87.040 - Paints and varnishes
ICS 87.040 Details
Paints and varnishes
Beschichtungsstoffe (Farben und Lacke)
Peintures et vernis
Barve in laki
General Information
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This document specifies several types of standard panels and provides guidance and requirements on the procedures for their preparation prior to painting. The standard panels described in this document are intended for use in general methods of test for paints, varnishes and related products.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Draft6 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method to measure the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral transmittance in the wavelength range from 280 nm to 700 nm of coatings for wind turbine rotor blades. Single and multilayer coatings or coating systems can be tested.
From the spectral transmittance the transmittance of UV, VIS and the combined UV and VIS wavelength range can be calculated.
It is applicable to free coatings films or coatings applied on a UV-transparent quartz substrate.
- Draft16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes a method to measure ice adhesion from artificial ice on test substrates by using a centrifuge. Basic ice types are defined and test parameters for the ice removal are described to achieve reproducibility of test results for ice adhesion measurements for rotor blade coatings. This document does not intend to provide fixed test parameter to account for the diversity of relevant icing scenarios in this field of application.
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the quantitative determination of monomeric diisocyanate content in coating materials, adhesives and other liquid or pasty materials.
This method is suitable for the quantification of the following monomeric diisocyanates: methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI, 2,4’-MDI and 4,4’-MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI, 2,6-TDI, 2,4-TDI), (cis/trans) isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI,1,6-HDI) in various matrices for concentrations ranging from 0,01 % to 2,0 % mass fraction. For higher concentrations, a suitable dilution before the derivatization with p-nitrobenzyl-N-propylamine (PNBPA) is performed. The measurements are carried out using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with a multiple wavelength detector.
- Draft15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document aims to enable users to identify an appropriate method for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) content and/or the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) content of coating materials and their raw materials. This document provides a step-by-step procedure for identifying appropriate tests. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 11890-1, ISO 11890-2 and ISO 17895, to help users select an appropriate analytical method for their analytical problem.
- Draft9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is part of the ISO 11890 series, dealing with the sampling and testing of coating materials and their raw materials.
This document is applicable to the determination of volatile organic compound (VOC) content in the following cases:
— case 1: where there are single-pack coating materials other than case 3, and the expected VOC content is greater than a mass fraction of 5 %, including single-pack coating materials cure not through chemical reactions and single-pack coating materials which cannot be measured by ISO 11890-2 due to chemical cure reactions or gas chromatography temperatures leading to formation of new compounds that would not appear under normal cure conditions and impacts VOC/SVOC calculation.;
— case 2: where there are multi-pack coating materials other than case 3 and the expected VOC content is greater than a mass fraction of 1 %;
— case 3: where there are radiation curable coating materials, and the expected VOC content is greater than a mass fraction of 5 %. Radiation curable coating materials in this document include coating materials that are cured by UV, electron beam, and other radiation methods.
If the system of the first case contains SVOC, but do not cure through chemical reactions, the VOC result can be influenced by SVOC, see Annex C. In this case, ISO 11890-2 is preferred. ISO 11890-1 cannot be used for the determination of the SVOC content. In water-borne coating materials, that do not cure through chemical reactions, if the water content is much greater than VOC content and VOC content is less than a mass fraction of 10 %, ISO 11890-2 is preferred.
For all three cases, the main purpose measured is VOC. However, clarify that this VOC content can also contain SVOC. The real VOC content can be lower than the VOC content measured by ISO 11890-1.
The method specified in this document assumes that the volatile matter is either water or organic. However, it is possible that other volatile inorganic compounds are present which can require another suitable method for quantification, which is thus allowed for in the calculations. The method defined in this document is not applicable for determination of water content.
