43.040.40 - Braking systems

This document specifies test methods to evaluate performance of the autonomous emergency braking system (AEBS) in car to pedestrian collision situations. Forward collision warning system (FCWS) is part of AEBS when it provides warning before braking intervention. Vehicle to pedestrian accidents occur when a vehicle under test (VUT) drives in straight line and either a pedestrian walks longitudinal on the same road or the pedestrian is approaching perpendicular the road. A system requiring a driver intervention is not in scope of this document. NOTE Depending on accidentology only a part of the scenarios can be used for an evaluation of performance.

This document defines visual aspects for the identification and assessment of product characteristics for friction materials in terms of quality and for commercial and technical agreements. The sequence of the product characteristics represents no order of priority. Inspection is carried out in unused, “as supplied” condition. In some characteristic features, there are differences between brake linings with an effective lining pad area less than 120 cm2 and larger than 120 cm2. The acceptance criteria ensure exclusion of any characteristics that could impact the function and performance of brake linings and applies unless other agreements between the customer and the supplier.

This document specifies an open-loop test method to determine the stopping distance of a vehicle during a straight-line braking manoeuvre, with the anti-lock braking system (ABS) fully engaged. This document applies to passenger cars as defined in ISO 3833 and light trucks. This document specifies a reference method and is especially designed to ensure high repeatability.

This document specifies a method to evaluate the behaviour of a vehicle equipped with an autonomous emergency braking system (AEBS), or dynamic brake support (DBS) during several accident scenarios. Those accidents occur during a straight-line driving when the vehicle under test (VUT) approaches another vehicle in the same lane. Both vehicles are aligned in longitudinal axis to each other. The most important part of the vehicle behaviour during these accidents scenarios is the capacity to avoid or mitigate the collision. Systems requiring driver intervention are not in the scope of this document. NOTE Depending on accidentology, only a part of the scenarios can be used for an evaluation of performance. AEB system evaluation based upon this document is limited to longitudinal accident scenarios.

This document describes test procedures for assessing the influence of pressure, temperature and water/salt water on the generation of metal pick-up (MPU) for a given friction material in combination with a specific brake disc. There are multiple tests to investigate the MPU generation issue for different types of friction materials (so called NAO and low metallic materials) under critical environmental and working conditions: influence of water and salt water, high temperatures and high pressures and low temperatures and low pressures. This document supports the friction material development process and selection of friction materials for new brake applications.

This document specifies expected field loads for functions provided by the braking system actuator and modulator and applies to passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (classes M1 and N1, according to UNECE). Functions addressed in this document are: — dynamic stability functions (e.g. electronic stability control); — brake torque optimizing functions (e.g. electronic brake force distribution); — brake assistance functions (e.g. hill start assist). This document only covers functions where data of appropriate maturity are available. There are additional functions of a braking system, which are not covered by this document. By describing the expected field loads, this document specifies representative manoeuvres and occurrences for different functions. These serve as an orientation for the derivation of test procedures. This document applies to vehicles up to conditional automation (SAE J 3016 level 3) with a maximum of 30 % automated brake operations. NOTE Field loads for automation levels above level 3 are under consideration for future editions.

This document specifies the composition and characteristics of a reference fluid used for the compatibility testing of hydraulic braking systems and components mounted on road vehicles.

This document provides the specifications, requirements and test methods, for non-petroleum-based fluids used in road-vehicle hydraulic brake and clutch systems that are designed for use with such fluids and equipped with seals, cups or double-lipped type gland seals made of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and ethylene-propylene elastomer (EPDM).

This document contains the basic alert strategy, minimum functionality requirements, basic driver interface elements, minimum requirements for diagnostics and reaction to failure, and performance test procedures for Emergency Electronic Brake Light systems (EEBL). EEBL alerts the driver against danger caused by the emergency braking of an FV on the upcoming road, so that the driver may reduce the speed. The system does not include the means to control the vehicle to meet the desired speed. The responsibility for safe operation of the vehicle always remains with the driver. The scope of this document does not include performance requirements and test procedures of the wireless communication device used for EEBL. The requirements of communication devices are defined in other standards, e.g. the IEEE series listed in the Bibliography[6][7][8]. The test procedure in this document is designed for third party testing of the product while the test procedure can also be used for other stakeholders such as manufacturers or consumer unions. The document applies to light duty vehicles and heavy vehicles. These systems are not intended for off-road use.

This part of ISO 7638 gives the dimensions of, and specifies the contact allocation and tests and test requirements for, connectors for the electrical connection of the braking systems and running gear of towing and towed vehicles with 12 V nominal supply voltage. In addition, it specifies a park socket used to receive and store the plug when disconnected.

