93 - CIVIL ENGINEERING
ICS 93 Details
CIVIL ENGINEERING
INGENIEURBAU
GENIE CIVIL
NIZKE GRADNJE
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This document specifies the measurement of strain by means of strain gauges and strainmeters carried out for geotechnical monitoring. General rules of performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills and of geotechnical works are presented in ISO 18674-1.
This document is applicable to:
— performance monitoring of
— 1-D structural members such as piles, struts, props and anchor tendons;
— 2-D structural members such as foundation plates, sheet piles, diaphragm walls, retaining walls and shotcrete/concrete tunnel linings;
— 3-D structural members such as gravity dams, earth- and rock-fill dams, embankments and reinforced soil structures;
— checking geotechnical designs and adjustment of construction in connection with the observational design procedure;
— evaluating stability during or after construction.
With the aid of a stress-strain relationship of the material, strain data can be converted into stress and/or forces (for 1-D members; see ISO 18674-8) or stresses (for 2-D and 3-D members, see ISO 18674-5).
NOTE This document fulfils the requirements for the performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground and of geotechnical works by the means of strain measuring instruments as part of the geotechnical investigation and testing in accordance with References [1] and [2].
- Draft52 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the measurement of strain by means of strain gauges and strainmeters carried out for geotechnical monitoring. General rules of performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills and of geotechnical works are presented in ISO 18674-1. This document is applicable to: — performance monitoring of — 1-D structural members such as piles, struts, props and anchor tendons; — 2-D structural members such as foundation plates, sheet piles, diaphragm walls, retaining walls and shotcrete/concrete tunnel linings; — 3-D structural members such as gravity dams, earth- and rock-fill dams, embankments and reinforced soil structures; — checking geotechnical designs and adjustment of construction in connection with the observational design procedure; — evaluating stability during or after construction. With the aid of a stress-strain relationship of the material, strain data can be converted into stress and/or forces (for 1-D members; see ISO 18674-8) or stresses (for 2-D and 3-D members, see ISO 18674-5). NOTE This document fulfils the requirements for the performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground and of geotechnical works by the means of strain measuring instruments as part of the geotechnical investigation and testing in accordance with References [1] and [2].
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes the general principles of train detection for operations and services which are applied to any railway. This document provides the link of train detection with management of operational principles. It includes descriptions of operational and environmental conditions affecting train detection and impacts on operations. This document provides non-technical guidance for supporting the choice of a suitable train detection method relating to railway operations, for new lines and upgrade or renewal of train detection systems. This document excludes all technical aspects.
- Technical report14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies white, yellow and orange road markings, removable or non-removable, under the form of road marking assemblies or preformed road markings, to be used for temporary road markings in circulation areas. Other road marking products and colours intended for temporary road markings are not covered in this document.
This document also gives specifications for the evaluation of conformity of temporary road markings in circulation areas including type testing and factory production control.
- Draft18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with EN 13476-1, specifies the definitions and requirements for pipes, fittings and the system based on unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) structured-wall piping systems that are intended for use in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for foul wastewater.
NOTE 1 Products complying with this document can also be used in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for surface water.
This document is applicable to pipes and fittings with smooth internal and external surfaces, designated as Type A.
This document also specifies test methods and test parameters.
This document is applicable to:
a) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are intended to be used buried underground outside the building structure; reflected in the marking of products by “U”;
b) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are intended to be used buried underground both outside (application area code “U”) and within the building structure, reflected in the marking of products by “UD”.
This document is applicable to structured-wall pipes and fittings with or without an integral socket with elastomeric ring seal joints as well as welded and fused joints.
This document is applicable to a range of pipe and fitting sizes, materials, pipe constructions, stiffness classes, application areas, tolerance classes and gives recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with EN 13476-2 and EN 13476-3, specifies the definitions and general requirements for pipes, fittings and the system based on unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) structured-wall piping systems that are intended for use in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for foul wastewater.
NOTE 1 Products complying with this document can also be used in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for surface water.
This document is applicable to:
a) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are to be used buried in the ground outside a building structure only; reflected by the marking of products by “U”;
b) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are to be used buried in ground both outside (application area code “U”) and within a building structure (application area code “D”); reflected in the marking of products by “UD”.
In conjunction with EN 13476-2 and EN 13476-3, it is applicable to structured-wall pipes and fittings with or without an integral socket with elastomeric ring seal joints, as well as welded and fused joints.
