91.100 - Construction materials
ICS 91.100 Details
Construction materials
Baustoffe
Materiaux de construction
Gradbeni materiali
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 91.100 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Construction materials". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 11180 standards classified under ICS 91.100 (Construction materials). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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(1) This document specifies the scheme for the conformity assessment and assessment criteria for concrete.
(2) The document provides technical rules for assessment of the performance of the concrete and actions to be followed in the event of non-conformity of the product or negative assessment.
(3) This document gives provisions and guidance for certification of factory production control and of the concrete.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
(1) This document applies to concrete for structures cast in situ, precast structures, and structural precast products for buildings and civil engineering structures.
(2) The concrete described by this document can be:
— normal-weight, heavy-weight and lightweight;
— mixed on site, ready-mixed or produced in a plant for precast concrete products;
— compacted or self-compacting to retain no appreciable amount of entrapped air other than entrained air.
(3) This document specifies requirements for:
— the constituents of concrete;
— the properties of fresh and hardened concrete;
— the limitations for concrete composition;
— the specification of concrete;
— the delivery of fresh concrete;
— the production control procedures;
— the assessment criteria for individual values.
(4) This document does not apply to:
— aerated concrete;
— foamed concrete;
— concrete with density less than 800 kg/m3;
— refractory concrete.
(5) This document does not cover health and safety requirements for the protection of workers during production and delivery of concrete.
- Standard86 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for the determination of per cent recovery and non-recoverable creep compliance of bitumens and bituminous binders by means of a Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test. The MSCR test is conducted using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) in creep mode at a specified temperature.
The per cent recovery at multiple shear stress levels is intended to determine the presence of elastic response and the stress dependence of bituminous binders. The non-recoverable creep compliance at multiple shear stress levels is intended as an indicator for the sensitivity to permanent deformation and stress dependence of bituminous binders.
This document is applicable to un-aged, aged, stabilized and recovered bituminous binders. The test procedure in accordance with this document is not applicable for bituminous binders with particles larger than 250 μm (e.g. filler material, granulated rubber).
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices, workers protection, and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The use of this document involves handling of apparatus and binders at very high temperatures.
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the equipment and procedures for determining the hygrothermal behaviour of external thermal insulation composite kits with a rendering system (ETICS kits).
- Draft14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies terms and definitions of engineered stone intended for use in finished products such as countertops and vanities, floor and wall coverings and accessories including its raw materials, manufacturing, fabrication and installation.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
(1) This document applies to concrete for structures cast in situ, precast structures, and structural precast products for buildings and civil engineering structures.
(2) The concrete described by this document can be:
— normal-weight, heavy-weight and lightweight;
— mixed on site, ready-mixed or produced in a plant for precast concrete products;
— compacted or self-compacting to retain no appreciable amount of entrapped air other than entrained air.
(3) This document specifies requirements for:
— the constituents of concrete;
— the properties of fresh and hardened concrete;
— the limitations for concrete composition;
— the specification of concrete;
— the delivery of fresh concrete;
— the production control procedures;
— the assessment criteria for individual values.
(4) This document does not apply to:
— aerated concrete;
— foamed concrete;
— concrete with density less than 800 kg/m3;
— refractory concrete.
(5) This document does not cover health and safety requirements for the protection of workers during production and delivery of concrete.
- Standard86 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
(1) This document specifies the scheme for the conformity assessment and assessment criteria for concrete.
(2) The document provides technical rules for assessment of the performance of the concrete and actions to be followed in the event of non-conformity of the product or negative assessment.