This part of ISO 7638 gives the dimensions of, and specifies the contact allocation and tests and test requirements for, connectors for the electrical connection of the braking systems and running gear of towing and towed vehicles with 24 V nominal supply voltage. In addition, it specifies a park socket used to receive and store the plug when disconnected.

ISO 27667:2011 defines the methods for testing and assessing the corrosion effects on painted backing plates used on disc brakes and painted brake shoes used on drum brakes. The methods and assessment criteria indicated in ISO 27667:2011 are part of the specification/validation phases of the product and the series production monitoring from ISO 15484. The test procedures indicated include only laboratory performance testing, whether static or cyclic. Field surveys or proving grounds test protocols are beyond the scope of ISO 27667:2011.

ISO 6312:2010 specifies a method for measuring the strength of the bond connection between the lining material and the carrier in disc brake pad and drum brake shoe assemblies (shear strength). ISO 6312:2010 is applicable to assemblies that are integrally moulded, bonded or that use mechanical retention systems (MRS) of both types used for brakes on road vehicles. ISO 6312:2010 does not apply to riveted assemblies.

ISO 7628:2010 specifies the minimum requirements for mono wall and multilayer tubing used in air braking systems on road vehicles. The conformity of production is the responsibility of the tubing manufacturer. The marking of the tubing does not automatically imply that the tube assembly (i.e. tube with end fittings) is appropriate for its use on a vehicle.

ISO 26866:2009 applies to commercial vehicles with air brakes in the categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3, and O4, as specified in UNECE R.E.3. ISO 26866:2009 applies during product development, product prototypes, product specification or validation, and ongoing series production, as defined in ISO 15484.

ISO 26867:2009 describes a test procedure for assessing the influence of pressure, temperature, and linear speed on the coefficient of friction of a given friction material in combination with a specific mating component (rotor or drum). ISO 26867:2009 is intended for use when comparing friction materials under the same conditions, or when controlling friction behaviour against a specification or certain performance limits. In order to take into account the different types of dynamometer cooling systems and to ensure repeatable temperature increments, the brake temperature is the control item during the fade sections. The types of brakes and discs used will vary according to individual projects. Production verification testing can use the results from this test in conjunction with a statistical process control system as part of a quality assurance plan. The specific project or programme will detail the applicable limits and assessment criteria. ISO 26867:2009 also allows for additional sections and brake applications that can prove useful during product development testing.

ISO 6310:2009 specifies a method for test and measurement of the compressive displacement of brake linings or brake pad assemblies due to loading and temperature. It also provides a test method to assess lining thermal swell and growth. ISO 6310:2009 applies to disc brake pad assemblies or coupon samples cut from the friction material.

ISO 26865:2009 applies to commercial vehicles of the categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3 and O4, as defined in UNECE R.E.3, which are equipped with air brakes. ISO 26865:2009 applies during product development, product prototypes, product specification or validation, and ongoing series production, as defined in ISO 15484. When used in conjunction with other applicable standards or test procedures, ISO 26865:2009 is intended to provide a complete assessment of a friction material's adequacy for use in a certain application, market or vehicle platform. ISO 26865:2009 does not include performance requirements related to stopping distance or braking force distribution, under different vehicle conditions of speed, temperature, tyre-to-road adhesion, loads and operating conditions of the braking system, as indicated in Federal Codes or Regulations. ISO 26865:2009 specifies a single-ended inertia-dynamometer performance procedure, which is intended to standardize the various procedures for commercial vehicles equipped with air brakes into one unique procedure covering all performance requirements of interest. The test sequence includes performance evaluation for the following conditions: performance test before and after bedding; brake fade after bedding and after moderate temperature; sensitivity to temperature, speed and pressure influence; downhill simulation; brake recovery.

The procedures in ISO 15484:2008 apply to disc brake pads and drum brake linings for motor vehicles and describe systematic processes for the quality assurance of such brake linings. In conjunction with tolerance ranges, the test methods and results described in ISO 15484:2008 permit a rapid assessment of disc brake pads. Uniform handling of the procedures through various phases ensures that the quality assurance requirements are clearly understood and that a global implementation is possible in the relationship between customers and suppliers. ISO 15484:2008 relates to the completed friction material and is applicable during product development to the quality assurance of ongoing series production, focussing on the “component” friction material. It is advisable that tests with apparent “system” character be avoided. Raw material checks and processing control are outside the scope of ISO 15484:2008.

ISO 21069-2:2008 describes a procedure that generates comparable measurement results in roller brake testing, such that the efficiency of the service braking system can be assessed reliably wherever the roller brake tests are performed. The following items are covered in ISO 21069-2:2008: symbols and definitions; test methods; test conditions; test equipment required; accuracy of test equipment; data recording and calculation needed; presentation of results; assessment criteria for pass/fail.

