27.180 - Wind turbine energy systems
ICS 27.180 Details
Wind turbine energy systems
Windturbinen. Alternative Energiequellen
Énergie éolienne
Vetrne elektrarne
General Information
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IEC TS 62257-7-2:2022 applies to all small wind turbines (SWTs) with a swept area smaller than or equal to 200 m2, and designed for supplying electrical power to isolated sites used in systems as described in IEC TS 62257-2.
This document is not an exhaustive resource for the design, installation, operation or maintenance of small wind turbines and wind power systems, but is more focused on recommendations to provide strategies on selection and criteria which may affect the use of a small wind power system (SWPS) in a rural electrification project.
The aim of this document is to provide users with the appropriate levels of reliability and safety of the equipment during its estimated service lifespan.
- Technical specification58 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The purpose of this part of IEC 61400 is to describe procedures and methods that ensure that
wind measurements using nacelle-mounted wind lidars are carried out and reported consistently
and according to best practice. This document does not prescribe the purpose or use case of
the wind measurements. However, as this document forms part of the IEC 61400 series of
standards, it is anticipated that the wind measurements will be used in relation to some form of
wind energy test or resource assessment.
The scope of this document is limited to forward-looking nacelle-mounted wind lidars (i.e. the
measurement volume is located upstream of the turbine rotor).
This document aims to be applicable to any type and make of nacelle-mounted wind lidar. The
method and requirements provided in this document are independent of the model and type of
instrument, and also of the measurement principle and should allow application to new types of
nacelle-mounted lidar.
This document aims to describe wind measurements using nacelle-mounted wind lidar with
sufficient quality for the use case of power performance testing (according to
IEC 61400-12-1:2017). Readers of this document should consider that other use cases may
have other specific requirements.
This document only provides guidance for measurements in flat terrain and offshore as defined
in IEC 61400-12-1:2017, Annex B. Application to complex terrain has been excluded from the
scope due to limited experience at the time of writing this document.
Corrections for induction zone or blockage effects are not included in the scope of this document.
However, such correction or uncertainty estimation due to blockage effects may be applied if
required by the use case, under the responsibility of the user.
The purpose of this document is to provide guidance for wind measurements. HSE requirements
(e.g. laser operation) are out of the scope of this document although they are important.
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This International Standard outlines terminology, equipment, and methods for performance monitoring and analysis of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It also serves as a basis for other standards which rely upon the data collected.
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IEC TS 63102:2021(E) highlights recommended technical methods of grid code compliance assessment for grid connection of wind and PV power plants as the basic components of grid connection evaluation. The electrical behaviour of wind and PV power plants in this technical specification includes frequency and voltage range, reactive power capability, control performance including active power based control and reactive power based control, fault ride through capability and power quality.
Compliance assessment is the process of determining whether the electrical behaviour of wind and PV power plants meets specific technical requirements in grid codes or technical regulations. The assessment methods include compliance testing, compliance simulation and compliance monitoring. The input for compliance assessment includes relevant supporting documents, testing results and validated simulation models, and continuous monitoring data. The scope of this technical specification only covers assessment methods from a technical aspect; processes related to certification are not included.
This technical specification is applicable to wind and PV power plants connected to the electrical power grid.
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2021-06-11 - IEC Corrected version
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2020-05-07: When amdt is published, add supersession link between PR=64419 and PR=21139
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2020-05-07: When amdt is published, add supersession link between PR=65214 and PR=21445
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This part of IEC 61400 specifies procedures for validation of electrical simulation models for
wind turbines and wind power plants, intended to be used in power system and grid stability
analyses. The validation procedures are based on the tests specified in IEC 61400-21 (all
parts). The validation procedures are applicable to the generic models specified in
IEC 61400-27-1 and to other fundamental frequency wind power plant models and wind
turbine models.
The validation procedures for wind turbine models focus on fault ride through capability and
control performance. The fault ride through capability includes response to balanced and
unbalanced voltage dips as well as voltage swells. The control performance includes active
power control, frequency control, synthetic inertia control and reactive power control. The
validation procedures for wind turbine models refer to the tests specified in IEC 61400-21-1.
The validation procedures for wind turbine models refer to the wind turbine terminals.