- Draft21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is part of the ISO 11890 series, dealing with the sampling and testing of coating materials and their raw materials. This document is applicable to the determination of volatile organic compound (VOC) content in the following cases: — case 1: where there are single-pack coating materials other than case 3, and the expected VOC content is greater than a mass fraction of 5 %, including single-pack coating materials cure not through chemical reactions and single-pack coating materials which cannot be measured by ISO 11890-2 due to chemical cure reactions or gas chromatography temperatures leading to formation of new compounds that would not appear under normal cure conditions and impacts VOC/SVOC calculation.; — case 2: where there are multi-pack coating materials other than case 3 and the expected VOC content is greater than a mass fraction of 1 %; — case 3: where there are radiation curable coating materials, and the expected VOC content is greater than a mass fraction of 5 %. Radiation curable coating materials in this document include coating materials that are cured by UV, electron beam, and other radiation methods. If the system of the first case contains SVOC, but do not cure through chemical reactions, the VOC result can be influenced by SVOC, see Annex C. In this case, ISO 11890-2 is preferred. ISO 11890-1 cannot be used for the determination of the SVOC content. In water-borne coating materials, that do not cure through chemical reactions, if the water content is much greater than VOC content and VOC content is less than a mass fraction of 10 %, ISO 11890-2 is preferred. For all three cases, the main purpose measured is VOC. However, clarify that this VOC content can also contain SVOC. The real VOC content can be lower than the VOC content measured by ISO 11890-1. The method specified in this document assumes that the volatile matter is either water or organic. However, it is possible that other volatile inorganic compounds are present which can require another suitable method for quantification, which is thus allowed for in the calculations. The method defined in this document is not applicable for determination of water content.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard15 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for assessing the amount of filiform corrosion developed from a scribed mark by measuring the length of the longest filament L and the most frequent length M of filaments.
Pictorial examples provided in Annex A of this document illustrate different ratings for the degree of filiform corrosion. A comparison of the test panels with the 12 pictures in Annex A does not supersede the obligatory numerical assessment (method 1 or 2).
ISO 4628-1 defines a system used for designating the quantity and size of defects and the intensity of uniform changes in appearance of coatings and outlines the general principles of the system. This system is intended to be used, in particular, for defects caused by ageing and weathering, and for uniform changes such as colour changes, for example yellowing.
- Draft12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the resistance of wood coatings to artificial weathering performed in an apparatus equipped with fluorescent UV lamps, condensation and water spray devices.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for assessing the amount of filiform corrosion developed from a scribed mark by measuring the length of the longest filament L and the most frequent length M of filaments. Pictorial examples provided in Annex A of this document illustrate different ratings for the degree of filiform corrosion. A comparison of the test panels with the 12 pictures in Annex A does not supersede the obligatory numerical assessment (method 1 or 2). ISO 4628-1 defines a system used for designating the quantity and size of defects and the intensity of uniform changes in appearance of coatings and outlines the general principles of the system. This system is intended to be used, in particular, for defects caused by ageing and weathering, and for uniform changes such as colour changes, for example yellowing.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document gives information on an interlaboratory comparison for the determination of the time-dependent structural change (thixotropy) using rheological test methods. Thixotropy is the reversible, time-dependent decrease of shear viscosity η at a constant shear rate γ or shear stress τ. This document provides examples of fields of application, in which important material properties can be characterized by the thixotropy. These fields of application include: — effectiveness of rheological additives and thixotropic agents, respectively; — stability of the structure at rest (e.g. behaviour when starting to pump); — wet film thickness after processing; — levelling and sagging behaviour (e.g. without brushmarks or sag formation); — orientation of effect pigments.
- Technical report36 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document gives information on an interlaboratory comparison for the determination of the yield point, using rheological test methods. The yield point is the shear stress τ below which a material does not flow. This document provides examples of fields of applications, in which important material properties are characterized with the aid of the yield point. These fields of application include: — effectiveness of rheological additives; — shelf life (e.g. with regard to sedimentation, separation and flocculation); — stability of the structure at rest; — behaviour when starting to pump; — use in scraper systems; — wet-film thickness; — levelling and sagging behaviour (e.g. without brushmarks or sag formation); — orientation of effect pigments.
- Technical report17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a mobile method for evaluating the resistance of automotive finishes to chilled-iron grit projected onto the surface under test to simulate the effect of stone chipping.
