53.100 - Earth-moving machinery
ICS 53.100 Details
Earth-moving machinery
Erdbaumaschinen
Engins de terrassement
Stroji za zemeljska dela
General Information
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This document defines requirements for collision warning systems (CWS) and collision avoidance systems (CAS) that address forward and reverse motion for: — earth-moving machinery as defined in ISO 6165, — mobile underground mining machinery as defined in ISO 19296, and — road construction machinery as defined in ISO 22242. This document does not consider machine height beyond that of height in travel position (e.g. dump body on dumper in lowered position) as established by machine manufacturer. This document covers collision avoidance by reducing speed, stopping, or inhibiting motion; it does not cover avoidance by automatic manoeuvring (e.g. steering) away from the intended object. Specific requirements for other types of machine motion are defined in the other parts of the ISO 21815 series. The system described in this document is intended to assist the operator of the machine. The responsibility for safe operation of the machine remains with the machine operator. This document is not applicable to collision warning and collision avoidance systems installed/manufactured before the date of its publication.
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This document establishes content for commercial specifications for horizontal directional drilling (HDD) machines. It is not applicable to: — soil drilling machines (see ISO 11886); — soil/rock drilling machines (see ISO 11886); — foundation machines (see ISO 11886); — pile driving machines (see ISO 11886); — rock drill rigs (see ISO 18758-1).
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This document specifies requirements for installation and performance of lighting, signalling and marking lights, and reflex reflectors. It is applicable to ride-on self-propelled wheeled or crawler earth-moving machines as defined in ISO 6165, and rough-terrain variable-reach trucks as defined in ISO 10896-1 and ISO 10896-2, hereafter known as “machines”. These machines are used off-road and can occasionally be driven on the road. NOTE 1 Meeting the requirements of this document does not ensure conformance to national or regional on-road regulations. NOTE 2 Rough-terrain trucks with mast as defined in ISO 3691-1 and rough-terrain lorry-mounted trucks as defined in ISO 20297-1 are not specifically covered by this document, but this document can be used for guidance.
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This document specifies general principles for the development and evaluation of the machine performance level achieved (MPLa) of safety-control systems (SCS) using components powered by all energy sources (e.g. electronic, electrical, hydraulic, mechanical) used in earth-moving machinery and its equipment, as defined in ISO 6165.
The principles of this document apply to machine control systems (MCS) that control machine motion or mitigate a hazard; such systems are assessed for machine performance level required (MPLr) per ISO 19014-1 or ISO/TS 19014-5.
Excluded from the scope of this document are the following systems:
— awareness systems that do not impact machine motion (e.g. cameras and radar detectors);
— fire suppression systems, unless the activation of the system interferes with, or activates, another SCS.
Other systems or components whereby the operator would be aware of failure (e.g. windscreen wipers, head lights, etc.), or are primarily used to protect property, are excluded from this document. Audible warnings are excluded from the requirements of diagnostic coverage.
In addition, this document addresses the significant hazards as defined in ISO 12100 mitigated by the hardware components within the SCS.
This document is not applicable to EMM manufactured before the date of its publication.
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This document provides vocabulary and an identification structure for classifying earth-moving
machinery designed to perform the following operations:
— excavation;
— loading;
— transportation;
— drilling, spreading, compacting or trenching of earth, rock and other materials, during work, for
example, on roads and dams, in quarries and mines and on building sites.
The purpose of this document is to provide a clear means to identify earth-moving machinery according
to its function and design configurations which can include additional classifications according to its
operating mass and control operator configuration.
Annex A provides a procedure based on the identification structure used by this document to classify
the machinery and introduce detailed identifications consistent with the logic implied by the structure.
Annex B provides a hierarchy of the operator control configurations for earth-moving machinery
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides vocabulary and an identification structure for classifying earth-moving machinery designed to perform the following operations:
— excavation;
— loading;
— transportation;
— drilling, spreading, compacting or trenching of earth, rock and other materials, during work, for example, on roads and dams, in quarries and mines and on building sites.
The purpose of this document is to provide a clear means to identify earth-moving machinery according to its function and design configurations which can include additional classifications according to its operating mass and control operator configuration.
Annex A provides a procedure based on the identification structure used by this document to classify the machinery and introduce detailed identifications consistent with the logic implied by the structure.