This part specifies general aspects and gives guidance concerning a national selection of requirement levels and classes where EN 13476-2 and EN 13476-3 provide options.
EN 13476-2 and EN 13476-3 specify material characteristics, dimensions and tolerances, test methods, test parameters and requirements for pipes with smooth internal and external surfaces, Type A, and pipes with smooth internal and profiled external surfaces, Type B, respectively.
This document, together with EN 13476-2 and EN 13476-3, is applicable to a range of pipe and fitting sizes, materials, pipe constructions, stiffness classes and tolerance classes and offers recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
NOTE 3 Pipes, fittings and other components conforming to any plastic product standards referred to in Clause 2 can be used with pipes and fittings conforming to this document, when they conform to the requirements for joint dimensions given in EN 13476-2 and to the performance requirements given in Clause 9.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidance and requirements for the assessment of conformity of materials, products, joints and assemblies in accordance with the applicable part(s) of EN 13476 intended to be included in the manufacturer’s quality plan as part of the quality management system and for the establishment of certification procedures.
NOTE 1 A test matrix provides an overview of the testing scheme in Annex A, Table A.1.
NOTE 2 If certification is involved, the certification body operating in accordance with EN ISO/IEC 17065 [1] and EN ISO/IEC 17020 [2] is considered to be competent.
In conjunction with EN 13476-1:2025, EN 13476-2:2025 and EN 13476-3:2025 this document is applicable to Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drains and sewers — Structural-wall piping systems of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE).
The application area code used in the marking of pipes and fittings indicates for which application area(s) the products are intended:
U: for the area more than 1 m from the building to which the buried piping system is connected, and
UD: for application area U and the area under and within 1 m from the building where the pipes and the
fittings are buried in ground and are connected to the soil and waste discharge system of the building.
- Technical specification30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with EN 13476-1, specifies the definitions and requirements for pipes, fittings and the system based on unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) structured-wall piping systems that are intended for use in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for foul wastewater.
NOTE 1 Products complying with this document can also be used in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for surface water.
This document is applicable to pipes and fittings with smooth internal and profiled external surfaces, designated as Type B.
This document also specifies test methods and test parameters.
This document is applicable to:
a) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are intended to be used buried underground outside the building structure, reflected in the marking of products by “U”; and
b) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are intended to be used buried underground both outside (application area code “U”) and within the building structure, reflected in the marking of products by “UD”.
This document is applicable to structured-wall pipes and fittings with or without an integral socket with elastomeric ring seal joints as well as welded and fused joints.
This document is applicable to a range of pipe and fitting sizes, materials, pipe constructions, stiffness classes, application areas, tolerance classes and gives recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Standard62 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods for determining the rates of spread and accuracy of spread of binder and chippings of a surface dressing on a section of road at a given time.
This test method can also be used for determining the rate of spread and accuracy of spread of sprayed bituminous emulsions e.g. when used as bond coats or asphalt preservation systems. The performance categories for binder rate of spread and accuracy of spread in EN 12271 do not apply to bond coats and tack coats.
The test methods are used on site to check the ability of binder sprayers and chipping spreaders to meet the intended rates of spread and tolerances and coefficients of variation.
The test methods can be used to fulfil the Factory Production Control requirements of EN 12271 – Surface Dressings – Requirements.
— Plant and equipment calibration.
— Minimum inspection and test frequencies during production.
Using these methods for inspections during production (FPC), allows certain changes to these methods due to the specificity of certain sites and materials used (e.g. combined chipping-binder spreaders). In this case, the changes are documented in the Factory Production Control (FPC) and identified in the test reports.
Other test methods used to check the rate of spread and accuracy of spread of binder, such as the static spray bar bench test for sprayers, are not covered by this document.
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous operations. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Draft32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies, for anhydrous bituminous binder (cut-back and fluxed bituminous binders), the measurement of the binder aggregate adhesivity and the influence of adhesion agents or interfacial dopes on adhesion characteristics. This is to help designing binder aggregate systems for surface dressing.
This document specifies methods of measurement of:
— the mechanical adhesion of the binder to the surface of the aggregate;
— the active adhesivity of the binder to the chippings;
— the improvement of the mechanical adhesion and active adhesivity by adding an adhesion agent either into the mass of the binder or by spraying the interface between binder and chippings;
— the wetting temperature of the binder to the aggregate;
— the variation of adhesivity below the fragility temperature.