The validation procedures for wind power plant models is not specified in detail because
IEC 61400-21-2 which has the scope to specify tests of wind power plants is at an early
stage. The validation procedures for wind power plant models refer to the point of connection
of the wind power plant.
The validation procedures specified in IEC 61400-27-2 are based on comparisons between
measurements and simulations, but they are independent of the choice of software simulation
tool.
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IEC TR 61400-12-4:2020 summarizes the current state of the art in numerical flow modelling, existing guidelines and past benchmarking experience in numerical model validation and verification. Based on the work undertaken, the document identifies the important technical aspects for using flow simulation over terrain for wind application as well as the existing open issues including recommendations for further validation through benchmarking tests.
- Technical report28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This part of IEC 61400 defines standard electrical simulation models for wind turbines and wind
power plants. The specified models are time domain positive sequence simulation models,
intended to be used in power system and grid stability analyses. The models are applicable for
dynamic simulations of short term stability in power systems.
This document defines the generic terms and parameters for the electrical simulation models.
This document specifies electrical simulation models for the generic wind power plant
topologies / configurations currently on the market. The wind power plant models include wind
turbines, wind power plant control and auxiliary equipment. The wind power plant models are
described in a modular way which can be applied for future wind power plant concepts and with
different wind turbine concepts.
This document specifies electrical simulation models for the generic wind turbine
topologies/concepts/configurations currently on the market. The purpose of the models is to
specify the electrical characteristics of a wind turbine at the wind turbine terminals. The wind
turbine models are described in a modular way which can be applied for future wind turbine
concepts. The specified wind turbine models can either be used in wind power plant models or
to represent wind turbines without wind power plant relationships.
The electrical simulation models specified in IEC 61400-27-1 are independent of any software
simulation tool.
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This document specifies the implementation of a condition monitoring system for wind turbines, with particular focus on monitoring of the drivetrain. Guidance for a practical implementation of the FMSA is provided, as well as guidance for specifying best practices and minimum recommendations regarding the condition monitoring system used for failure mode detection, diagnostics and prognostics of the direct drive and geared wind turbine drivetrain, including: a) main bearing(s); b) gearbox, if applicable; and c) generator (mechanical aspects). This also includes subcomponents such as coupling and the lubrication system. This document provides an overview of the important aspects of condition monitoring of wind turbines and makes references to other standards where in-depth information on the subjects is available.
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This part of IEC 61400 specifies requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wind
turbine blades as well as an appropriate level of operational safety throughout the design
lifetime. It includes requirements for:
• aerodynamic and structural design,
• material selection, evaluation and testing,
• manufacture (including associated quality management),
• transportation, installation, operation and maintenance of the blades.
The purpose of this document is to provide a technical reference for designers,
manufacturers, purchasers, operators, third party organizations and material suppliers, as
well as to define requirements for certification.
With respect to certification, this document provides the detailed basis for fulfilling the current
requirements of the IECRE system, as well as other IEC standards relevant to wind turbine
blades. When used for certification, the applicability of each portion of this document should
be determined based on the extent of certification, and associated certification modules per
the IECRE system.
The rotor blade is defined as all components integrated in the blade design, excluding
removable bolts in the blade root connection and support structures for installation.
This document is intended to be applied to rotor blades for all wind turbines. For rotor blades
used on small wind turbines according to IEC 61400-2, the requirements in that document are
applicable.
At the time this document was written, most blades were produced for horizontal axis wind
turbines. The blades were mostly made of fiber reinforced plastics. However, most principles
given in this document would be applicable to any rotor blade configuration, size and material.
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IEC 61400-27-1:2020 defines standard electrical simulation models for wind turbines and wind power plants. The specified models are time domain positive sequence simulation models, intended to be used in power system and grid stability analyses. The models are applicable for dynamic simulations of short term stability in power systems. This document defines the generic terms and parameters for the electrical simulation models.
This document specifies electrical simulation models for the generic wind power plant topologies / configurations currently on the market. The wind power plant models include wind turbines, wind power plant control and auxiliary equipment. The wind power plant models are described in a modular way which can be applied for future wind power plant concepts and with different wind turbine concepts.
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IEC 61400-27-2:2020 specifies procedures for validation of electrical simulation models for wind turbines and wind power plants, intended to be used in power system and grid stability analyses. The validation procedures are based on the tests specified in IEC 61400-21 (all parts). The validation procedures are applicable to the generic models specified in
IEC 61400-27-1 and to other fundamental frequency wind power plant models and wind turbine models.
