77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
ICS 77.040.20 Details
Non-destructive testing of metals
Zerstorungsfreie Prufung von Metallen
Essais non destructifs des métaux
Neporušitveno preskušanje kovin
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This document specifies the general requirements for the radiography of steel and iron castings by means of X-rays or gamma-rays.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This guide will include post-process non-destructive testing of additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic parts with a comprehensive approach. It will cover several sectors and a similar framework can be applied to other materials (e.g. ceramics, polymers, etc.). In-process NDT and metrology standards will be referenced as they are being developed. This guide will present current standards capability to detect which of the Additive Manufacturing (AM) flaw types and which flaws require new standards, using a standard selection tool. NDT methods potential to detect AM flaws not covered by current standards will be recommended, and as new standards for flaws not covered by current standards are developed, they will be referenced in this standard via document updates.
This part of the International Standard:
⎯ Categorises AM defects
⎯ A review of relevant current standards
⎯ Enables suitable current standard NDT method/s to be used;
⎯ Details method specific to additive manufacturing and complex 3D geometries;
⎯ Outlines existing non-destructive testing techniques applicable to some AM types of defects;
This part of the International Standard is aimed at users and producers of additive
manufacturing processes. It applies wherever additive processes are used, and to the following fields in particular:
⎯ Safety critical applications;
⎯ Assured confidence in additive manufacturing;
⎯ Reverse engineered products manufactured by additively manufactured;
⎯ Test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
NOTE Most metal inspection methods in NDT use ultrasound or X-rays, but these techniques cannot always cope with the complicated shapes typically produced by AM. In most circumstances X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a more suitable method, but it also has limitations and room for improvement or adaptation to AM, on top of being a costly method both in time and money.
- Technical report168 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document categorises additive manufacturing (AM) defects in DED and PBF laser and electron beam category of processes, provides a review of relevant current NDT standards, details NDT methods that are specific to AM and complex 3D geometries and outlines existing non‑destructive testing techniques that are applicable to some AM types of defects.
This document is aimed at users and producers of AM processes and it applies, in particular, to the following:
— safety critical AM applications;
— assured confidence in AM;
— reverse engineered products manufactured by AM;
— test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
- Technical report168 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document categorises additive manufacturing (AM) defects in DED and PBF laser and electron beam category of processes, provides a review of relevant current NDT standards, details NDT methods that are specific to AM and complex 3D geometries and outlines existing non‑destructive testing techniques that are applicable to some AM types of defects. This document is aimed at users and producers of AM processes and it applies, in particular, to the following: — safety critical AM applications; — assured confidence in AM; — reverse engineered products manufactured by AM; — test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
- Technical report159 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for automated full peripheral magnetic flux leakage testing of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes, with the exception of submerged arc-welded (SAW) tubes, for the detection of imperfections. Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, this part of ISO 10893 is applicable to the detection of predominantly longitudinal imperfections. This part of ISO 10893 is applicable to the inspection of tubes with an outside diameter equal to or greater than 10 mm. This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of hollow sections.
- Amendment7 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of steel castings (with ferritic structure) for general purposes, and the methods for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique. This document applies to the ultrasonic testing of steel castings which have usually received a grain-refining heat treatment and which have wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm. For greater wall thicknesses, special agreements apply with respect to the test procedure and the acceptance levels. This document does not apply to austenitic steels and to joint welds.
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This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of steel castings (with ferritic structure) for highly stressed components, and the methods for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique. Purchasers determine if components are highly stressed based on the need for performance or safety. This document applies to the ultrasonic testing of steel castings which have usually received a grain-refining heat treatment and which have wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm. For greater wall thicknesses, special agreements apply with respect to the test procedure and the acceptance levels. This document does not apply to austenitic steels and to joint welds.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the magnetic particle testing of ferro-magnetic steel and iron castings. It also gives acceptance criteria through severity levels defined by the nature, the area and the dimensions of the discontinuities present. This document is applicable to all ferro-magnetic castings, independent of the moulding method. A steel and iron casting is considered to be ferro-magnetic if the magnetic induction is greater than 1 T (Tesla) for a magnetic field strength of 2,4 kA/m. This document only applies to those areas of the castings specified for testing, as well as the percentage of castings to be tested.
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This document specifies a method for the liquid penetrant testing of steel castings.