The wetting capacity of the binder affects the adhesivity properties. With the presence of water, the wetting capacity of bitumen emulsion is naturally high. Even if mechanical adhesion and active adhesivity test methods are mainly dedicated to anhydrous bituminous binders (cut-back and fluxed bituminous binders), these measurements can also be practiced with bitumen emulsion with a personalized interpretation of the results that depends on the design of the binder aggregate system. For bitumen emulsion, the adhesivity is conventionally measured through the water immersion test (EN 13614).
This test method is applicable to:
— bituminous binders used for surface dressings (e.g. conventional or polymer modified binders; mainly anhydrous bituminous binders such as cut-back and fluxed bituminous binders and bitumen emulsions);
— all the following aggregates sizes that can be used for surface dressings:
— set 1: 2/5 mm, 5/8 mm, 8/11 mm and 11/16 mm; and
— set 2: 2/4 mm, 2/6 mm, 4/6 mm, 4/8 mm, 6/10 mm, 6/12 mm and 10/14 mm.
This test method does not apply to quality control on site.
NOTE Further information concerning the purpose of the test can be found in Annex D.
WARNING – The use of this document can involve hazardous operations. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Draft25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document shows the relationship between the indicators in EN 17472 and ISO 21928-2, used to assess the environmental, social, and economic performance of civil engineering works (CEW), and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which can serve as a tool to communicate the results of the assessment carried out with the methodology established in EN 17472 and ISO 21928-2.
This document does not provide any criteria or rules for performing any kind of assessment.
This document also provides information about how the SDGs are influenced by the performance of several CEW, based on the results of the assessment done according to either EN 17472 or ISO 21928-2, or both, and demonstrate their contributions to achieving the SDGs targets.
The links provided can also be applied to address efforts towards satisfying specific SDGs.
- Technical report76 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives requirements and guidance for the assessment of conformity of formulations, products and assemblies in accordance with EN 1401-1 intended to be included in the manufacturer’s quality plan as part of the quality management system and for the establishment of third-party certification procedures.
NOTE 1 The quality management system is expected to conform to or is no less stringent than the relevant requirements to EN ISO 9001 [1].
NOTE 2 If third party certification is involved, the certification body is expected to be compliant with either EN ISO/IEC 17065 [2] or EN ISO/IEC 17021-series [3], as applicable.
NOTE 3 In order to help the reader, a basic test matrix is given in Annex A.
In conjunction with EN 1401-1, this document is applicable to piping systems made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) intended for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage:
- buried in ground outside the building structure (application area code "U");
- both buried in ground within the building structure and outside the building structure (application area code "UD").
- Technical specification23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies and gives guidance on:
— general requirements for storage of water outside consumers' buildings, including service reservoirs for potable water and reservoirs containing water not for human consumption at intake works or within treatment works, excluding those that are part of the treatment process;
— design;
— general requirements for product standards;
— requirements for quality control and auditing, testing and commissioning;
— operational requirements;
— requirements for inspection, rehabilitation and repair.
The requirements of this document are applicable to:
— design and construction of new reservoirs;
— extension and modification of existing reservoirs;
— significant rehabilitation of existing reservoirs.
This document does not apply to reservoirs formed by the building of dams or the use of lakes for water storage purposes.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document shows the relationship between the indicators in EN 17472 and ISO 21928-2, used to assess the environmental, social, and economic performance of civil engineering works (CEW), and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which can serve as a tool to communicate the results of the assessment carried out with the methodology established in EN 17472 and ISO 21928-2.
This document does not provide any criteria or rules for performing any kind of assessment.
This document also provides information about how the SDGs are influenced by the performance of several CEW, based on the results of the assessment done according to either EN 17472 or ISO 21928-2, or both, and demonstrate their contributions to achieving the SDGs targets.
The links provided can also be applied to address efforts towards satisfying specific SDGs.
- Technical report76 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is concerned with the assessment of fish survival in pumping stations and hydropower plants, defined as the fraction of fish that passes an installation without significant injury. It does not concern indirect consequences of such installations, usually included in the notions ‘fish safety’ or ‘fish-friendliness’, like avoidance of fish affecting migration, behavioural changes, injury during attempted upstream passage, temporary stunning of fish resulting in potential predation, or depleted oxygen levels.