The validation procedures for wind turbine models focus on fault ride through capability and control performance. The fault ride through capability includes response to balanced and unbalanced voltage dips as well as voltage swells. The control performance includes active power control, frequency control, synthetic inertia control and reactive power control. The validation procedures for wind turbine models refer to the tests specified in IEC 61400-21-1. The validation procedures for wind turbine models refer to the wind turbine terminals.
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This part of IEC 61400 specifies requirements and general principles to be used in assessing
the structural integrity of onshore wind turbine support structures (including foundations). The
scope includes the geotechnical assessment of the soil for generic or site specific purposes.
The strength of any flange and connection system connected to the rotor nacelle assembly
(including connection to the yaw bearing) are designed and documented according to this
document or according to IEC 61400-1. The scope includes all life cycle issues that may affect
the structural integrity such as assembly and maintenance.
The assessment assumes that load data has been derived as defined in IEC 61400-1 or
IEC 61400-2 and using the implicit reliability level and partial safety factors for loads.
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IEC 61400-5:2020 specifies requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wind turbine blades as well as an appropriate level of operational safety throughout the design lifetime. It includes requirements for:
aerodynamic and structural design,
material selection, evaluation and testing,
manufacture (including associated quality management),
transportation, installation, operation and maintenance of the blades. The purpose of this document is to provide a technical reference for designers, manufacturers, purchasers, operators, third party organizations and material suppliers, as well as to define requirements for certification.
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2020-03-23: corrigendum created to confirm EN 61400-22:2011 and is not the result of a mistake (see BT decision D165/C016)
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IEC 61400-6:2020 specifies requirements and general principles to be used in assessing the structural integrity of onshore wind turbine support structures (including foundations). The scope includes the geotechnical assessment of the soil for generic or site specific purposes. The strength of any flange and connection system connected to the rotor nacelle assembly (including connection to the yaw bearing) are designed and documented according to this document or according to IEC 61400-1. The scope includes all life cycle issues that may affect the structural integrity such as assembly and maintenance.
The contents of the corrigendum of November 2020 have been included in this copy.
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This document presents measurement procedures that enable noise emissions of a wind turbine to be characterised. This involves using measurement methods appropriate to noise emission assessment at locations close to the machine, in order to avoid errors due to sound propagation, but far away enough to allow for the finite source size. The procedures described are different in some respects from those that would be adopted for noise assessment in community noise studies. They are intended to facilitate characterisation of wind turbine noise with respect to a range of wind speeds and directions. Standardisation of measurement procedures will also facilitate comparisons between different wind turbines. The procedures present methodologies that will enable the noise emissions of a single wind turbine to be characterised in a consistent and accurate manner. These procedures include the following: - location of acoustic measurement positions; - requirements for the acquisition of acoustic, meteorological, and associated wind turbine operational data; - analysis of the data obtained and the content for the data report; and - definition of specific acoustic emission parameters, and associated descriptors which are used for making environmental assessments. This International Standard is not restricted to wind turbines of a particular size or type. The procedures described in this standard allow for the thorough description of the noise emission from a wind turbine. A method for small wind turbines is described in Annex F.
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 61400 deals with safety philosophy, quality assurance, and engineering
integrity and specifies requirements for the safety of small wind turbines (SWTs) including
design, installation, maintenance and operation under specified external conditions. Its
purpose is to provide the appropriate level of protection against damage from hazards from
these systems during their planned lifetime.
This standard is concerned with all subsystems of SWTs such as protection mechanisms,
internal electrical systems, mechanical systems, support structures, foundations and the
electrical interconnection with the load. A small wind turbine system includes the wind turbine
itself including support structures, the turbine controller, the charge controller / inverter (if
required), wiring and disconnects, the installation and operation manual(s) and other
documentation.
While this standard is similar to IEC 61400-1, it does simplify and make significant changes in
order to be applicable to small wind turbines. Any of the requirements of this standard may be
altered if it can be suitably demonstrated that the safety of the turbine system is not
compromised. This provision, however, does not apply to the classification and the associated
definitions of external conditions in Clause 6. Compliance with this standard does not relieve
any person, organisation, or corporation from the responsibility of observing other applicable
regulations.