Annex B provides a hierarchy of the operator control configurations for earth-moving machinery.
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This part of IEC 62282 covers the requirements for the performance test methods of fuel
cell/battery hybrid systems intended to be used for electrically powered applications for
excavators.
For this purpose, this document covers electrical performance and vibration tests for the fuel
cell/battery hybrid system. This document also covers performance test methods which focus
on vibration and other characteristics for balance of plant (BOP) installed in heavy-duty
applications with fuel cell/battery hybrid system.
This document applies to both gaseous hydrogen-fuelled fuel cell power, liquid hydrogen-fuelled
fuel cell power, direct methanol fuel cell power and battery hybrid power pack systems.
The following fuels are considered within the scope of this document:
– gaseous hydrogen, and
– methanol.
This document does not apply to reformer-equipped fuel cell power systems.
This document can be applied to fuel cell power systems used for either propulsion or for
auxiliary power units (APU) purposes. In case of APU, the same hybrid power pack can be used
on board or as a stationary APU. In case of the latter, this document can also be applied.
A block diagram of a fuel cell/battery hybrid system is shown in Figure 1. This document covers
the configuration, mode of hybridization, operation mode for fuel cell and battery in power pack
systems.
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This document provides a list of standards, referenced in ISO 20474-1 and EN 474-1, that include requirements for information to be included in the operator’s manual. This list of standards is being provided as guidance in creating operator’s manuals.
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This document provides vocabulary and an identification structure for classifying earth-moving machinery designed to perform the following operations: — excavation; — loading; — transportation; — drilling, spreading, compacting or trenching of earth, rock and other materials, during work, for example, on roads and dams, in quarries and mines and on building sites. The purpose of this document is to provide a clear means to identify earth-moving machinery according to its function and design configurations which can include additional classifications according to its operating mass and control operator configuration. Annex A provides a procedure based on the identification structure used by this document to classify the machinery and introduce detailed identifications consistent with the logic implied by the structure. Annex B provides a hierarchy of the operator control configurations for earth-moving machinery.
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This part of EN ISO 19014 specifies general principles for the development and testing of safety‐related parts of machine‐control systems (MCS) in earth‐moving machinery and its equipment, as defined in EN ISO 6165.
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This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to loaders when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for loaders.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document does not deal with towing of trailers.
This document does not deal with demolition machinery.
This part also deals with fork application, log handling application, single heavy object handling application and lifting operation application.
This document is not applicable to loaders which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
NOTE For travelling on public roads, national traffic regulations apply (e.g. braking, steering, lighting, towing, etc.) until harmonized requirements are available.
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to hydraulic excavators when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for hydraulic excavators.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
This document does not deal with towing of trailers.
This document does not deal with demolition machinery.
This document also deals with lifting operation application, shovel application, log application, grapple application, and magnetic plate application.
This document is not applicable to hydraulic excavators which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
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This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to loaders when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for loaders.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document does not deal with towing of trailers.
This document does not deal with demolition machinery.
This part also deals with fork application, log handling application, single heavy object handling application and lifting operation application.
This document is not applicable to loaders which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
NOTE For travelling on public roads, national traffic regulations apply (e.g. braking, steering, lighting, towing, etc.) until harmonized requirements are available.
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to hydraulic excavators when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for hydraulic excavators.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
This document does not deal with towing of trailers.
This document does not deal with demolition machinery.
This document also deals with lifting operation application, shovel application, log application, grapple application, and magnetic plate application.
This document is not applicable to hydraulic excavators which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general principles for the development and evaluation of the machine performance level achieved (MPLa) of safety-control systems (SCS) using components powered by all energy sources (e.g. electronic, electrical, hydraulic, mechanical) used in earth-moving machinery and its equipment, as defined in ISO 6165. The principles of this document apply to machine control systems (MCS) that control machine motion or mitigate a hazard; such systems are assessed for machine performance level required (MPLr) per ISO 19014-1 or ISO/TS 19014-5. Excluded from the scope of this document are the following systems: — awareness systems that do not impact machine motion (e.g. cameras and radar detectors); — fire suppression systems, unless the activation of the system interferes with, or activates, another SCS. Other systems or components whereby the operator would be aware of failure (e.g. windscreen wipers, head lights, etc.), or are primarily used to protect property, are excluded from this document. Audible warnings are excluded from the requirements of diagnostic coverage. In addition, this document addresses the significant hazards as defined in ISO 12100 mitigated by the hardware components within the SCS. This document is not applicable to EMM manufactured before the date of its publication.