(3) This document gives provisions and guidance for certification of factory production control and of the concrete.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies equipment and procedures for determining the pull-through resistance of plate and spiral anchors through thermal insulation.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides the requirements for site verification that an installed system of EIFS, (exterior insulation and finish system), conforms with the requirements of ISO 17738-1, is installed in conformance with ISO 17738-2 and designed in conformance with ISO 17738-3. The document further covers EIFS installed on prefabricated panels being produced offsite and then installed on site. This document does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the properties and acceptable tolerances for bonded human-made mineral wool thermal insulating board for the overdeck insulation of roofs of buildings. The product is intended for roofs carrying foot traffic by maintenance personnel only. This document specifies the properties to be declared by the manufacturer at the time of delivery, as well as some test methods for the determination of these properties. This document provides limiting values for most of the properties. These limiting values are for specification purposes only. Design values can be derived from these by considering the environmental factors affecting the thermal performance of the product, the influence of the product properties on installation, and the effect of workmanship on the thermal performance. This document applies to board with or without a membrane for the insulation of the upper surface of roofs under roofing systems protected against water. The properties of a facing membrane are not described. When the board is supplied with a facing membrane, it is not intended to be waterproof. The board specified in this document is intended to be fixed to the roof surface.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes a method for determining the tensile adhesion strength of fibre-combined multilayer ceramic tiles, in particular the adhesion between the back of the fibre-combined multilayer ceramic tiles and the cementitious adhesive used for installation.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the properties and acceptable tolerances for bonded man-made mineral wool thermal insulating mats (batts and rolls). The mats specified in this document are for use within ventilated spaces of buildings where the essential ventilation of the space can be restricted if the thickness recovery of the insulation is excessive. See ISO 9774:2004, Figure 1, for typical locations. They can be supplied flat, folded, or in the form of a roll. This document specifies the properties to be declared by the manufacturer at the time of delivery, as well as some test methods for the determination of these properties. This document provides limiting values for most of the properties. These limiting values are for specification purposes only. Mats can be supplied with a factory-applied facing, but facings are not covered by this document. Because mats are not generally designed to support any applied load, only the mechanical properties required for adequate handling during application are specified.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the properties and acceptance tolerances for bonded man-made mineral wool thermal insulating mats (batts and rolls). The mats specified in this document are only intended to be used for horizontal applications with unrestricted ventilation, where any excess of thickness recovery of the insulation mat will not restrict the essential ventilation space. See ISO 9774:2004, Figure 1 for typical locations. The mineral wool mats which are specified in ISO 8144-1 are primarily intended for use in applications where any excess of thickness must be limited. This document provides limiting values for most of the properties. These limiting values are for specification purposes only; design values can be derived from these by considering the environmental factors affecting the thermal performance of the product, the influence of the product properties on installation, and the effect of workmanship on the thermal performance. For converting declared R-values to design values, see ISO 10456. Mats can be supplied with a factory-applied facing, but facings are not covered by this document. In general, mats are not designed to support any applied load. For this reason, only the mechanical properties required for adequate handling during application are specified.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements for factory-made thermal insulating products containing one or more reflective or low-emissivity surface components, and designed to be used in conjunction with an incorporated air space, for the thermal insulation of buildings. This document specifies products manufactured in the form of rolls, boards and sheets, and also covers products that are used in prefabricated thermal insulation systems and composite panels. Such prefabricated systems and composite panels are not within the scope of this document. The products specified in this document are not intended for use in load-bearing applications. This document does not specify the required level of a given property to be achieved by a product to demonstrate fitness for purpose in an application. The levels of performance required for a given application are to be found in project specifications.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies discrete polymer fibres with a nominal length of 80 mm or less mixed in concrete and mortar. The quality and performance specified in this standard are the raw material resin of discrete polymer fibres, nominal fibre diameter and its allowable range, nominal fibre length and its allowable range, fibre cross-sectional shape, fibre longitudinal shape, grade of fibre strength, and grade of fibre elasticity. There are a wide variety of discrete polymer fibres used to reinforce cement composites. Currently, in discrete polymer fibres products distributed as industrial products, there are many types of raw material resins and various shapes. In addition, the applications that have been used in practical fields are so wide, from structural applications that require high mechanical reinforcement performance to crack control and peeling prevention that are easier to use. Therefore, to select an appropriate product from a wide variety of discrete polymer fibres, the characteristics of discrete polymer fibres need to be classified and revealed based on a unified evaluation method. This document allows manufacturers to ensure the performance of discrete polymer fibres are in accordance with an adequate standard in response to various user requests.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets for upgrading of concrete members for material suppliers. The methodologies to express the mechanical properties as characteristic values, appearance and dimensions, and sampling test are specified in this document. The fibre orientation of the FRP sheets covered by this document is unidirectional.