This standard applies to wind turbines with a rotor swept area smaller than or equal to
200 m2, generating electricity at a voltage below 1 000 V a.c. or 1 500 V d.c. for both on-grid
and off-grid applications.
This standard should be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards (see
Clause 2).
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 61400 specifies essential design requirements to ensure the structural
integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against
damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime.
This document is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and
protection functions, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures.
This document applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines, IEC 61400-2 can
be applied. IEC 61400-3-1 provides additional requirements to offshore wind turbine
installations.
This document is intended to be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards
mentioned in Clause 2.
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document presents measurement procedures that enable noise emissions of a wind turbine to be characterised. This involves using measurement methods appropriate to noise emission assessment at locations close to the machine, in order to avoid errors due to sound propagation, but far away enough to allow for the finite source size. The procedures described are different in some respects from those that would be adopted for noise assessment in community noise studies. They are intended to facilitate characterisation of wind turbine noise with respect to a range of wind speeds and directions. Standardisation of measurement procedures will also facilitate comparisons between different wind turbines. The procedures present methodologies that will enable the noise emissions of a single wind turbine to be characterised in a consistent and accurate manner. These procedures include the following: - location of acoustic measurement positions; - requirements for the acquisition of acoustic, meteorological, and associated wind turbine operational data; - analysis of the data obtained and the content for the data report; and - definition of specific acoustic emission parameters, and associated descriptors which are used for making environmental assessments. This International Standard is not restricted to wind turbines of a particular size or type. The procedures described in this standard allow for the thorough description of the noise emission from a wind turbine. A method for small wind turbines is described in Annex F.
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 61400 deals with safety philosophy, quality assurance, and engineering
integrity and specifies requirements for the safety of small wind turbines (SWTs) including
design, installation, maintenance and operation under specified external conditions. Its
purpose is to provide the appropriate level of protection against damage from hazards from
these systems during their planned lifetime.
This standard is concerned with all subsystems of SWTs such as protection mechanisms,
internal electrical systems, mechanical systems, support structures, foundations and the
electrical interconnection with the load. A small wind turbine system includes the wind turbine
itself including support structures, the turbine controller, the charge controller / inverter (if
required), wiring and disconnects, the installation and operation manual(s) and other
documentation.
While this standard is similar to IEC 61400-1, it does simplify and make significant changes in
order to be applicable to small wind turbines. Any of the requirements of this standard may be
altered if it can be suitably demonstrated that the safety of the turbine system is not
compromised. This provision, however, does not apply to the classification and the associated
definitions of external conditions in Clause 6. Compliance with this standard does not relieve
any person, organisation, or corporation from the responsibility of observing other applicable
regulations.
This standard applies to wind turbines with a rotor swept area smaller than or equal to
200 m2, generating electricity at a voltage below 1 000 V a.c. or 1 500 V d.c. for both on-grid
and off-grid applications.
This standard should be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards (see
Clause 2).
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 61400 specifies essential design requirements to ensure the structural
integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against
damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime.
This document is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and
protection functions, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures.
This document applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines, IEC 61400-2 can
be applied. IEC 61400-3-1 provides additional requirements to offshore wind turbine
installations.
This document is intended to be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards
mentioned in Clause 2.
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This document specifies additional requirements for assessment of the external conditions at an offshore wind turbine site and specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of fixed offshore wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime. This document focuses on the engineering integrity of the structural components of an offshore wind turbine but is also concerned with subsystems such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems and mechanical systems. A wind turbine shall be considered as a fixed offshore wind turbine if the support structure is subject to hydrodynamic loading and it is founded on the seabed. The design requirements specified in this document are not sufficient to ensure the engineering integrity of floating offshore wind turbines. For floating installations, reference is made to IEC 61400-3-2. In the remainder of this document, the term “offshore wind turbine” is assumed to refer to those that are fixed to the seabed. This document should be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards mentioned in Clause 2. In particular, this document is fully consistent with the requirements of IEC 61400-1. The safety level of the offshore wind turbine designed according to this document shall be at or exceed the level inherent in IEC 61400-1. In some clauses, where a comprehensive statement of requirements aids clarity, replication of text from IEC 61400-1 is included.