Results from the test specified in this document are not comparable with results specified in ISO 20567-1.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes the principle of electrochemical noise measurement (EN), specifically focusing on the application of the technique to indicate the level of protection provided by an organic coating to the underlying metal. It discusses the principles behind the measurement method but also the type of electrochemical apparatus, the experimental set-up and electrodes configurations, the presentation of measured data, and analysis of results that have been used in the work done so far and reported in the references. This work has mainly been done in the laboratory, and there are some examples of work conducted in the field. NOTE At the time of publication of this document, electrochemical noise measurement for coatings is mainly used by a number of academic groups. This document aims to encourage more general application of this method, particularly to field work.
- Technical report14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a mobile method for evaluating the resistance of automotive finishes to chilled-iron grit projected onto the surface under test to simulate the effect of stone chipping.
Results from the test specified in this document are not comparable with results specified in ISO 20567-1.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 2811-3:2011 specifies a method for determining the density of paints, varnishes and related products using an oscillator.
The method is suitable for all materials, including paste-like coatings. If a pressure-resistant type of apparatus is used, the method is also applicable to aerosols.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the determination of the rheological behaviour of a coating powder both in particulate and molten form.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides pictorial reference standards for designating the degree of chalking of paint coatings. It also describes a method by which the degree of chalking is rated. In using this method, it is essential that care be taken to distinguish between true degradation products and adhering dirt, particularly when chalking is slight.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for estimating the influence of jetting liquids from the rinsing
process after electro-deposition coating (permeate residues) on a coating.
It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial
applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method based on a cyclic corrosion test for testing the corrosion protection of automobiles using coating systems on aluminium, steel or galvanized steel.
The test method uses corrosive conditions (temperature and humidity ramps and salt spray) to create realistic corrosion patterns. These corrosion patterns are typical for automobiles, and they are comparable in the case of sufficiently similar protective coating systems. In particular, the accelerated test investigates the delamination/corrosion creep that results from defined artificial damage to a coating. Investigations of surface and edge corrosion or investigations of adhesive specimens or components are also covered. This cyclic corrosion test is also suitable for testing corrosion in flanged areas or near gaps.
This document was developed for the assessment of coated substrates (test specimens, bodywork and mounted parts) in the automotive industry. Other applications, such as components with unpainted metallic coatings, were not part of the scope of the standardization work. This document was originally developed for coating systems on aluminium, steel or galvanized steel but it can also be used for the assessment of the corrosion resistance of coating systems on other metals and their alloys.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for determining the pigment-binder ratio.
It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the density of coating powders by liquid displacement
in a measuring cylinder. The method is based on a determination of the mass and the volume of a test
portion. It can be used for all types of coating powders.
NOTE If the powder does not swell in contact with the displacement liquid used and if the displacement liquid
replaces the air between the powder particles, it can then be used and compared with the method described in
ISO 8130-3.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 2811-3:2011 specifies a method for determining the density of paints, varnishes and related products using an oscillator.
The method is suitable for all materials, including paste-like coatings. If a pressure-resistant type of apparatus is used, the method is also applicable to aerosols.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the determination of the rheological behaviour of a coating powder both in particulate and molten form.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the density of paints, varnishes and related products using an oscillator. The method is suitable for all materials, including paste-like coatings. If a pressure-resistant type of apparatus is used, the method is also applicable to aerosols.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ISO 4628-6:2011 provides pictorial reference standards for designating the degree of chalking of paint coatings. It also describes a method by which the degree of chalking is rated.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method based on a cyclic corrosion test for testing the corrosion protection of automobiles using coating systems on aluminium, steel or galvanized steel.
The test method uses corrosive conditions (temperature and humidity ramps and salt spray) to create realistic corrosion patterns. These corrosion patterns are typical for automobiles, and they are comparable in the case of sufficiently similar protective coating systems. In particular, the accelerated test investigates the delamination/corrosion creep that results from defined artificial damage to a coating. Investigations of surface and edge corrosion or investigations of adhesive specimens or components are also covered. This cyclic corrosion test is also suitable for testing corrosion in flanged areas or near gaps.