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This document, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for earth-moving machinery - rollers when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in prEN 474-1. This document does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for earth moving machinery - rollers.
This part of prEN 474 is not applicable for seated ride-on operated rollers with a drum width less than nominal 0,8 m.
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This European Standard specifies the general safety requirements for loaders, described in EN ISO 6165:2012.
This part also deals with fork application, single heavy object handling application, object handling application and log handling.
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
prEN 474-1:2017.
This part does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1:2017, but adds or replace the requirements for application for loaders.
This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to earth-moving machinery, when used as intended and under conditions foreseen but also taking into account any reasonably foreseeable misuse thereof (see Clause 4). This European Standard specifies the appropriate technical measures to reduce risks arising from the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events during the whole foreseeable lifecycle of the machinery.
This European Standard is not applicable to earth-moving machinery, which are manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
NOTE For travelling on public roads, national traffic regulations apply (e.g. braking, steering, lighting, towing etc.) until harmonised requirements are available.
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This European Standard specifies the general safety requirements for earth-moving machinery, hereinafter also referred to as machines, described in EN ISO 6165:2012, except horizontal directional drill.
NOTE 1 Horizontal directional drills are covered by the EN 16228 series.
This European Standard gives the common safety requirements for earth-moving machinery families (see EN ISO 6165:2012, 3.4) and is intended to be used in conjunction with relevant parts of prEN 474 parts 2 to 13. These machine specific parts (prEN 474-2 to 13) do not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1:2016, but add or replace the requirements for the family in question.
NOTE 2 The requirements specified in this part of the standard are common to two or more families of earth- moving machinery.
This part gives specific requirements for demolition machinery.
Specific requirements in prEN 474 parts 2 to 13 take precedence over the respective requirements of
prEN 474-1:2017.
For derivative machinery the parts of the standard that cover the specific functions and applications are applicable, e.g. a compact loader also used as a trencher the relevant requirements of prEN 474 parts 1, 3 and 10 are applicable.
The standard also covers general requirements for attachments intended to be used with earth-moving machinery families covered in the scope.
Except for part 12 this European Standard does not deal with the electrical hazards related to the main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is electrical.
This European Standard does not deal with towing of trailers.
This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to earth-moving machinery, when used as intended and under conditions foreseen but also taking into account any reasonably foreseeable misuse thereof (see Clause 4). This European Standard specifies the appropriate technical measures to reduce risks arising from the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events during the whole foreseeable lifecycle of the machinery.
This European Standard is not applicable to earth-moving machinery, which are manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
NOTE 3 For travelling on public roads, national traffic regulations apply (e.g. braking, steering, lighting, towing etc.) until harmonised requirements are available.
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This document, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for earth-moving machinery - graders when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
prEN 474-1. This document does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for earth moving machinery - graders.
This part also deals with graders equipped with attached snowplough.
This European Standard is not applicable to graders manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
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This document, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for earth-moving machinery - cable-excavators (as defined in EN ISO 6165) when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
This European Standard applies also to cable excavators, their undercarriage and upper-structure, if intended for use in combination with other equipment or attachment, such as lifting operation, extracting equipment and moving equipment (e.g. rail track, walking legs, pontoon, ship) or stationary undercarriage. Drilling and foundation equipment (covered by EN 16228 parts 1-7:2014) are not dealt with in this standard.
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
prEN 474-1. This document does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for earth moving machinery - cable-excavators.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of prEN 474 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to trenchers as defined in EN ISO 6165:2012 and trenchers with mechanized laying unit, when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4). It deals with:
- self-propelled integrated trencher;
- combinations of a carrier-vehicle (truck, tractor, special vehicle) and a trenching attachment;
- trenching interchangeable equipment fitted to a derivative machinery (e.g. compact loader) or a compact tool carrier).
- For self-propelled integrated trencher, this part deals with all specific health and safety requirements.
- For machinery which are a combination of a carrier-vehicle and a trenching attachment integrated to it (e.g. to a truck) or mounted on it (e.g. on a tractor), this part of prEN 474 deals with all specific health and safety requirements of the trenching attachment itself and of the interface (e.g. mechanical, electric, hydraulic, controls) between the carrier-vehicle and its attachment as well as the interaction and effects on each other when used together (e.g. stability, visibility).