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IEC TS 62257-9-6:2019 is available as IEC TS 62257-9-6:2019 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 62257-9-6:2019 proposes a simple selection procedure and cheap, comparative tests which can be performed in laboratories of developing countries, in order to identify the most suitable model of small Photovoltaic Individual Electrification Systems (PV- IES) up to 500 Wp for a particular rural electrification project from a number of products submitted for test. The tests provided in IEC TS 62257-9-6 allow assessment of the performance of a PV-IES according to the requirement of the general specification of the project (see IEC/TS 62257-2) and to verify their ability to provide the required service. This second edition of IEC TS 62257-9-6 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2008. The main technical changes with respect to the previous edition are as follows:
- Removal of the term "small" from the title of the publication and from description of rural electrification systems.
- Removal of the limits on system voltage and power; these recommendations apply to systems of all sizes.
- Technical specification35 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This part of IEC 61400 specifies additional requirements for assessment of the external conditions at an offshore wind turbine site and specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of fixed offshore wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime. This document focuses on the engineering integrity of the structural components of an offshore wind turbine but is also concerned with subsystems such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems and mechanical systems. A wind turbine shall be considered as a fixed offshore wind turbine if the support structure is subject to hydrodynamic loading and it is founded on the seabed. The design requirements specified in this document are not sufficient to ensure the engineering integrity of floating offshore wind turbines. For floating installations, reference is made to IEC 61400-3-2. In the remainder of this document, the term "offshore wind turbine" is assumed to refer to those that are fixed to the seabed. This document should be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards mentioned in Clause 2. In particular, this document is fully consistent with the requirements of IEC 61400-1. The safety level of the offshore wind turbine designed according to this document shall be at or exceed the level inherent in IEC 61400-1. In some clauses, where a comprehensive statement of requirements aids clarity, replication of text from IEC 61400-1 is included.
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IEC TS 61400-25-71:2019 focus on the communications between wind power plant components such as wind turbines and actors such as SCADA systems. Non-IEC 61850/IEC 61400-25 internal communication within wind power plant components is outside the normative scope of the IEC 61400-25 series.
This document describes how to extend the IEC 61400-25 series with the IEC 618506 Substation Configuration description Language (SCL) file format for describing communication-related Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) configurations of a wind turbine, wind power plant controller, meteorological mast, etc. The extension of SCL to the wind domain is intended to simplify integration of wind power plant equipment for clients, as well as their integration to the electrical system. The adoption of SCL allows formalised tool-based exchange of IED parameters, communication system configurations, switch yard (function) structures, as well as description of the relations between them.
The purpose of this format is to formally and efficiently exchange wind turbine and wind power plant IED capability descriptions, and system descriptions between IED engineering tools and the system engineering tool(s) of different manufacturers in a compatible way. The file format is also intended to provide report configuration and alarms as well as HMI interface information from a wind power plant. This information can be used to engineer overlying SCADA systems for the site, for connected DSO, or TSO, or for fleet operators' maintenance and surveillance systems. Finally, the SCL is intended as a documentation of the configuration and topology of the delivered system.
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IEC TR 61400-21-3:2019 provides guidance on principles which can be used as the basis for determining the application, structure and recommendations for the WT harmonic model. For the purpose of this Technical Report, a harmonic model means a model that represents harmonic emissions of different WT types interacting with the connected network.
This document is focused on providing technical guidance concerning the WT harmonic model. It describes the harmonic model in detail, covering such aspects as application, structure, as well as validation. By introducing a common understanding of the WT representation from a harmonic performance perspective, this document aims to bring the overall concept of the harmonic model closer to the industry (e.g. suppliers, developers, system operators, academia, etc.).
A standardized approach of WT harmonic model representation is presented in this document. The harmonic model will find a broad application in many areas of electrical engineering related to design, analysis, and optimisation of electrical infrastructure of onshore as well as offshore WPPs.