This document applies to pumps and turbines in pumping stations and hydropower plants that operate in or between bodies of surface water, in rivers, in streams or estuaries containing resident and/or migratory fish stocks. Installations include centrifugal pumps (radial type, mixed-flow type, axial type), Archimedes screws, and water turbines (Francis type, Kaplan type, Bulb type, Straflo type, etc.).
The following methods to assess fish survival are described:
— Survival tests involving the paired release of live fish, introduced in batches of test and control fish upstream and downstream of an installation, and the subsequent recapture in full-flow collection nets. The method is applicable to survival tests in the field and in a laboratory environment. (Clause 6);
— A validated model-based computational method consisting of a blade encounter model and correlations that quantify the biological response to blade strike (Clause 7).
The computational method can be used to scale results from laboratory fish survival tests to full-scale installations operating under different conditions (Clause 8).
The survival tests and computational method can also be applied to open-water turbines, with the caveats mentioned in Annex C.
The results of a survival test or a computed estimation can be compared with a presumed maximum sustainable mortality rate for a given fish population at the site of a pumping station or hydropower plant. However, this document does not define these maximum rates allowing to label a machine as “fish-friendly”, nor does it describe a method for determining such a maximum.
This document offers an integrated method to assess fish survival in pumping stations and hydropower plants by fish survival tests and model-based calculations. It allows (non-)government environmental agencies to evaluate the impact on resident and migratory fish stocks in a uniform manner. Thus the document will help to support the preservation of fish populations and reverse the trend of declining migratory fish stocks. Pump and turbine manufacturers will benefit from the document as it sets uniform and clear criteria for fish survival assessment. Further, the physical model that underlies the computational method in the document, may serve as a tool for new product development. To academia and research institutions, this document represents the baseline of shared understanding. It will serve as an incentive for further research in an effort to fill the omissions and to improve on existing assessment methods.
- Standard80 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document shows the relationship between the indicators in EN 17472 and ISO 21928-2, used to assess the environmental, social, and economic performance of civil engineering works (CEW), and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which can serve as a tool to communicate the results of the assessment carried out with the methodology established in EN 17472 and ISO 21928-2. This document does not provide any criteria or rules for performing any kind of assessment. This document also provides information about how the SDGs are influenced by the performance of several CEW, based on the results of the assessment done according to either EN 17472 or ISO 21928-2, or both, and demonstrate their contributions to achieving the SDGs targets. The links provided can also be applied to address efforts towards satisfying specific SDGs.
- Technical report67 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical report71 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document gives guidance and requirements for the assessment of conformity of materials, products, joints and assemblies in accordance with the applicable part(s) of EN 13476 intended to be included in the manufacturer’s quality plan as part of the quality management system and for the establishment of certification procedures.
NOTE 1 A test matrix provides an overview of the testing scheme in Annex A, Table A.1.
NOTE 2 If certification is involved, the certification body operating in accordance with EN ISO/IEC 17065 [1] and EN ISO/IEC 17020 [2] is considered to be competent.
In conjunction with EN 13476-1:2025, EN 13476-2:2025 and EN 13476-3:2025 this document is applicable to Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drains and sewers — Structural-wall piping systems of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE).
The application area code used in the marking of pipes and fittings indicates for which application area(s) the products are intended:
U: for the area more than 1 m from the building to which the buried piping system is connected, and
UD: for application area U and the area under and within 1 m from the building where the pipes and the
fittings are buried in ground and are connected to the soil and waste discharge system of the building.
- Technical specification30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with EN 13476-2 and EN 13476-3, specifies the definitions and general requirements for pipes, fittings and the system based on unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) structured-wall piping systems that are intended for use in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for foul wastewater.
NOTE 1 Products complying with this document can also be used in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for surface water.
This document is applicable to:
a) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are to be used buried in the ground outside a building structure only; reflected by the marking of products by “U”;
b) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are to be used buried in ground both outside (application area code “U”) and within a building structure (application area code “D”); reflected in the marking of products by “UD”.
In conjunction with EN 13476-2 and EN 13476-3, it is applicable to structured-wall pipes and fittings with or without an integral socket with elastomeric ring seal joints, as well as welded and fused joints.
This part specifies general aspects and gives guidance concerning a national selection of requirement levels and classes where EN 13476-2 and EN 13476-3 provide options.
EN 13476-2 and EN 13476-3 specify material characteristics, dimensions and tolerances, test methods, test parameters and requirements for pipes with smooth internal and external surfaces, Type A, and pipes with smooth internal and profiled external surfaces, Type B, respectively.