NOTE Carrier-vehicles are subject to other regulations (e.g. road regulations).
- For derivative machinery, this part deals with specific health and safety requirements of the interchangeable equipment and the interface with derivative machinery or tool carrier.
- For those machinery, this part doesn’t deal with the earth-moving machinery itself which can be subject to other standards (e.g. prEN 474-3 for a compact loader, prEN 474-4 for a backhoe loader).
This European Standard does not deal with continuous surface miners as defined in ISO/CD 19224, truck-trenchers that do not incorporate a vacuum extraction system and self-propelled ride-on and pedestrian controlled floor cutting-off machinery (e.g. ground saw) which are under the scope of EN 13862.
This document, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for earth-moving machinery - trenchers when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in prEN 474-1. This document does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for trenchers.
This European Standard is not applicable to trenchers manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
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- Draft37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of EN 474 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to wheel and crawler scrapers except towed scrapers as defined in EN ISO 6165:2012, when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
prEN 474-1:2017.
This part does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1:2017, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for scrapers.
This part specifies the appropriate technical measures to eliminate or reduce risks arising from the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events during commissioning, operation and maintenance of scrapers.
This European Standard is not applicable to scrapers manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN. Pedestrian controlled dumpers are excluded from scope of this European Standard.
This European Standard is not applicable to dumpers, manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for earth-moving machinery - hydraulic excavators when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
prEN 474-1. This document does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for earth moving machinery - hydraulic excavators.
This part also deals with derivated machinery and derivated use, e.g. lifting operation application, shovel application, log application, grapple application, magnetic plate application.
This European Standard is not applicable to hydraulic excavators manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for earth-moving machinery - dumpers when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
prEN 474-1. This document does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for earth moving machinery - dumpers.
This document is not applicable to dumpers manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
This part does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1:2017, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for dumpers.
This part specifies the appropriate technical measures to eliminate or reduce risks arising from the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events during commissioning, operation and maintenance of dumpers.
Pedestrian controlled dumpers are excluded from scope of this European Standard.
This European Standard is not applicable to dumpers, manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
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- Draft14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of prEN 474 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to wheel and crawler backhoe loaders as defined in EN ISO 6165:2012.
This part also deals with fork application, lifting operations and log handling.
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in prEN 474-1:2017.
This does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1:2017, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for backhoe loaders.
This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to earth-moving machinery, when used under the conditions foreseen but also taking into account any reasonable foreseeable misuse thereof (see Clause 4). This European Standard specifies the appropriate technical measures to reduce risks arising from the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events during the whole foreseeable lifecycle of the machinery.
This European Standard is not applicable to machinery manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
NOTE For travelling on public roads, national traffic regulations apply (e.g. braking, steering, lighting, towing, etc.) until harmonised requirements are available.
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This document, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for earth-moving machinery - earth- and landfill compactors when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
prEN 474-1. This document does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for earth moving machinery - earth- and landfill compactors.
Rammer compactors and vibratory plates are dealt with in EN 500-1 and EN 500-4.
This European Standard is not applicable to earth- and landfill compactors manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for earth-moving machinery - loaders when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
prEN 474-1. This document does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for earth moving machinery - loaders.
This part also deals with fork application, single heavy object handling application, object handling application and log handling.
This European Standard is not applicable to hydraulic excavators manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft29 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of prEN 474 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to pipelayers as defined in EN ISO 6165:2006 when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
prEN 474-1:2017.
This part does not repeat the requirements from prEN 474-1:2017 but adds or replaces the requirements for application for pipelayers.
This part specifies the appropriate technical measures to eliminate or reduce risks arising from the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events during commissioning, operation and maintenance of pipelayers.
This part specifies additional requirements for rear mounted winches.
Pipelayers with rotating upper structure are excluded from the scope of this document. This European Standard is not applicable to pipelayers manufactured before the date of publication of this European Standard by CEN.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to dumpers when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for dumpers.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
Pedestrian controlled dumpers are excluded from scope of this document.
This document does not deal with the hazards associated with self-loading equipment.
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Transmission of power between self-propelled machinery (or tractor) and recipient machinery;
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document is not applicable to dumpers which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to tractor-dozers when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474-1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474-1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for tractor-dozers.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
This document does not deal with towing of trailers.