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This Standard applies to lightning protection of wind turbine generators and wind power systems. Refer to Annex M guidelines for small wind turbines. This document defines the lightning environment for wind turbines and risk assessment for wind turbines in that environment. It defines requirements for protection of blades, other structural components and electrical and control systems against both direct and indirect effects of lightning. Test methods to validate compliance are included. Guidance on the use of applicable lightning protection, industrial electrical and EMC standards including earthing is provided. Guidance regarding personal safety is provided. Guidelines for damage statistics and reporting are provided. Normative references are made to generic standards for lightning protection, low-voltage systems and high-voltage systems for machinery and installations and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
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IEC 61400-24:2019 applies to lightning protection of wind turbine generators and wind power systems. Refer to guidelines for small wind turbines in annex. This document defines the lightning environment for wind turbines and risk assessment for wind turbines in that environment. It defines requirements for protection of blades, other structural components and electrical and control systems against both direct and indirect effects of lightning. Test methods to validate compliance are included. Guidance on the use of applicable lightning protection, industrial electrical and EMC standards including earthing is provided. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2010. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) it is restructured with a main normative part, while informative information is placed in annexes.
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This part of IEC 61400 includes:
• definition and specification of the quantities to be determined for characterizing the
electrical characteristics of a grid-connected wind turbine;
• measurement procedures for quantifying the electrical characteristics;
• procedures for assessing compliance with electrical connection requirements, including
estimation of the power quality expected from the wind turbine type when deployed at a
specific site.
The measurement procedures are valid for single wind turbines with a three-phase grid
connection. The measurement procedures are valid for any size of wind turbine, though this
part of IEC 61400 only requires wind turbine types intended for connection to an electricity
supply network to be tested and characterized as specified in this part of IEC 61400.
The measured characteristics are valid for the specific configuration and operational mode of
the assessed wind turbine product platform. If a measured property is based on control
parameters and the behavior of the wind turbine can be changed for this property, it is stated
in the test report. Example: Grid protection, where the disconnect level is based on a
parameter and the test only verifies the proper functioning of the protection, not the specific
level.
The measurement procedures are designed to be as non-site-specific as possible, so that
electrical characteristics measured at for example a test site can be considered
representative for other sites.
This document is for the testing of wind turbines; all procedures, measurements and tests
related to wind power plants are covered by IEC 61400-21-2.
The procedures for assessing electrical characteristics are valid for wind turbines with the
connection to the PCC in power systems with stable grid frequency.
NOTE
For the purposes of this document, the following terms for system voltage apply:
– Low voltage (LV) refers to Un ≤ 1 kV;
– Medium voltage (MV) refers to 1 kV < Un ≤ 35 kV;
– High voltage (HV) refers to 35 kV < Un ≤ 220 kV;
– Extra high voltage (EHV) refers to Un > 220 kV.
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This part of IEC 61400 defines an information model from which time-based, and productionbased
availability indicators for services can be derived and reported.
The purpose is to provide standardised metrics that can be used to create and organise
methods for availability calculation and reporting according to the user’s needs.
The document provides information categories, which unambiguously describe how data is
used to characterise and categorise the operation. The information model specifies category
priority for discrimination between possible concurrent categories. Further, the model defines
entry and exit criteria to allocate fractions of time and production values to the proper
information category. A full overview of all information categories, exit and entry criteria is
given in Annex A, see Figure A.1.
The document can be applied to any number of WTGSs, whether represented by an individual
turbine, a fleet of wind turbines, a wind power station or a portfolio of wind power stations. A
wind power station is typically made up of all WTGSs, functional services and balance of plant
elements as seen from the point of common coupling.
Examples are provided in informative annexes which provide guidelines for calculation of
availability indicators:
• examples of optional information categories, Annex B;
• examples of application of the information categories for determination of availability,
Annex C;
• examples of application scenarios, Annex D;
• examples on methods for determination of potential production, Annex E;
• examples of how to expand the model to balance of plant elements, Annex F.
This document does not prescribe how availability indicators shall be calculated. The standard
does not specify the method of information acquisition, how to estimate the production terms
or to form the basis for power curve performance measurements – which is the objective of
IEC 61400-12.
A degree of uncertainty is inherent in both the measurement of a power curve and the
calculation of potential energy production. The stakeholders should agree upon acceptable
uncertainty parameters.