This document was developed for the assessment of coated substrates (test specimens, bodywork and mounted parts) in the automotive industry. Other applications, such as components with unpainted metallic coatings, were not part of the scope of the standardization work. This document was originally developed for coating systems on aluminium, steel or galvanized steel but it can also be used for the assessment of the corrosion resistance of coating systems on other metals and their alloys.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides pictorial reference standards for designating the degree of chalking of paint coatings. It also describes a method by which the degree of chalking is rated. In using this method, it is essential that care be taken to distinguish between true degradation products and adhering dirt, particularly when chalking is slight.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the quantitative determination of monomeric diisocyanate content in coating materials, adhesives and other liquid or pasty materials. This method is suitable for the quantification of the following monomeric diisocyanates: methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI, 2,4’-MDI and 4,4’-MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI, 2,6-TDI, 2,4-TDI), (cis/trans) isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI,1,6-HDI) in various matrices for concentrations ranging from 0,01 % to 2,0 % mass fraction. For higher concentrations, a suitable dilution before the derivatization with p-nitrobenzyl-N-propylamine (PNBPA) is performed. The measurements are carried out using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with a multiple wavelength detector.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determining the density of coating powders by liquid displacement in a measuring cylinder. The method is based on a determination of the mass and the volume of a test portion. It can be used for all types of coating powders.
NOTE If the powder does not swell in contact with the displacement liquid used and if the displacement liquid replaces the air between the powder particles, it can then be used and compared with the method described in ISO 8130-3.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for estimating the influence of jetting liquids from the rinsing process after electro-deposition coating (permeate residues) on a coating.
It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for determining the pigment-binder ratio.
It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 4624:2016 specifies three methods (i.e. one dolly or two dollies on a painted panel and two dollies, one as painted substrate) for determining the adhesion by carrying out a pull-off test on a single coating or a multi-coat system of paint, varnish or related product.
These test methods have been found useful in comparing the adhesion behaviour of different coatings. It is most useful in providing relative ratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significant differences in adhesion.
The test may be applied using a wide range of substrates. Different procedures are given according to whether the substrate is deformable, for example thin metal, plastics and wood, or rigid, for example thick concrete and metal plates. To avoid distortion of the substrate during the tensile test, it is common to use a sandwich construction. For example, for special purposes, the coating may be applied directly to the face of a test dolly.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 20567-2:2017 specifies a method for the evaluation of the resistance of automobile finishes and other coatings to the impact of a wedge-shaped body projected onto the surface under test to simulate the impact of stones.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of EN 927 specifies a test method for assessing the liquid water permeability of coating systems for exterior wood by measuring the water absorption of coated wood panels.
Results are expressed as water absorption in grams per square metre during a period of 72 h.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method to evaluate the resistance of automobile finishes and other coatings to the impact of a wedge-shaped body which is projected onto the surface under test to simulate the impact of stones.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method to evaluate the resistance of automobile finishes and other coatings to the impact of a wedge-shaped body which is projected onto the surface under test to simulate the impact of stones.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies three methods for determining the adhesion by carrying out a pull-off test on a single coating or a multi-coat system of paint, varnish or related product.
These methods include:
— method A: using two dollies, suitable for testing both rigid and deformable substrates;
— method B: testing from one side only, using a single dolly, suitable for rigid substrates only;
— method C: using dollies, one as a painted substrate.
These test methods have been found useful in comparing the adhesion behaviour of different coatings. It is most useful in providing relative ratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significant differences in adhesion.