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements and test methods for factory-made cellular glass products which are used for thermal insulation of buildings. The products are manufactured in the form of slabs, faced or unfaced boards, and one-sided blocks. Products covered by this document are also used in prefabricated thermal insulation systems and composite panels. The performance of systems incorporating these products is not covered. This document describes product characteristics and test methods, designation code, marking and labelling. This document does not apply to: — products with a declared thermal conductivity greater than 0,056 W/(m K) at 25 °C; — products for the insulation for the building equipment and industrial installations. This document does not specify the required level of a given property to be achieved by a product to demonstrate fitness for purpose in a particular application. Specific requirements agreed between the purchaser and the supplier, e.g. type, dimensions and forms, regulatory compliance and inspection requirements or certification requirements are outside the scope of this document.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the changes in colour of opaque sealants after laboratory accelerated weathering procedures using artificial light sources. This document is not applicable to metallic, pearlescent, translucent or transparent sealants.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies equipment and procedures for determining the pull-through resistance of plate and spiral anchors through thermal insulation.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms, which are used in the production and application of screed material and floor screeds.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish, French and German languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides the principles and procedures of environmental management for execution activities of concrete structures, which comprises earthwork/foundation work, formwork, reinforcement work, concreting work and waste treatment. Additional works for concrete structures such as electric work and utility work are outside the scope of this standard.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the methods for the chemical analysis of cement.
This document describes the reference methods and, in certain cases, an alternative method which can be considered to be equivalent. In the case of a dispute, only the reference methods are used.
An alternative performance-based method using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is described for SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O5, Mn2O3, SrO, Cl and Br. This method is based on beads of fused sample and analytical validation using certified reference materials, together with performance criteria. A method based on pressed pellets of un-fused sample can be considered as equivalent, providing that the analytical performance satisfies the same criteria.
An alternative performance-based method using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is described for SO3.
When correctly calibrated according to the specified procedures and reference materials, XRF and ICP-OES provides methods equivalent to the reference methods but has not been validated for use yet as a reference procedure for conformity and dispute purposes. They can be applied to other relevant elements when adequate calibrations have been established.
Any other methods can be used provided they are calibrated, either against the reference methods or against internationally accepted reference materials, in order to demonstrate their equivalence.
This document describes methods which apply principally to cements, but which can also be applied to their constituent materials. They can also be applied to other materials, the standards for which call up these methods. Standard specifications state which methods are to be used.
- Standard88 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms, which are used in the production and application of screed material and floor screeds.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish, French and German languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the methods for the chemical analysis of cement.
This document describes the reference methods and, in certain cases, an alternative method which can be considered to be equivalent. In the case of a dispute, only the reference methods are used.
An alternative performance-based method using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is described for SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O5, Mn2O3, SrO, Cl and Br. This method is based on beads of fused sample and analytical validation using certified reference materials, together with performance criteria. A method based on pressed pellets of un-fused sample can be considered as equivalent, providing that the analytical performance satisfies the same criteria.
An alternative performance-based method using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is described for SO3.
When correctly calibrated according to the specified procedures and reference materials, XRF and ICP-OES provides methods equivalent to the reference methods but has not been validated for use yet as a reference procedure for conformity and dispute purposes. They can be applied to other relevant elements when adequate calibrations have been established.
Any other methods can be used provided they are calibrated, either against the reference methods or against internationally accepted reference materials, in order to demonstrate their equivalence.
This document describes methods which apply principally to cements, but which can also be applied to their constituent materials. They can also be applied to other materials, the standards for which call up these methods. Standard specifications state which methods are to be used.
- Standard88 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets for the upgrading of concrete members.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the procedures for producing substrates of mortar, glass and anodized aluminium used for testing sealants. This document defines the composition and the method of preparation of the test substrates to ensure the reproducibility of the tests conducted on sealants. The substrates defined in this document are indicators of the sealant's performance and not substrates which reproduce the characteristics of the construction materials.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the general “design for recycling” guidelines for EPS raw materials. It provides guidance on the impact of specific design characteristics on the recyclability of the product in practice and recommended design options to ensure that the product is recyclable, including target values and performance ranges, where applicable. It also provides a definition of recyclable product and of design for recycling.