ISO 21995:2008 provides a method for the acquisition of suitable braking reference values that the manufacturer is required to provide, and for the use of these reference values in periodical technical inspection (PTI) on air brake systems.

ISO 20918:2007 describes a method to evaluate the braking threshold of heavy commercial vehicle combinations with pneumatic braking systems, by means of a roller brake tester. ISO 20918:2007 describes procedures for workshops and garages and provides a recommended pressure range of the system threshold pressure for motor vehicles and trailers, and a recommended practice for determining the system threshold pressure. ISO 20918:2007 covers neither high-pressure compatibility, including the control of the coefficient of friction between lining/pad and drum/disc, nor dynamic influences. ISO 20918:2007 is not for use at Type Approval.

ISO 7634:2007 specifies the test procedures for testing the operational performance requirements of towed vehicles of Category O (full trailers, semi-trailers, and centre-axle trailers) as defined in Annex 7 of the UN-ECE Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R. E. 3). This includes vehicles fitted with compressed air braking systems (with and without an antilock braking system or an electronically controlled braking system), in accordance with the UN-ECE Regulation 13, 09 series of amendments, supplements 1 to 6. Test methods covering lock actuators are not included.

ISO 12161:2006 specifies methods for testing the endurance braking systems of vehicles of categories M, N and O (excluding M1, N1, O1 and O2), which are designed to comply with ECE-R 13/09 with supplements 1 to 6. All endurance test procedures are based on the principle of equivalent energy absorption. Procedures which are not suitable to support this principle are not considered. The principle of equivalent energy allows the base test parameters to be adapted to the variations occurring under real conditions compared to theoretical values.

ISO 1728:2006 specifies the requirements which ensure interchangeability of the pneumatic braking connections between motor vehicles and towed vehicles. It concerns vehicle combinations equipped with pneumatic braking systems with two lines: one control line and one supply line.

ISO 6119:2006 specifies the performance test methods and requirements for elastomeric seals used in road vehicle disc brake cylinders. It is applicable to solid section type seals (square, rectangular, O-ring), mounted stationary in the cylinder bore or on the movable piston of disc brakes.

ISO 6118:2006 specifies performance tests of brake cups and seals for hydraulic braking systems for road vehicles. It does not include requirements relating to chemical composition, tensile strength and elongation of the rubber compound. Disc brake seals are not covered by this International Standard. ISO 6118:2006 is applicable to moulded seals (cups or double-lipped type gland seals), 60 mm in diameter and smaller, compounded from rubber, for use in hydraulic actuating cylinders employing road vehicle non-petroleum base hydraulic brake fluid conforming to the requirements of ISO 4925.

ISO 4928:2006 specifies performance tests of brake cups and seals for hydraulic braking systems for road vehicles; it does not include requirements relating to chemical composition, tensile strength and elongation of the rubber compound. Disc brake seals are not covered by this International Standard. ISO 4928:2006 is applicable to moulded seals (cups or double-lipped type gland seals), 60 mm in diameter and smaller, compounded from high temperature-resistant rubber, for use in hydraulic actuating cylinders using road vehicle non-petroleum base hydraulic brake fluid conforming to the requirements of ISO 4925.

ISO 4930:2006 specifies the performance test methods and requirements for elastomeric seals used in road vehicle disc brake cylinders. It is applicable to solid section type seals (square, rectangular, O-ring), mounted stationary in the cylinder bore or on the movable piston of disc brakes.

ISO 7635:2006 specifies the method of testing the air or air over hydraulic braking systems of vehicles of categories M and N (excluding M1 and N1) as defined in Annex 7 to the UN-ECE Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3.), which are built to comply with UN-ECE Regulation 13/09, including supplements 1-6. Test methods covering lock actuators or the electrical regenerative braking systems of electric and hybrid vehicles are not included in this edition.

ISO 9128:2006 specifies the graphical symbols and colours used to identify, on road vehicles, the correct type of fluid to be used for: petroleum-base brake fluid systems; and non-petroleum-base brake fluid systems.

ISO 11157:2005 specifies a dynamometer test method to homologate alternative types of brake linings (including pads) mounted on original equipment, in accordance with UN-ECE Regulation No. 13-09, annex 15. ISO 11157:2005 is applicable to road vehicles of categories M, N and O as defined in UN-ECE Consolidated resolution of the construction of vehicles, R.E.3, annex 7. Application for approval corresponding to this test method is made by the vehicle manufacturer (in the case of vehicles of category O the application is to be made by the axle or brake manufacturer) or by his duly accredited representative.