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IEC 61400-21-1:2019 includes: · definition and specification of the quantities to be determined for characterizing the electrical characteristics of a grid-connected wind turbine; · measurement procedures for quantifying the electrical characteristics; · procedures for assessing compliance with electrical connection requirements, including estimation of the power quality expected from the wind turbine type when deployed at a specific site. The measurement procedures are valid for single wind turbines with a three-phase grid connection. The measurement procedures are valid for any size of wind turbine, though this part of IEC 61400 only requires wind turbine types intended for connection to an electricity supply network to be tested and characterized as specified in this part of IEC 61400. This first edition cancels and replaces the second edition of 61400-21 published in 2008. This edition includes the following new items with respect to 61400-21: a) frequency control measurement; b) updated reactive power control and capability measurement, including voltage and cos φ control; c) inertia control response measurement; d) overvoltage ride through test procedure; e) updated undervoltage ride through test procedure based on Wind Turbine capability; f) new methods for the harmonic assessment.
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IEC 61400-26-1:2019 defines an information model from which time-based, and production-based availability indicators for services can be derived and reported. The purpose is to provide standardised metrics that can be used to create and organise methods for availability calculation and reporting according to the user’s needs. The document provides information categories, which unambiguously describe how data is used to characterise and categorise the operation. The information model specifies category priority for discrimination between possible concurrent categories. Further, the model defines entry and exit criteria to allocate fractions of time and production values to the proper information category. A full overview of all information categories, exit and entry criteria is given in Annex. The document can be applied to any number of WTGSs, whether represented by an individual turbine, a fleet of wind turbines, a wind power station or a portfolio of wind power stations. A wind power station is typically made up of all WTGSs, functional services and balance of plant elements as seen from the point of common coupling. This first edition cancels and replaces IEC TS 61400-26-1:2011, IEC TS 61400-26-2:2014 and IEC TS 61400-26-3:2016.
- Standard101 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61400-24:2019 applies to lightning protection of wind turbine generators and wind power systems. Refer to guidelines for small wind turbines in annex.
This document defines the lightning environment for wind turbines and risk assessment for wind turbines in that environment. It defines requirements for protection of blades, other structural components and electrical and control systems against both direct and indirect effects of lightning. Test methods to validate compliance are included.
Guidance on the use of applicable lightning protection, industrial electrical and EMC standards including earthing is provided.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2010. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) it is restructured with a main normative part, while informative information is placed in annexes.
- Standard191 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard405 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-26-1:2019 defines an information model from which time-based, and production-based availability indicators for services can be derived and reported.
The purpose is to provide standardised metrics that can be used to create and organise methods for availability calculation and reporting according to the user’s needs.
The document provides information categories, which unambiguously describe how data is used to characterise and categorise the operation. The information model specifies category priority for discrimination between possible concurrent categories. Further, the model defines entry and exit criteria to allocate fractions of time and production values to the proper information category. A full overview of all information categories, exit and entry criteria is given in Annex.
The document can be applied to any number of WTGSs, whether represented by an individual turbine, a fleet of wind turbines, a wind power station or a portfolio of wind power stations. A wind power station is typically made up of all WTGSs, functional services and balance of plant elements as seen from the point of common coupling.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC TS 61400-26-1:2011, IEC TS 61400-26-2:2014 and IEC TS 61400-26-3:2016.
- Standard213 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-21-1:2019 includes:
· definition and specification of the quantities to be determined for characterizing the electrical characteristics of a grid-connected wind turbine;
· measurement procedures for quantifying the electrical characteristics;
· procedures for assessing compliance with electrical connection requirements, including estimation of the power quality expected from the wind turbine type when deployed at a specific site.
The measurement procedures are valid for single wind turbines with a three-phase grid connection. The measurement procedures are valid for any size of wind turbine, though this part of IEC 61400 only requires wind turbine types intended for connection to an electricity supply network to be tested and characterized as specified in this part of IEC 61400.
This first edition cancels and replaces the second edition of 61400-21 published in 2008. This edition includes the following new items with respect to 61400-21:
a) frequency control measurement;
b) updated reactive power control and capability measurement, including voltage and cos φ control;
c) inertia control response measurement;
d) overvoltage ride through test procedure;
e) updated undervoltage ride through test procedure based on Wind Turbine capability;
f) new methods for the harmonic assessment.
- Standard298 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This part of IEC 61400 specifies essential design requirements to ensure the structural
integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against
damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime.
This document is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and
protection functions, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures.
This document applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines, IEC 61400-2 can
be applied. IEC 61400-3-1 provides additional requirements to offshore wind turbine
installations.
This document is intended to be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards
mentioned in Clause 2.