This document, together with EN 13476-2 and EN 13476-3, is applicable to a range of pipe and fitting sizes, materials, pipe constructions, stiffness classes and tolerance classes and offers recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
NOTE 3 Pipes, fittings and other components conforming to any plastic product standards referred to in Clause 2 can be used with pipes and fittings conforming to this document, when they conform to the requirements for joint dimensions given in EN 13476-2 and to the performance requirements given in Clause 9.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with EN 13476-1, specifies the definitions and requirements for pipes, fittings and the system based on unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) structured-wall piping systems that are intended for use in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for foul wastewater.
NOTE 1 Products complying with this document can also be used in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for surface water.
This document is applicable to pipes and fittings with smooth internal and profiled external surfaces, designated as Type B.
This document also specifies test methods and test parameters.
This document is applicable to:
a) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are intended to be used buried underground outside the building structure, reflected in the marking of products by “U”; and
b) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are intended to be used buried underground both outside (application area code “U”) and within the building structure, reflected in the marking of products by “UD”.
This document is applicable to structured-wall pipes and fittings with or without an integral socket with elastomeric ring seal joints as well as welded and fused joints.
This document is applicable to a range of pipe and fitting sizes, materials, pipe constructions, stiffness classes, application areas, tolerance classes and gives recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Standard62 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies and gives guidance on:
— general requirements for storage of water outside consumers' buildings, including service reservoirs for potable water and reservoirs containing water not for human consumption at intake works or within treatment works, excluding those that are part of the treatment process;
— design;
— general requirements for product standards;
— requirements for quality control and auditing, testing and commissioning;
— operational requirements;
— requirements for inspection, rehabilitation and repair.
The requirements of this document are applicable to:
— design and construction of new reservoirs;
— extension and modification of existing reservoirs;
— significant rehabilitation of existing reservoirs.
This document does not apply to reservoirs formed by the building of dams or the use of lakes for water storage purposes.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document, together with EN 13476-1, specifies the definitions and requirements for pipes, fittings and the system based on unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) structured-wall piping systems that are intended for use in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for foul wastewater.
NOTE 1 Products complying with this document can also be used in non-pressure underground drains and sewers for surface water.
This document is applicable to pipes and fittings with smooth internal and external surfaces, designated as Type A.
This document also specifies test methods and test parameters.
This document is applicable to:
a) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are intended to be used buried underground outside the building structure; reflected in the marking of products by “U”;
b) structured-wall pipes and fittings, which are intended to be used buried underground both outside (application area code “U”) and within the building structure, reflected in the marking of products by “UD”.
This document is applicable to structured-wall pipes and fittings with or without an integral socket with elastomeric ring seal joints as well as welded and fused joints.
This document is applicable to a range of pipe and fitting sizes, materials, pipe constructions, stiffness classes, application areas, tolerance classes and gives recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is concerned with the assessment of fish survival in pumping stations and hydropower plants, defined as the fraction of fish that passes an installation without significant injury. It does not concern indirect consequences of such installations, usually included in the notions ‘fish safety’ or ‘fish-friendliness’, like avoidance of fish affecting migration, behavioural changes, injury during attempted upstream passage, temporary stunning of fish resulting in potential predation, or depleted oxygen levels.
This document applies to pumps and turbines in pumping stations and hydropower plants that operate in or between bodies of surface water, in rivers, in streams or estuaries containing resident and/or migratory fish stocks. Installations include centrifugal pumps (radial type, mixed-flow type, axial type), Archimedes screws, and water turbines (Francis type, Kaplan type, Bulb type, Straflo type, etc.).
The following methods to assess fish survival are described:
— Survival tests involving the paired release of live fish, introduced in batches of test and control fish upstream and downstream of an installation, and the subsequent recapture in full-flow collection nets. The method is applicable to survival tests in the field and in a laboratory environment. (Clause 6);
— A validated model-based computational method consisting of a blade encounter model and correlations that quantify the biological response to blade strike (Clause 7).
The computational method can be used to scale results from laboratory fish survival tests to full-scale installations operating under different conditions (Clause 8).
The survival tests and computational method can also be applied to open-water turbines, with the caveats mentioned in Annex C.
The results of a survival test or a computed estimation can be compared with a presumed maximum sustainable mortality rate for a given fish population at the site of a pumping station or hydropower plant. However, this document does not define these maximum rates allowing to label a machine as “fish-friendly”, nor does it describe a method for determining such a maximum.
