81.040.01 - Glass in general

This document provides the specifications and specifies the requirements for the designation of three types of glass namely crystal glass, crystal, and lead crystal, according to their chemical composition, density and refractive index. This document also describes the test methods to measure the respective characteristics of these crystal glass types. Given the potential lead contamination concerns in crystal glass and crystal, this document additionally stipulates a maximum permissible limit for lead content. This document is applicable to the designated crystal glass types used as tableware, containers (e.g. bottles, decanters, perfume jars), giftware, home decor and any decorative components in consumer goods (e.g. glass components and/or parts used in jewellery, textile applications, and electrical and electronic equipment), furniture and luminaries. This document does not apply to crystal glass types used within the areas of construction, healthcare and laboratories, and other technical uses of glass.

This document specifies a) a method for determining the hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 121 °C. The resistance is measured and expressed by the volume of acid required for titration of the alkali extracted from the unit mass of glass, and can also be expressed by the amount of sodium oxide equivalent to this volume of acid, and b) a classification of glass according to the hydrolytic resistance determined by the method of this document. This document is intended for use on the more resistant types of glass, e.g. borosilicate glass. NOTE 1 For the less resistant glasses, e.g. soda-lime, the method specified in ISO 719 is more suited. NOTE 2 It is emphasized that there is no exact correlation between the classification laid down in this document and that laid down in ISO 719, and it is, therefore, essential to identify which classification is being used.

This document specifies a) a method for determining the hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 98 °C. The resistance is measured and expressed by the volume of acid required for titration of the alkali extracted from the unit mass of glass, and can also be expressed by the amount of sodium oxide equivalent to this volume of acid, and b) a classification of glass according to the hydrolytic resistance determined by the method of this document. This document is intended for use on the less resistant types of glass, such as soda-lime glass. NOTE 1 For the more resistant glasses, e.g. borosilicate glass, the method specified in ISO 720 is more suited. NOTE 2 It is emphasized that there is no exact correlation between the classification laid down in this document and that laid down in ISO 720, and it is, therefore, essential to identify which classification is being used.

ISO 14719:2011 specifies a spectral photometric method with 1,10-phenanthroline for the quantitative determination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in oxidic raw and basic materials for ceramics, glass and glazes, e.g. feldspar, kaolinites, clay, limestone, quartz refractory materials. ISO 14719:2011 could be extended to other aluminosilicate materials, providing that uncertainty data is produced to support it. However, there might be problems in the decomposition of high-purity alumina and chrome ore samples.
The method is not suitable for reduced materials, such as silicon carbide, graphite-magnesia, etc.

This standard specifies a method for the quantitative determination of Iron2+ and Iron3+ in oxidic raw and basic materials for ceramics, glass and glazes, e. g. felspar, kaolines, clay, limestone, quartz, by solution spectrophotometry.
The concentration ranges for both iron species are within 10 mg/kg to 2000 mg/kg and can be determined in parallel.

ISO 14719:2011 specifies a spectral photometric method with 1,10-phenanthroline for the quantitative determination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in oxidic raw and basic materials for ceramics, glass and glazes, e.g. feldspar, kaolinites, clay, limestone, quartz refractory materials. ISO 14719:2011 could be extended to other aluminosilicate materials, providing that uncertainty data is produced to support it. However, there might be problems in the decomposition of high-purity alumina and chrome ore samples. The method is not suitable for reduced materials, such as silicon carbide, graphite-magnesia, etc.

ISO 21078-1:2008 specifies methods of determining boron(III) oxide in refractory products and raw materials, in mass fractions of 0,01 % or greater. It is applicable to the determination of total boron(111) oxide in oxidic materials for ceramics, glass and glazes.

ISO 21078-2:2006 specifies procedures of chemical analysis for the determination of boron(III) oxide used as a binder component added to aluminosilicate refractories, using an acid extraction method.
It is applicable for refractories containing less than 1 % (mass fraction) of boron(III) oxide.

ISO 21078-1:2008 specifies methods of determining boron(III) oxide in refractory products and raw materials, in mass fractions of 0,01 % or greater. It is applicable to the determination of total boron(111) oxide in oxidic materials for ceramics, glass and glazes.

ISO 21078-2:2006 specifies procedures of chemical analysis for the determination of boron(III) oxide used as a binder component added to aluminosilicate refractories, using an acid extraction method. It is applicable for refractories containing less than 1 % (mass fraction) of boron(III) oxide.