- Standard173 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61400-1:2019 is available as IEC 61400-1:2019 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 61400-1:2019 specifies essential design requirements to ensure the structural integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime. This document is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and protection functions, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures. This document applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines, IEC 61400-2 can be applied. IEC 61400-3-1 provides additional requirements to offshore wind turbine installations. This document is intended to be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards mentioned in Clause 2. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) general update and clarification of references and requirements; b) extension of wind turbine classes to allow for tropical cyclones and high turbulence; c) Weibull distribution of turbulence standard deviation for normal turbulence model (NTM); d) updated design load cases (DLCs), in particular DLC 2.1 and 2.2; e) revision of partial safety factor specifications The contents of the corrigendum of September 2019 have been included in this copy.
- Standard173 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61400-3-1:2019 outlines the minimum design requirements for fixed offshore wind turbines and is not intended for use as a complete design specification or instruction manual.
Several different parties may be responsible for undertaking the various elements of the design, manufacture, assembly, installation, erection, commissioning, operation and maintenance of an offshore wind turbine and for ensuring that the requirements of this document are met. The division of responsibility between these parties is a contractual matter and is outside the scope of this document.
This edition cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC 61400-3 published in 2009. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the first edition of IEC 61400-3:
a) The design load table has been revised to simplify the approach to waves, both for several gust cases with the Normal Sea State, and for a number of cases with the Extreme Sea State. The guidance for load calculations has been altered accordingly;
c) For load safety factors reference is now made directly to IEC 61400-1;
d) Control system has been aligned with the latest updates in IEC 61400-1;
e) Wave spectra has been replaced by a reference to ISO 19901-1;
f) The annex on ice loading has been revised and updated
g) Two informative annexes concerning tropical cyclones have been introduced
h) Other parts of the text have been aligned with IEC 61400-1
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IEC TS 61400-3-2:2019 specifies additional requirements for assessment of the external conditions at a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) site and specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of FOWTs. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime.
This document focuses on the engineering integrity of the structural components of a FOWT but is also concerned with subsystems such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems and mechanical systems.
A wind turbine is considered as a FOWT if the floating substructure is subject to hydrodynamic loading and supported by buoyancy and a station-keeping system. A FOWT encompasses five principal subsystems: the RNA, the tower, the floating substructure, the station-keeping system and the on-board machinery, equipment and systems that are not part of the RNA.
The following types of floating substructures are explicitly considered within the context of this document:
a) ship-shaped structures and barges,
b) semi-submersibles (Semi),
c) spar buoys (Spar),
d) tension-leg platforms/buoys (TLP / TLB).
In addition to the structural types listed above, this document generally covers other floating platforms intended to support wind turbines. These other structures can have a great range of variability in geometry and structural forms and, therefore, can be only partly covered by the requirements of this document. In other cases, specific requirements stated in this document can be found not to apply to all or part of a structure under design. In all the above cases, conformity with this document will require that the design is based upon its underpinning principles and achieves a level of safety equivalent, or superior, to the level implicit in it.
This document is applicable to unmanned floating structures with one single horizontal axis turbine. Additional considerations might be needed for multi-turbine units on a single floating substructure, vertical-axis wind turbines, or combined wind/wave energy systems.
This document is to be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards mentioned in Clause 2. In particular, this document is intended to be fully consistent with the requirements of IEC 61400-1 and IEC 61400-3-1. The safety level of the FOWT designed according to this document is to be at or exceed the level inherent in IEC 61400‑1 and IEC 61400-3-1.
- Technical specification51 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 61400-1:2019 is available as IEC 61400-1:2019 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 61400-1:2019 specifies essential design requirements to ensure the structural integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime. This document is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and protection functions, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures. This document applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines, IEC 61400-2 can be applied. IEC 61400-3-1 provides additional requirements to offshore wind turbine installations. This document is intended to be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards mentioned in Clause 2. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) general update and clarification of references and requirements;
b) extension of wind turbine classes to allow for tropical cyclones and high turbulence;
c) Weibull distribution of turbulence standard deviation for normal turbulence model (NTM);
d) updated design load cases (DLCs), in particular DLC 2.1 and 2.2;
e) revision of partial safety factor specifications
The contents of the corrigendum of September 2019 have been included in this copy.
- Standard168 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard347 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
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