This document does not deal with demolition machinery.
This part also deals with fork application, log handling application, single heavy object handling application and lifting operation application.
This document is not applicable to tractor-dozers which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to trenchers as defined in Clause 3 when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474-1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474-1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for trenchers.
This document deals with:
— trenchers (3.1);
— trenching equipment (3.2);
NOTE In this document "trenchers" entails both "trencher" and "trenching equipment".
— truck vacuum trenchers (3.1.2);
— trenchers equipped with trencher backhoe equipment (3.3).
This document provides specific health and safety requirements of the trenching equipment itself and of the interface (e.g. mechanical, electric, hydraulic, controls) between the carrier-vehicle and its equipment as well as the interaction and effects on each other when used together (e.g. visibility).
This document does not apply to carrier-vehicles which are subject to other relevant regulations.
This document does not deal with continuous surface miners as defined in ISO 19224:2017, truck-trenchers that do not incorporate a vacuum extraction system or self-propelled ride-on and pedestrian controlled floor cutting-off machinery (e.g. ground saw) which are under the scope of EN 13862:2021.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Transmission of power between self-propelled machinery (or tractor) and recipient machinery;
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document is not applicable to trenchers which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to backhoe loaders when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for backhoe loaders.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
This document does not deal with demolition machinery.
This document also deals with fork application, log handling application and lifting operation application.
This document is not applicable to backhoe loaders which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft26 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with EN 474 1:2022, deals with all significant hazards for earth-moving machinery, earth- and landfill compactors when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Annex A).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022, but supplements or modifies the requirements for application for earth moving machinery – earth- and landfill compactors.
Rammer compactors and vibratory plates are excluded from this document.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s). This document is not applicable to earth- and landfill compactors manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to rollers when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for rollers.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
This document does not deal with towing of trailers.
This part of EN 474:2022 is not applicable for seated ride-on operated rollers with a drum width less than nominal 0,8 m.
This document is not applicable to rollers which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard55 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft47 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to loaders when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for loaders.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document does not deal with towing of trailers.
This document does not deal with demolition machinery.
This part also deals with fork application, log handling application, single heavy object handling application and lifting operation application.
This document is not applicable to loaders which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
NOTE For travelling on public roads, national traffic regulations apply (e.g. braking, steering, lighting, towing, etc.) until harmonized requirements are available.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft29 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to graders as defined in 3.1, when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A), associated with the whole life time of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for graders.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Transmission of power between self-propelled machinery (or tractor) and recipient machinery;
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document is not applicable to graders manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with EN 474 1:2022, deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to scrapers as defined in 3.1, except towed scrapers, when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A), associated with the whole life time of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Transmission of power between self-propelled machinery (or tractor) and recipient machinery;
— Laser;
— Lightning.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for scrapers.
This document is not applicable to scrapers which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the general safety requirements for earth-moving machinery, hereinafter also referred to as machines, described in EN ISO 6165:2012, except horizontal directional drills.
NOTE 1 Horizontal directional drills are covered by EN 16228 1 and EN 16228 3.
This document gives the common safety requirements for earth-moving machinery families (see EN ISO 6165:2012, 3.4) and is intended to be used in conjunction with relevant parts of EN 474-2 to EN 474-13. These machine specific parts (EN 474 2 to EN 474−13) do not repeat the requirements from EN 474 1:2022 but supplement or modify the requirements for the family in question.
NOTE 2 The requirements specified in this part of the standard are common to two or more families of earth- moving machinery.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
This document does not deal with towing of trailers.
This document does not deal with demolition machinery.
This document deals with significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to earth-moving machinery, when used as intended and under conditions foreseen but also taking into account any reasonably foreseeable misuse thereof (see Annex A).
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document specifies the appropriate technical measures to reduce risks arising from the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events during the whole foreseeable lifecycle of the machinery as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
This document is not applicable to earth-moving machinery which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
NOTE 3 For travelling on public roads, national traffic regulations apply (e.g. braking, steering, lighting, towing, etc.) until harmonized requirements are available.
- Standard67 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft105 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to hydraulic excavators when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for hydraulic excavators.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
This document does not deal with towing of trailers.
This document does not deal with demolition machinery.