The principle of the method specified is complexing of the aluminium in the extract solution to be analyzed with chromazurol S, measuring the optical density of the resulting solution by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 545 nm using 10 mm optical cells. Measures the concentration of aluminium, expressed as its oxide Al2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.

The principle of the method specified is complexing of the boron in the extract solution to be analyzed with azomethine H, measurement of the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 415 nm using 20 mm optical cells. Measures the concentration of boron, expressed as its oxide B2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware made, e.g., from borosilicate glass, neutral glass, tableware and kitchenware.

The principle of the method specified is conditioning the extract solution to be analyzed, developing the blue silicomolybdate complex using ammonium molybdate and a reducing solution, measuring the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 800 nm using 10 mm optical cells. Measures the concentrations of silicon, expressed as its oxide SiO2. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.

The principle of the method specified is spraying the extract solution into the flame of the burner of an emission or absorption spectrometer, if necessary with the addition of a spectrochemical buffer solution, or into the flame of a filter flame spectrometer without this addition. For FES and FAAS, the lines at 589,0 nm and 766,5 nm, respectively, are used and compared with the measurements of reference solutions, for a flame filter spectrometer, the specific filters are used. Measures the concentrations of sodium and potassium, expressed as their oxides Na2O and K2O. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware.

The principle of the method specified is measuring the portion of the 422,7 nm line absorbed by calcium atoms and of the 285,2 nm line absorbed by magnesium atoms using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer, and comparison with the absorption produced by reference solutions. Measures the concentrations of calcium and magnesium, expressed as their oxides CaO and MgO. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.

The principle of the method specified is reducing the iron in the extract solution, complexing, extracting the complex into chloroform and measurement of the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 533 nm or evaporating with hydrofluoric and perchloric acids, dissolving of the residue in hydrochloric acid, measuring the absorption using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer at 248,3 nm. Measures the concentration of iron, expressed as its oxide Fe2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware.

Describes a test method for determining the stresses which may occur after the sealing of two glasses by means of stress birefringence.

The principle of the method specified is complexing of the boron in the extract solution to be analyzed with azomethine H, measurement of the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 415 nm using 20 mm optical cells. Measures the concentration of boron, expressed as its oxide B2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware made, e.g., from borosilicate glass, neutral glass, tableware and kitchenware.

The principle of the method specified is spraying the extract solution into the flame of the burner of an emission or absorption spectrometer, if necessary with the addition of a spectrochemical buffer solution, or into the flame of a filter flame spectrometer without this addition. For FES and FAAS, the lines at 589,0 nm and 766,5 nm, respectively, are used and compared with the measurements of reference solutions, for a flame filter spectrometer, the specific filters are used. Measures the concentrations of sodium and potassium, expressed as their oxides Na2O and K2O. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware.

The principle of the method specified is measuring the portion of the 422,7 nm line absorbed by calcium atoms and of the 285,2 nm line absorbed by magnesium atoms using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer, and comparison with the absorption produced by reference solutions. Measures the concentrations of calcium and magnesium, expressed as their oxides CaO and MgO. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.

The principle of the method specified is conditioning the extract solution to be analyzed, developing the blue silicomolybdate complex using ammonium molybdate and a reducing solution, measuring the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 800 nm using 10 mm optical cells. Measures the concentrations of silicon, expressed as its oxide SiO2. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.

The principle of the method specified is complexing of the aluminium in the extract solution to be analyzed with chromazurol S, measuring the optical density of the resulting solution by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 545 nm using 10 mm optical cells. Measures the concentration of aluminium, expressed as its oxide Al2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.

The principle of the method specified is reducing the iron in the extract solution, complexing, extracting the complex into chloroform and measurement of the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 533 nm or evaporating with hydrofluoric and perchloric acids, dissolving of the residue in hydrochloric acid, measuring the absorption using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer at 248,3 nm. Measures the concentration of iron, expressed as its oxide Fe2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware.

Describes the tensile test for isotropic glass. The wavelength-dependent stress-optical coefficient is a characteristic value of materials and it is necessary for determining the stress from results of measurement of stress birefringence.

Describes the bending test for isotropic glass. The wavelength-dependent stress-optical coefficient is a characteristic value of materials and it is necessary for determining the stress from results of measurement of stress birefringence.