The test can be applied using a wide range of substrates. Different procedures are given according to whether the substrate is deformable, e.g. thin metal, plastics and wood, or rigid, e.g. thick concrete and metal plates. To avoid distortion of the substrate during the tensile test, it is common to use a sandwich construction. For example, for special purposes, the coating can be applied directly to the face of a test dolly.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies three methods for determining the adhesion by carrying out a pull-off test on a single coating or a multi-coat system of paint, varnish or related product. These methods include: — method A: using two dollies, suitable for testing both rigid and deformable substrates; — method B: testing from one side only, using a single dolly, suitable for rigid substrates only; — method C: using dollies, one as a painted substrate. These test methods have been found useful in comparing the adhesion behaviour of different coatings. It is most useful in providing relative ratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significant differences in adhesion. The test can be applied using a wide range of substrates. Different procedures are given according to whether the substrate is deformable, e.g. thin metal, plastics and wood, or rigid, e.g. thick concrete and metal plates. To avoid distortion of the substrate during the tensile test, it is common to use a sandwich construction. For example, for special purposes, the coating can be applied directly to the face of a test dolly.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This Technical Specification describes a test method to measure the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral transmittance in the wavelength range from 280 nm to 700 nm of coatings for exterior wood. From the spectral transmittance the transmittance of UV, VIS and the UV plus VIS wavelength range can be calculated.
It is applicable to free coatings films or coatings applied on a UV-transparent substrate.
- Technical specification14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This Technical Specification describes a test method to measure the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral transmittance in the wavelength range from 280 nm to 700 nm of coatings for exterior wood. From the spectral transmittance the transmittance of UV, VIS and the UV plus VIS wavelength range can be calculated.
It is applicable to free coatings films or coatings applied on a UV-transparent substrate.
- Technical specification14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This standard is directed at the investigation of the mechanical and tensile properties of free
coating films. It is similar to ISO 5273 and ISO 37 for the testing of plastic and rubber materials
but with particular focus on test sample preparation from free coating films. Typical parameters
for the mechanical behaviour are the modulus of elasticity, the tensile strength and the
elongation at break/elongation at rupture during stretching of a free coating film with constant
speed.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This Technical Specification specifies a method for assessing the resistance of a coating system on wet wood to separation from the substrate by measuring the force necessary to detach or rupture the coating system by a normal tensile strain applied through an attached stud (dolly). Additional information is gained by noting the type and locus of failure. The force required for detachment will depend on several factors including the adhesion of the coating to the substrate and between intermediate coating layers. The procedure is not regarded as a direct means of measuring adhesion but an indicator of adhesive performance (adherence) under wet conditions.
A procedure for wetting the wood substrate is described. The test method is only suitable for wood and wood based substrates.
For dry adhesion the test method is allowed to be carried out without wetting in which case it will differ very little from EN ISO 4624.
- Technical specification14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 7784-2:2016 specifies a method for determining the resistance to abrasion of coatings, for which two loaded, freely rotatable but eccentrically arranged abrasive rubber wheels affect the coating of the rotating test specimen.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms used in the field of coating materials (paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes).
Terms relating to specific applications and properties are dealt with in standards concerning those applications and properties, including corrosion protection (see the ISO 12944 series), coating powders (see ISO 8130-14), electro-deposition coatings (see ISO 22553-1) and rheology (see ISO 3219-1).
Terms on nanotechnologies are harmonized with the ISO 80004 series.
Terms on pigments and extenders are harmonized with ISO 18451-1.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for determining under defined conditions the resistance of a single coating or a multi-coat system of paint, varnish or related product to penetration by scratching with a scratch stylus loaded with a specified load. Penetration of the stylus is to the substrate, except in the case of a multi-coat system, in which case the stylus can penetrate either to the substrate or to an intermediate coat.
The method specified can be carried out
a) either as a "pass/fail" test, by testing with a single specified load applied to the stylus to assess conformity with a particular specification, or
b) as an assessment test by applying increasing loads to the stylus to determine the minimum load at which the coating is penetrated.
NOTE Neither this document nor ISO 1518‑2 specifies a method using a curved stylus, which is specified in ISO 12137. The choice between the three methods will depend on the particular practical problem.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 7784-1:2016 specifies a method for determining the resistance to abrasion of coatings, for which two loaded, freely rotatable but eccentrically arranged abrasive-paper covered wheels affect the coating of the rotating test specimens.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 2811-1:2016 specifies a method for determining the density of paints, varnishes and related products using a metal or Gay-Lussac pycnometer.
The method is limited to materials of low or medium viscosity at the temperature of test. The Hubbard pycnometer (see ISO 3507) can be used for highly viscous materials.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day