This document also deals with lifting operation application, shovel application, log application, grapple application, and magnetic plate application.
This document is not applicable to hydraulic excavators which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with EN 474 1:2022, deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to pipelayers as defined in 3.1, when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for pipelayers.
This document also specifies additional requirements for rear mounted winches.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Transmission of power between self-propelled machinery (or tractor) and recipient machinery;
— Laser;
— Lightning.
Pipelayers with rotating upper structure are excluded from the scope of this document.
This document is not applicable to pipelayers manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document together with EN 474 1:2022 deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to cable excavators when used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A) associated with the whole lifetime of the machine as described in EN ISO 12100:2010, 5.4.
The requirements of this document are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 474 1:2022. This document does not repeat the requirements of EN 474 1:2022 but supplements or modifies the requirements for cable excavators.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
This document does not provide performance requirements for safety related functions of control system(s).
The following significant and relevant hazards are not covered in this document:
— Laser;
— Lightning.
Drilling and foundation equipment (covered by EN 16228 1:2014+A1:2021 to EN 16228 7:2014+A1:2021) are not dealt with in this document.
This document does not provide requirements for main electrical circuits and drives of machinery when the primary source of energy is an external electrical supply.
This document does not deal with demolition machinery.
This document is not applicable to cable excavators which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Draft6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft6 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for diaphragm walling equipment when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for diaphragm walling equipment.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for interchangeable auxiliary equipment when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for interchangeable auxiliary equipment.
This document specifies the specific safety requirements for interchangeable auxiliary equipment to be used in drilling and foundation operations, connected with drilling and foundation equipment, agricultural equipment and/or earth moving machinery when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer.
Interchangeable auxiliary equipment includes pile installation and extraction equipment, impact hammers, extractors, vibrators, deep vibrators, static pile pushing/pulling devices, rotary percussion hammers, rotary drilling drives, drill mast equipment such as leaders equipped with a drill stem and gears attached to the boom of an excavator and casing oscillators/rotators.
Diaphragm wall cutting tools are dealt with in EN 16228-5:2014+A1:2021.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for mobile drill rigs for in soil or soil and rock mixture in civil and geotechnical engineering, "deleted text" when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 16228 1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228 1:2014+A1:2021, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for mobile drill rigs.
In this document the general term "mobile drill rig" covers several different types of machines for use in:
- civil engineering;
- geotechnical engineering (including ground investigation, anchoring, soil nailing, mini-piling, ground stabilization, grouting);
- water well drilling;
- geothermal installations;
- landfill drilling;
- underpinning and tunnelling;
- for use above ground as well as underground.
Typically, the process of drilling involves the addition of drill rods, tubes, casings or augers etc., normally threaded, as the borehole extends to depth.
NOTE 1 EN 16228-4:2014+A1:2021 covers machines with a rotary torque greater than 35 kNm.
NOTE 2 The term "drill rigs" includes rigs with a separate power pack supplied by the rig manufacturer.
The following machines are excluded from the scope of this document:
- tunnelling machines, unshielded tunnel boring machines and rodless shaft boring machines for rock according to prEN 16191;
- raise boring machines;
- drill rigs used in oil and gas industry;
- specialized mining machinery and equipment for opencast mining (e.g. rock drill rigs, blast hole drills) (under the scope of CEN/TC 196);
- all underground mining machinery and equipment for the extraction of solid mineral substances (e. g. rock drill rigs, raise boring machines, shaft boring machines, mining auger boring machines, jumbos) as well as machinery and equipment for underground mine development (under the scope of CEN/TC 196);
- core drilling machines on stand covered by EN 12348;
- hand-held machines (in particular machines covered by ISO 11148-5).
This document is not applicable to mobile drill rigs for in soil or soil and rock mixture in civil and geotechnical engineering manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for jetting, grouting and injection equipment when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for jetting, grouting and injection equipment.
Rigs for drilling, vibrating, pile driving, to be used for preparing holes for these applications are covered by EN 16228-2:2014+A1:2021 and/or EN 16228-4:2014+A1:2021.
Jetting, grouting and injection equipment is used in the preparation, transfer and application of grouting materials used for either:
- the improvement of ground condition; or
- the filling of voids e.g. around piles or ground anchors.