This document refers to EPS thermal insulation products but may be used for other EPS construction products where appropriate.
This document refers to the recycling processes of EPS insulation products. The sorting and collecting steps are not part of this document.
This document takes into account all currently known recycling processes that are suitable to enable the circular economy for insulation materials. Particular attention is paid to ensuring that the most energy-efficient processes are given preference, especially mechanical recycling.
For some of these processes, practical experience has been gained over many years, so a basic knowledge base for the development of a guideline is already available.
At the same time, it is important to also take into account future-oriented processes, for which at the moment little but increasing experience is available or which have so far only been implemented on a small scale.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the general “design for recycling” guidelines for EPS raw materials. It provides guidance on the impact of specific design characteristics on the recyclability of the product in practice and recommended design options to ensure that the product is recyclable, including target values and performance ranges, where applicable. It also provides a definition of recyclable product and of design for recycling.
This document refers to EPS thermal insulation products but may be used for other EPS construction products where appropriate.
This document refers to the recycling processes of EPS insulation products. The sorting and collecting steps are not part of this document.
This document takes into account all currently known recycling processes that are suitable to enable the circular economy for insulation materials. Particular attention is paid to ensuring that the most energy-efficient processes are given preference, especially mechanical recycling.
For some of these processes, practical experience has been gained over many years, so a basic knowledge base for the development of a guideline is already available.
At the same time, it is important to also take into account future-oriented processes, for which at the moment little but increasing experience is available or which have so far only been implemented on a small scale.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and methods of testing for three categories of rigid cellular plastics thermal-insulation products for buildings. It covers rigid cellular plastics in the form of flat or profiled boards, with or without natural skins. They can also be faced or laminated with foil, plastic or metal films or sheets, mineral coatings, paper, cardboard, or other materials. This document is not applicable to materials used for the thermal insulation of pipes and vessels, for impact sound absorption or for acoustical insulation. This document covers the following cellular materials used in the thermal insulation of buildings: — PF based on phenolic polymer; — EPS based on expanded polystyrene; — XPS based on extruded polystyrene; — PUR based on polyurethane. The limiting quality values in this document are for use only in the specification of materials between purchaser and supplier.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the adhesion and cohesion properties of sealants after cyclic exposure to heat and artificial light followed by a period of exposure to water at a defined temperature.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the dimensional stability (i.e. the shrinkage and swelling) of cementitious screed, calcium sulphate screed, magnesite screed and synthetic resin screed materials made in accordance with EN 13892-1.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the CM method for determining the moisture content of cementitious screed, calcium sulphate screed and magnesite screed made according to EN 13813.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the adhesion and cohesion properties of sealants after cyclic exposure to heat and artificial light followed by a period of exposure to water at a defined temperature.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the dimensional stability (i.e. the shrinkage and swelling) of cementitious screed, calcium sulphate screed, magnesite screed and synthetic resin screed materials made in accordance with EN 13892-1.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the CM method for determining the moisture content of cementitious screed, calcium sulphate screed and magnesite screed made according to EN 13813.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) grids as reinforcement or pre-stressing tendons in concrete, including physical, mechanical, durability, long term durability and bond properties. FRP grids in this document can be used for rehabilitating existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures and reinforcing new constructions. FRP grids in this document are made of fibre and resin matrix. The types of fibres are aramid fibre, basalt fibre, carbon fibre or glass fibre. The matrix includes thermosetting resins, such as vinylester, unsaturated polyester resins, as well as thermoplastic resins, including polypropylene, polyamides, and polymethyl methacrylate. FRP grids in this document are a rigid array of interconnected FRP bars, and do not include fibre textile and fabric with a mesh type. In this document, durability refers to alkali resistance.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars as reinforcement or pre-stressing tendons in concrete, including physical, mechanical, durability, and long-term properties. FRP bars in this document are made of fibre and resin matrix. Types of fibres are aramid fibre, basalt fibre, carbon fibre or glass fibre. The matrix includes thermosetting resins, such as vinylester, unsaturated polyester resins, as well as thermoplastic resins, including polypropylene, polyamides, and polymethyl methacrylate.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
Plastic waterproofing sheets generate plastic waste at different stages during their life cycle: production, construction process, service life and end-of-life.