Specifies the reagents, the preparation and number of samples, and the test procedure; describes the expression of results and the contents of the test report. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (1984).

The method deals with the measurement of the change of length of a glass fibre under specified conditions. The apparatus including the used dilatometers and the possibilities of corretion, the formulae for the final length and the expansion coefficient are specified. In the annex, devices for self-adjusting alignment of specimen and push-rod axis are described and illustrated.

The temperature characterizes a certain glass transition range from the elastic brittle (low temperature) state to the viscous (high temperature) state of glass. It is used for specifying cooling programmes. The transformation temperature is determined by measuring the change in length, related to the length at intial temperature, of a rod made from the glass under test with temperature. The relative change in length is plotted against the temperature (dilatometer curve). From this dilatometer curve the transformation temperature is determined by a graphic procedure as shown in a diagramm.

The specified method provides values being useful for specifying the cooling programme in the production of glassware. The annealing point is determined by measuring the rate of midpoint viscous bending of a simple loaded glass beam. The strain point is subsequently determined by an extrapolation method. Annex A provides the formulae for cross-sectional moment of inertia at various cross-section geometries, and annex B shows an example of beam bending apparatus

The temperatur above which the glass is capable of most forming operations is determined by measuring the elongation of a round glass fibre under its own weight. Closely defines requirements for the test specimen, procedure and apparatus lead to optimum repeatability of the specified temperature point. The furnace is specified with essential aspects.

This method allows continuous measurements viscosity and measurements under various shearing stresses. The viscosity is determined by the flow field coefficient, the torque and the rotational frequency. Two types of rotation viscometers are described: viscometer of the Couette type with adjustable revolving crucible and viscometer of Searle type with the crucibel at rest and the plunger revolving. The procedure is specified and typical examples of flow field with formules for calculating (annex A) and a typical rotation viscometer (annex B) are described.

A method of determining the dynamic viscosity of glass on a rod-shaped test specimen, i.e. a beam, supported at its end is specified. The viscous deflection rate of the beam is measured under given load at the midpoint between the supports. In addition the viscosity-temperature relationship and the dependence of the viscosity on the thermal history of the sample can be determined. The theoretical basis relations and the apparatus including method of measurements are described.

The specified method is suitable for characterizing the low-viscosity range of glass working: A vertically positioned narrow metal rod, i.e. the bar, is allowed to sink under its own weight into the melt. From the rate of sinking the dynamic viscosity is calculated. The teoretical basis relation and the apparatus including method of measurements are described.

A method of determining the dynamic viscosity of glass by measuring the elongation a glass fibre under a defined uniaxial stress. In addition the viscosity-temperature relationship and the dependence of the viscosity on the thermal history can be checked. The theoretical basis relation and the apparatus including the method of measuring are specified.

Rules a given characterizing glass as a liquid (or liquid-analogue deformable) material. Three ranges of viscosity can be distinguished: melting, working and annealing range. General requirements for measurement and calibration, for apparatus and for sampling are specified. The formulae for calculating the different values are described. In annex A tables for estimating the influence of errors in viscosity and temperature determination and in annex B examples of certified reference glasses are shown.

The specified method applies to pieces of glass, preferable flat but if necessary curved, but from articles of laboratory glassware. Sample pieces are subjected to an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, and the amount of alkali metal oxides extracted per unit area is determined as a measure of the acid resistance. Apparatus, reagents, and procedure are specified.

IWA 8:2009 establishes requirements for the use of the glass designations “clear glass” and “ultra-clear glass” for non-coloured glass items according to their clarity and iron content. IWA 8:2009 specifies a procedure for measuring the clarity of glass items by means of a spectrophotometer. IWA 8:2009 is applicable to mineral glasses, and glass items where a part is not covered by coating or decoration, and is therefore available for sampling. IWA 8:2009 is applicable to the use of glass as tableware, giftware, jewellery and luminaries. IWA 8:2009 is not applicable to the use of glass in the context of building, containers, medicine and laboratories, and to other technical uses of glass.

The principle, reagents, apparatus and the procedure are specified. The resistance is expressed by the volume of acid required for titration of the alkali extracted from the unit mass of glass. The permissible range of the values obtained and the limit values in the hydrolytic resistance grain test are listed.

The principle, reagents, apparatus and procedure are specified. The resistance is expressed by the volume of acid required for titration of the alkali extracted from the unit mass of glass. For five classes of grain the limit values in the test are listed.