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1.1 This document covers the acceptance criteria for the visual testing of the surface of steel and iron castings. 1.2 Acceptance levels utilize Bureau de Normalisation des Industries de la Fonderie (BNIF) and Steel Castings Research and Trade Association (SCRATA) or Casting Technology International (CTI) reference comparators for the visual determination of surface roughness and surface discontinuities described as follows: — surface roughness; — thermal dressing; — mechanical dressing; — non-metallic inclusions; — gas porosity; — fusion discontinuities; — expansion discontinuities; — metal inserts.
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This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for automated full peripheral magnetic flux leakage testing of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes, with the exception of submerged arc-welded (SAW) tubes, for the detection of imperfections. Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, this part of ISO 10893 is applicable to the detection of predominantly longitudinal imperfections. This part of ISO 10893 is applicable to the inspection of tubes with an outside diameter equal to or greater than 10 mm. This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of hollow sections.
- Amendment7 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for digital radiographic X-ray testing by either computed radiography (CR) or radiography with digital detector arrays (DDAs) of the longitudinal or helical weld seams of automatic fusion arc-welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections. This document specifies acceptance levels and calibration procedures.
It can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollow sections.
NOTE As an alternative, see ISO 10893-6 for film-based radiographic X-ray testing.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for film-based radiographic X-ray testing of the longitudinal or helical weld seams of automated fusion arc-welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections.
It can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollow sections.
NOTE As an alternative, see ISO 10893-7 for digital radiographic testing.
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This document specifies a visual method for assessing the porosity of the machined surface of aluminium alloy castings. The method does not apply to assessing porosity shown on radiograms.
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This document specifies the requirements for digital radiographic X-ray testing by either computed
radiography (CR) or radiography with digital detector arrays (DDAs) of the longitudinal or helical weld
seams of automatic fusion arc-welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections. This document
specifies acceptance levels and calibration procedures.
It can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollow sections.
NOTE As an alternative, see ISO 10893-6 for film-based radiographic X-ray testing.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel performing the testing of the following steel products under the employer's responsibility: a) tubes/pipes (seamless or welded); b) flat products, long products, rails, bars, sections, rods and wires. This document specifies qualification requirements for the competence of Level 1 and Level 2 NDT personnel to execute specific tasks in the NDT of steel products. The qualification is issued by the employer for a specific steel product and a specific test method. This document is applicable to NDT personnel performing predominantly the automated testing of steel products, using any of the following NDT methods: a) eddy current testing (ET); b) leak testing (LT); c) liquid penetrant testing (PT); d) magnetic testing (MT); e) radiographic testing (RT); f) ultrasonic testing (UT); g) visual testing (VT).
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for film-based radiographic X-ray testing of the longitudinal or
helical weld seams of automated fusion arc-welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections.
It can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollow sections.
NOTE As an alternative, see ISO 10893-7 for digital radiographic testing.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for film-based radiographic X-ray testing of the longitudinal or helical weld seams of automated fusion arc-welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections. It can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollow sections. NOTE As an alternative, see ISO 10893-7 for digital radiographic testing.
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- Standard15 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements for digital radiographic X-ray testing by either computed radiography (CR) or radiography with digital detector arrays (DDAs) of the longitudinal or helical weld seams of automatic fusion arc-welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections. This document specifies acceptance levels and calibration procedures. It can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollow sections. NOTE As an alternative, see ISO 10893-6 for film-based radiographic X-ray testing.
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This document specifies the test conditions and the acceptance levels for ultrasonic acceptance tests for the railway rolling stock material, such as tyres, axles and wheels. Unless otherwise agreed, this document is applied when the product standards require mandatory ultrasonic tests or when the ordered optional tests are made mandatory (see ISO 1005-1, ISO 1005-3 and ISO 1005-6).
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This European Standard gives specific procedures for industrial X-ray and gamma radiography for discontinuity detection purposes, using NDT (Non-destructive testing) digital X-ray image detectors. This part of EN 12681 specifies the requirements for digital radiographic testing by either computed radiography (CR) or radiography with digital detector arrays (DDA) of castings.
Digital detectors provide a digital grey value image which can be viewed and evaluated using a computer.
NOTE This part of EN 12681 complies with EN 14784-2 for CR. Some clauses and annexes are taken from EN ISO 17636-2.
This part of EN 12681 describes the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important but are not the main focus of this standard. The procedure specified in this standard provides the minimum requirements for radiographic practice which permit exposure and acquisition of digital radiographs with equivalent sensitivity for detection of imperfections as film radiography, as specified in Part 1 of this standard.