This document offers an integrated method to assess fish survival in pumping stations and hydropower plants by fish survival tests and model-based calculations. It allows (non-)government environmental agencies to evaluate the impact on resident and migratory fish stocks in a uniform manner. Thus the document will help to support the preservation of fish populations and reverse the trend of declining migratory fish stocks. Pump and turbine manufacturers will benefit from the document as it sets uniform and clear criteria for fish survival assessment. Further, the physical model that underlies the computational method in the document, may serve as a tool for new product development. To academia and research institutions, this document represents the baseline of shared understanding. It will serve as an incentive for further research in an effort to fill the omissions and to improve on existing assessment methods.
- Standard80 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the mathematical processing of digitized transverse profile measurements to produce indices in the transverse direction for unevenness, other defects and crossfall. The document describes the calculation methods of the indices, such as irregularities, (1) rut depth, (2) ridge height, (3) water depth and area, (4) crossfall, and how to evaluate and report the indices. It also describes possibilities to do further analysis to examine defects and problems on the road that can be seen in the transverse profile. The latter is described in Annex E.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the water content of rocks.
This document is applicable to the laboratory determination of the water content of a rock test specimen by oven-drying within the scope of geotechnical investigations. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in usual laboratory practice.
The practical procedure for determining the water content of a rock is to determine the mass loss on drying the test specimen to a constant mass in a drying oven controlled at a given temperature. The mass loss is assumed to be due to free water and is referenced to the remaining dry mass of the test specimen.
NOTE This document fulfils the requirements of the determination of water content of rock for geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-2.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the minimum requirements to meet by measuring systems fitted on track geometry measuring trolleys and manually operated devices to give an evaluation of track geometry quality when using one or more of the parameters described in EN 13848 1. It sets out the acceptable differences from EN 13848 1 when using track geometry measuring trolleys and manually operated devices to measure track geometry.
It applies to all track geometry measuring systems fitted to track geometry measuring trolleys and manually operated devices after the date of implementation of this document.
In the case of lightweight devices working at a speed higher than walking speed, or in the case of track geometry measuring systems installed on track recording cars but not measuring in loaded conditions as defined in EN 13848 1, the test procedure defined in EN 13848 2 is applicable.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the mathematical processing of digitized transverse profile measurements to produce indices in the transverse direction for unevenness, other defects and crossfall. The document describes the calculation methods of the indices, such as irregularities, (1) rut depth, (2) ridge height, (3) water depth and area, (4) crossfall, and how to evaluate and report the indices. It also describes possibilities to do further analysis to examine defects and problems on the road that can be seen in the transverse profile. The latter is described in Annex E.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the water content of rocks.
This document is applicable to the laboratory determination of the water content of a rock test specimen by oven-drying within the scope of geotechnical investigations. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in usual laboratory practice.
The practical procedure for determining the water content of a rock is to determine the mass loss on drying the test specimen to a constant mass in a drying oven controlled at a given temperature. The mass loss is assumed to be due to free water and is referenced to the remaining dry mass of the test specimen.
NOTE This document fulfils the requirements of the determination of water content of rock for geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-2.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the water content of rocks. This document is applicable to the laboratory determination of the water content of a rock test specimen by oven-drying within the scope of geotechnical investigations. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in usual laboratory practice. The practical procedure for determining the water content of a rock is to determine the mass loss on drying the test specimen to a constant mass in a drying oven controlled at a given temperature. The mass loss is assumed to be due to free water and is referenced to the remaining dry mass of the test specimen. NOTE This document fulfils the requirements of the determination of water content of rock for geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-2.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard19 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the minimum requirements to meet by measuring systems fitted on track geometry measuring trolleys and manually operated devices to give an evaluation of track geometry quality when using one or more of the parameters described in EN 13848 1. It sets out the acceptable differences from EN 13848 1 when using track geometry measuring trolleys and manually operated devices to measure track geometry.
It applies to all track geometry measuring systems fitted to track geometry measuring trolleys and manually operated devices after the date of implementation of this document.
In the case of lightweight devices working at a speed higher than walking speed, or in the case of track geometry measuring systems installed on track recording cars but not measuring in loaded conditions as defined in EN 13848 1, the test procedure defined in EN 13848 2 is applicable.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the adhesivity of cut-back or fluxed bituminous binders coated onto aggregate when immersed in water.