Jetting, grouting and injection equipment are constituted by all equipment and installations, operated by hand or electrically, pneumatically, mechanically or hydraulically powered, necessary for the following:
- mixing, storing, measuring and pumping of substances (cement suspension, mortar or chemical liquids/mixtures);
- jetting, grouting and injection processes (of/into subsoil) with low, medium or high pressure or vacuum systems;
- deleted text
- all control systems, electrical or mechanical pressure and flow recorders, for monitoring the grouting;
- all jetting, grouting and injection accessories, such as: special tools, lances, rods, sockets, packers, retention clamps and swivel hooks.
This document does not apply to machines and equipment for conveying, spraying and placing concrete and mortar (covered by EN 12001).
This document does not deal with jetting, grouting or injection units intended to use products that generate toxic gases.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the common safety requirements for drilling and foundation equipment.
Part 1 of this European Standard deals with the significant hazards common to drilling and foundation equipment (see Annex A), when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (transport, assembly, dismantling, equipment in service and out of service, maintenance, moving on site, storage, disabling and scrapping).
NOTE 1 The requirements specified in this part of the standard are common to two or more families of drilling and foundation equipment.
This document gives safety requirements for all types of drilling and foundation equipment and is intended to be used in conjunction with one of parts 2 to 7. These machine specific parts do not repeat the requirements from part 1 but supplement or modify the requirements for the type of drilling and foundation equipment in question.
For multipurpose machinery, the parts of the standard that cover the specific functions and applications are used, e.g. a drilling machine also used as a piling machine will use the relevant requirements of EN 16228-1, EN 16228-2, and EN 16228-4.
The following machines are excluded from the scope of this standard:
- tunnelling machines, unshielded tunnel boring machines and rodless shaft boring machines for rock according to EN 16191;
- raise boring machines;
- drill rigs used in oil and gas industry;
- specialized mining machinery and equipment for opencast mining (e.g. rock drill rigs, blast hole drills) (under the scope of CEN/TC 196);
- all underground mining machinery and equipment for the extraction of solid mineral substances (e.g. rock drill rigs, raise boring machines, shaft boring machines, mining auger boring machines, jumbos) as well as machinery and equipment for underground mine development (under the scope of CEN/TC 196);
- core drilling machines on stand (covered by EN 12348);
- hand-held machines (in particular machines covered by ISO 11148-5).
NOTE 2 Specific requirements for offshore applications are not covered by this European Standard.
Where a drilling or foundation equipment of fixed configuration that is not intended to be separated is assembled using a carrier based on earth-moving equipment, agricultural equipment, or a crane, then the completed assembly is !covered by this" standard.
Drilling and foundation equipment within the scope of EN 16228 parts 1 to 6 may include interchangeable auxiliary equipment within the scope of EN 16228-7, either as an integral part of its construction or as interchangeably fitted equipment.
!If drilling and foundation equipment is intended to be used in a potentially explosive atmosphere, or in case of lightning risk, additional requirements will need to be met which are not covered by this document.
This document is not applicable to drilling and foundation equipment manufactured before the date of its publication."
- Standard176 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for horizontal directional drilling equipment (HDD) when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for horizontal directional drills.
A machine is considered a horizontal directional drill if it is designed to drill in a shallow arc for the installation of pipes, conduits, and cables and typically has a drill string entry angle of less than 45° relative to the operating surface of the earth.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for foundation equipment when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021 but adds or replaces the requirements for application for foundation equipment.
In this document the general term "foundation equipment" covers several different types of machines used for installation and/or extracting by drilling (machines with a rotary torque greater than 35 kNm), driving, vibrating, pushing, pulling or a combination of techniques, or any other way, of:
- longitudinal foundation elements;
- soil improvement by vibrating and soil mixing techniques;
- vertical drainage.
NOTE Some foundation equipment may have an additional rotary head with a torque less than 35 kNm for pre-drilling applications; this equipment is covered by this standard.
Machines with one or more of the following characteristics are not covered by this standard, but are covered by EN 16228-2:
- machines that have a main rotary head torque of less than 35 kNm;
- machines that have multi-directional drilling capability;
- machines for which adding and removing rods or digging and drilling tools etc. is usually required during the installation/extraction process.
Typically the process of foundation techniques involves the installation of longitudinal elements such as concrete piles, steel beams, tubes and sheet piles, injection elements as tubes and hoses and casings for cast in situ.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day