This document specifies the source of recyclate made from pre-consumer material and post-consumer material as it is used in new products. These new products can be plastic waterproofing sheets, other sheets, other construction products or other products.
It defines terms and definitions.
It gives guidance for assessing the recyclates intended for use in the production of new products.
This document is applicable for similar products as construction sheets or membranes consisting of polymers or plastic components such as: swimming pool membranes, geosynthetic membranes, garden ponds membranes, protection membranes, accessories based on thermoplastic material such as walkways, prefabricated pieces. The listing is not exhaustive.
NOTE The design for recycling of packaging, including the recycling itself, is defined in the CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for factory-made rigid nano-microporous insulation, which are used for the thermal insulation of industrial applications on surface at temperatures from 100 °C to 1 150 °C. This document specifies insulation that exhibits thermal insulating performance through nano-sized pore composite material comprising a blend of inorganic powder, fibres and opacifiers. The products are delivered as board or pipe section type. This document describes product characteristics and includes procedures for testing, evaluation of conformity, marking and labelling. This document does not specify the required level of a given property to be achieved by a product to demonstrate fitness for purpose in a particular application. The levels required for a given application are to be found in regulations or non-conflicting standards.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the adhesion and cohesion properties of sealants after cyclic exposure to heat and artificial light followed by a period of exposure to water at a defined temperature.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the resistance tearing (nail shank) of bitumen sheets for roofing.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Amendment7 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the length, width and straightness of bitumen sheets for roof waterproofing.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides principles and a framework for the specification, performance, production and execution of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). This document applies to concrete for structures cast in situ, pre-cast structures and non-structural concrete. The concrete can be mixed on site, ready-mixed concrete or produced in a plant for pre-cast concrete products.
- Technical specification13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
Plastic waterproofing sheets generate plastic waste at different stages during their life cycle: production, construction process, service life and end-of-life.
This document specifies the source of recyclate made from pre-consumer material and post-consumer material as it is used in new products. These new products can be plastic waterproofing sheets, other sheets, other construction products or other products.
It defines terms and definitions.
It gives guidance for assessing the recyclates intended for use in the production of new products.
This document is applicable for similar products as construction sheets or membranes consisting of polymers or plastic components such as: swimming pool membranes, geosynthetic membranes, garden ponds membranes, protection membranes, accessories based on thermoplastic material such as walkways, prefabricated pieces. The listing is not exhaustive.
NOTE The design for recycling of packaging, including the recycling itself, is defined in the CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the equipment and procedures for determining the mechanical properties at sub-ambient temperatures from −196 °C to 25 °C, subject to the possible temperature limitation of the test specimens. It is not applicable to products which experience dimensional changes during the test due to the loss of hydration water or which undergo other phase changes.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a testing method for determining the elastic modulus of glazed and unglazed ceramic tiles, substrate and glaze layer at ambient temperature by three-point bending tests. This document also specifies procedures for test specimen preparation, test modes, load rates, data collection and reporting. This test method can be used for material research, quality control, characterization and design data-generation purposes of ceramic tiles with a plate shape. See Annex A for more information. This method is not applicable to the ceramic tiles with profiled structures from which the test specimen cannot be machined.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides principles and framework for use of recycled aggregates for concrete, which are produced from used resources primarily in the form of waste concrete. This document is intended to accelerate the use of recycled aggregates produced from construction and demolition wastes such as waste concrete and demolished masonry units. This document complements ISO 19595, natural aggregates for concrete, which does not include the minimum requirements for the recycled aggregates for concrete.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the resistance tearing (nail shank) of bitumen sheets for roofing.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the length, width and straightness of bitumen sheets for roof waterproofing.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day