ISO 6117:2005 specifies performance tests for moulded rubber boots used at end closures on drum type wheel brake cylinders; these boots prevent the entrance of dirt and moisture which could cause corrosion and otherwise impair wheel brake operation. It is applicable to boots of both plain and reinforcement insert types, for fitting in wheel cylinders using a fluid in accordance with ISO 4925. It does not include requirements relating to chemical composition, tensile strength or elongation at brake of the rubber compound; it dose not cover the strength of adhesion of rubber to the reinforcement in the insert type. The rubber material used in these boots is suitable for operation in a temperature range of -40 °C to +100 °C.

ISO 6597:2005 specifies the method of testing the hydraulic braking systems of vehicles of categories M and N which are built to comply with ECE-R 13/09, including supplements 1 to 7.The values in square brackets [ ] are taken from ECE Regulation No. 13 for information. Hydraulic braking systems include vacuum-assisted and power hydraulic-assisted braking systems as well as full power hydraulic braking systems.

ISO 4927:2005 specifies performance tests for moulded rubber boots used at end closures on drum type wheel brake cylinders. These boots prevent the entrance of dirt and moisture which could cause corrosion and otherwise impair wheel brake operation. ISO 4927:2005 is applicable to boots of both plain and reinforcement insert types, for fitting in wheel cylinders using a fluid in accordance with ISO 4925. It does not include requirements relating to chemical composition, tensile strength or elongation at brake of the rubber compound; it does not cover the strength of adhesion of rubber to the reinforcement in the insert type. The rubber material used in these boots shall be suitable for operation in a temperature range of -40 °C to +120 °C.

ISO 21069-1:2004 specifies a roller brake test for determining the braking efficiency of road vehicles having a maximum authorized total mass (Code ISO-M08) as defined in ISO 1176 of more than 3,5 t, being of categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3 and O4 as defined in UNECE R.E.3 and equipped with full power air (pneumatic) braking systems. Also applicable to electronic braking systems (EBS), its purpose is to ensure comparable measurement results from different testers, leading to reliable assessment of the efficiency of service braking systems wherever roller brake tests are performed.

This International Standard defines the principal terms used in relation to the braking and braking equipment of motor vehicles, trailers or combinations of these as defined in ISO 3833. The terms it defines designate either systems or elements involved during the operation of braking, or the values characterizing the whole or a part of the operation.

This International Standard specifies tests and measurement methods for solo motorcycles (defined in ISO 3833) equipped with one or more antilock, and one or more independent, braking systems. It sets out procedures for the following types of straight-line braking tests: utilization-of-adhesion test; wheel-lock check test; tests with ABS failed; complementary tests that could assist in the assessment and development of braking systems.

This International Standard specifies the minimum labelling required for commercial containers of petroleum- and non-petroleum-based fluids used in the braking and hydraulic systems of road vehicles, including mopeds and motorcycles.

This part of ISO 13486 specifies the essential dimensional and physical characteristics for double flares of metallic pipes (with and without surface protection), tapped holes, male fittings, and driving fit seats used in hydraulic braking systems for road vehicles.

Specifies the essential dimensions and physical characteristics for metallic pipes, pipes with single flares, tapped holes, male fittings and hose end fittings used in hydraulic braking systems for road vehicles. Replaces the second edition.

Specifies the test procedures for, and performance requirements and marking of hydraulic brake hose assemblies to be used in hydraulic brake systems of road vehicles of which the nominal inside diameter of the hose is 3,2 mm or 4,8 mm. Applies to assemblies made of a hose fabricated from cord and synthetic elastomers and assembled with metal end fittings for use with petroleum-base brake fluids in accordance with ISO 7308.

Specifies the test procedures for, and performance requirements and marking of hydraulic brake hose assemblies to be used in hydraulic brake systems of road vehicles of which the nominal inside diameter of the hose is 3,2 mm or 4,8 mm. Applies to assemblies made of a hose fabricated from cord and synthetic elastomers and assembled with metal end fittings for use with non-petroleum-base brake fluids in accordance with ISO 4925.

Specifies test methods for type approval testing. Describes the test bench, the parameters to be measured, and the test procedure. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (1983).

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7642:1983), of which certain values have been altered, the previous clause 8 deleted and references updated. Specifies test methods for type approval testing of the overrun brakes that relate to mechanically and hydraulically operated braking systems. Should therefore be used in connection with the pertinent regulation. It is recommended that the regulation is studied before application of this International Standard. ISO 7642 uses only SI units.

The brake-fluid specified is for use in road vehicle brake systems equipped with rubber cups and seals (butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer or equivalent). It is for use in hydraulic brake systems equipped with a pump; it may also be used in other systems without a pump. Not for use under arctic conditions.

Identifies the types of flaws of surface and material after testing of disc brake pads, and specifies the method of measuring these flaws and of setting out the results. Flaws to be considered are of four types: cracks (figure 1); edge flaking (figure 2); blistering and pitting (figure 3); material separation from the support or material lamina separation (figure 4).