The requirements on image quality in class A and B testing of Annex A consider the good workmanship quality for general casting applications as also required in Part 1 of this standard for film radiography.
The classes AA and BA reflect the quality requirements of current automated and semi-automated radiographic inspection systems with DDAs (computer based flaw recognition or visual inspection) and mini or micro focus tubes (spot size ≤ 1 mm) with reduced requirements to the unsharpness.
The described procedures are applicable to castings produced by any casting process, especially for steel, cast iron, aluminium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium, zinc and any alloys of them.
This part of this European Standard does not apply to:
- the testing of welded joints (see EN ISO 17636-2);
- film radiography;
- real time testing with radioscopy.
- Standard65 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard gives specific procedures for industrial X ray and gamma radiography for discontinuity detection purposes, using NDT (Non-destructive testing) film techniques. This part of EN 12681 specifies the requirements for film radiographic testing of castings.
Films after exposure and processing become radiographs with different area of optical density. Radiographs are viewed and evaluated using industrial radiographic illuminators.
This part of EN 12681 describes the recommended procedure for the choice of operating condition selection and radiographic practice.
These procedures are applicable to castings produced by any casting process, especially for steel, cast iron, aluminium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium, zinc and any alloys of them.
NOTE This European Standard complies with EN ISO 5579.
This part of this European Standard does not apply to:
- radiographic testing of castings for aerospace applications (see prEN 2002-21);
- radiographic testing of welded joints (see EN ISO 17636-1);
- digital radiography (see prEN 12681-2);
- radioscopy (see EN 13068, all parts).
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard gives specific procedures for industrial X-ray and gamma radiography for discontinuity detection purposes, using NDT (Non-destructive testing) film techniques. This part of EN 12681 specifies the requirements for film radiographic testing of castings.
Films after exposure and processing become radiographs with different area of optical density. Radiographs are viewed and evaluated using industrial radiographic illuminators.
This part of EN 12681 specifies the recommended procedure for the choice of operating conditions and radiographic practice.
These procedures are applicable to castings produced by any casting process, especially for steel, cast iron, aluminium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium, zinc and any alloys of them.
NOTE This European Standard considers EN ISO 5579.
This part of this European Standard does not apply to:
- radiographic testing of castings for aerospace applications (see prEN 2002-21);
- radiographic testing of welded joints (see EN ISO 17636-1);
- radiography with digital detectors (see EN 12681-2);
- radioscopic testing (see EN 13068, all parts).
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard gives specific procedures for industrial X-ray and gamma radiography for discontinuity detection purposes, using NDT (Non-destructive testing) digital X-ray image detectors. This part of EN 12681 specifies the requirements for digital radiographic testing by either computed radiography (CR) or radiography with digital detector arrays (DDA) of castings.
Digital detectors provide a digital grey value image which can be viewed and evaluated using a computer.
NOTE This part of EN 12681 complies with EN 14784-2 for CR. Some clauses and annexes are taken from EN ISO 17636-2.
This part of EN 12681 describes the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important but are not the main focus of this standard. The procedure specified in this standard provides the minimum requirements for radiographic practice which permit exposure and acquisition of digital radiographs with equivalent sensitivity for detection of imperfections as film radiography, as specified in Part 1 of this standard.
The requirements on image quality in class A and B testing of Annex A consider the good workmanship quality for general casting applications as also required in Part 1 of this standard for film radiography.
The classes AA and BA reflect the quality requirements of current automated and semi-automated radiographic inspection systems with DDAs (computer based flaw recognition or visual inspection) and mini or micro focus tubes (spot size ≤ 1 mm) with reduced requirements to the unsharpness.
The described procedures are applicable to castings produced by any casting process, especially for steel, cast iron, aluminium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium, zinc and any alloys of them.
This part of this European Standard does not apply to:
- the testing of welded joints (see EN ISO 17636-2);
- film radiography;
- real time testing with radioscopy.
- Standard65 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes techniques and acceptance criteria to be used for the magnetic particle testing of forgings manufactured from ferromagnetic materials. The method described is used for the detection of surface discontinuities. It can also detect discontinuities just below the surface but the sensitivity to such discontinuities decreases rapidly with depth.
NOTE A steel forging is considered to be ferromagnetic if the magnetic flux density is greater than 1 T for a tangential magnetic field strength of 2,4 kA/m.
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