defines and specifies the quantities that shall be determined to characterize the electrical characteristics of grid-connected power plants (PP).
IEC 61400-21-2 defines the measurement and test procedures for quantifying the electrical characteristics as basis for the verification of compliance of PP, including:
- Power quality aspects
- Steady state operation
- Dynamic response (undervoltage and overvoltage fault ride-through)
- Disconnection from grid (Grid protection)
- Control performance
IEC 61400-21-2 defines a uniform functionality test and measurement procedure for the power plant controller (PPC), as a basis for the unit test of the power plant controller.
IEC 61400-21-2 defines the procedures for assessing compliance with electrical connection requirements, including the aggregation methods for power quality aspects such as voltage variations, flicker, harmonics and interharmonics.
IEC 61400-21-2 defines the procedures for measurement and fault recording for the verification of power plant electrical simulation models in relation to undervoltage and overvoltage ride through events.
These measurement procedures are valid for power plants, including the power plant controller and other connected equipment, necessary for the operation of the Power Plant. The measurement procedures are valid for any size of power plant connected to the point of connection (POC) at one connection point.
The procedures for assessing and verifying the compliance with grid connection requirements are valid for power plants in power systems with fixed frequency and a sufficient short-circuit power.
Out of the scope of this standard are:
- Multi park control, i.e. cluster management of several power plants (PP) or several connection points
- Compliance test and performance requirements, including pass or fail criteria
- Specific component test and validation of the PP equipment (switchgear, cables, transformers, etc.), which are covered by other IEC standards
- Wind power plant model validation, as defined in the IEC 61400-27-2
- Load flow calculation methods and load flow study guidelines
- Test and measurement of the communication interface and system of the PP as defined in the IEC 61400-25 series
NOTE
For the purposes of this document, the following terms for system voltage apply, based on IEC 60038
Low voltage (LV) refers to 100 V < Un ≤ 1 kV;
Medium voltage (MV) refers 106 to 1 kV < Un ≤ 35 kV;
High voltage (HV) refers to 35 kV < Un ≤ 230 kV;
Extra high voltage (EHV) refers to Un > 230 kV
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IEC 61400-21-2 - Wind energy generation systems - Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics - Wind power plants - has the following scope: IEC 61400-21-2 defines and specifies the quantities that shall be determined to characterize the electrical characteristics of grid-connected power plants (PP). IEC 61400-21-2 defines the measurement and test procedures for quantifying the electrical characteristics as basis for the verification of compliance of PP, including: - Power quality aspects - Steady state operation - Dynamic response (undervoltage and overvoltage fault ride-through) - Disconnection from grid (Grid protection) - Control performance IEC 61400-21-2 defines a uniform functionality test and measurement procedure for the power plant controller (PPC), as a basis for the unit test of the power plant controller. IEC 61400-21-2 defines the procedures for assessing compliance with electrical connection requirements, including the aggregation methods for power quality aspects such as voltage variations, flicker, harmonics and interharmonics. IEC 61400-21-2 defines the procedures for measurement and fault recording for the verification of power plant electrical simulation models in relation to undervoltage and overvoltage ride through events. These measurement procedures are valid for power plants, including the power plant controller and other connected equipment, necessary for the operation of the Power Plant. The measurement procedures are valid for any size of power plant connected to the point of connection (POC) at one connection point. The procedures for assessing and verifying the compliance with grid connection requirements are valid for power plants in power systems with fixed frequency and a sufficient short-circuit power. Out of the scope of this standard are: - Multi park control, i.e. cluster management of several power plants (PP) or several connection points - Compliance test and performance requirements, including pass or fail criteria - Specific component test and validation of the PP equipment (switchgear, cables, transformers, etc.), which are covered by other IEC standards - Wind power plant model validation, as defined in the IEC 61400-27-2 - Load flow calculation methods and load flow study guidelines - Test and measurement of the communication interface and system of the PP as defined in the IEC 61400-25 series NOTE For the purposes of this document, the following terms for system voltage apply, based on IEC 60038 Low voltage (LV) refers to 100 V 230 kV
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