The method can be used with a reference aggregate. In that case, it measures the intrinsic adhesion behaviour of a cut-back and fluxed bituminous binder. The method can also be used with a specific aggregate as used on a job site.
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For environmental reasons and to reduce emissions to air, water and soil, it is recommended to limit the use of products, solvents and energy to the minimum required for a valid test result.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 This document specifies a direct measurement method for characterizing the surface roughness of the rail and wheel associated with rolling noise ("acoustic roughness"), in the form of a one-third octave band spectrum.
This document describes a method for:
a) selecting measuring positions along a track or selecting wheels of a vehicle;
b) selecting lateral positions for measurements;
c) the data acquisition procedure;
d) measurement data processing in order to estimate a set of one-third octave band roughness spectra;
e) presentation of this estimate for comparison with limits of acoustic roughness;
f) comparison with a given upper limit in terms of a one-third octave band wavelength spectrum;
g) the measuring system requirements.
1.2 It is applicable to the:
a) compliance testing of reference track sections in relation to the acceptance test for noise emitted by railway vehicles;
b) performance testing of track sections in relation to noise emitted by railway vehicles;
c) acceptance of the running surface condition only in the case where the acoustic roughness is the acceptance criterion;
d) assessment of the wheel surface condition as an input for the acoustic acceptance of brake blocks;
e) assessment of the wheel and rail roughness as input to the calculation of combined wheel rail roughness;
f) diagnosis of wheel-rail noise issues for specific tracks or wheels;
g) assessment of the wheel and rail roughness as input to rolling noise modelling;
h) assessment of the wheel and rail roughness as input to noise source separation methods.
1.3 It is not applicable to the:
a) measurement of roughness (rail roughness, wheel roughness or combined roughness) using an indirect method;
b) analysis of the effect of wheel-rail interaction, such as a “contact filter”;
c) approval of rail and wheel reprofiling, including rail grinding operations, except for those where the acoustic roughness is specifically the approval criterion (and not the grinding quality criteria as provided in e.g. EN 13231-3);
d) characterization of track and wheel geometry except where associated with noise generation.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies two sets of procedures for conditioning of bituminous mixtures in terms of oxidative ageing. Procedures A.1 and A.2 can be applied on loose bituminous mixture before compaction of specimens, procedures B.1 and B.2 on compacted specimens.
Material conditioned by this document can be used for further testing to assess the effect of oxidative ageing on characteristics of bituminous mixtures and thus on their durability and recyclability. Alternatively, binder can be extracted from conditioned mixture to assess the effect of oxidative ageing on binder characteristics taking into account potential effects of mineral aggregates on ageing.
This document is applicable to bituminous mixtures manufactured in the laboratory or in a mixing plant. Procedures B.1 and B.2 are applicable to specimens from laboratory production or samples taken from the field.
- Technical specification15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 This document specifies a direct measurement method for characterizing the surface roughness of the rail and wheel associated with rolling noise ("acoustic roughness"), in the form of a one-third octave band spectrum.
This document describes a method for:
a) selecting measuring positions along a track or selecting wheels of a vehicle;
b) selecting lateral positions for measurements;
c) the data acquisition procedure;
d) measurement data processing in order to estimate a set of one-third octave band roughness spectra;
e) presentation of this estimate for comparison with limits of acoustic roughness;
f) comparison with a given upper limit in terms of a one-third octave band wavelength spectrum;
g) the measuring system requirements.
1.2 It is applicable to the:
a) compliance testing of reference track sections in relation to the acceptance test for noise emitted by railway vehicles;
b) performance testing of track sections in relation to noise emitted by railway vehicles;
c) acceptance of the running surface condition only in the case where the acoustic roughness is the acceptance criterion;
d) assessment of the wheel surface condition as an input for the acoustic acceptance of brake blocks;
e) assessment of the wheel and rail roughness as input to the calculation of combined wheel rail roughness;
f) diagnosis of wheel-rail noise issues for specific tracks or wheels;
g) assessment of the wheel and rail roughness as input to rolling noise modelling;
h) assessment of the wheel and rail roughness as input to noise source separation methods.
1.3 It is not applicable to the:
a) measurement of roughness (rail roughness, wheel roughness or combined roughness) using an indirect method;
b) analysis of the effect of wheel-rail interaction, such as a “contact filter”;
c) approval of rail and wheel reprofiling, including rail grinding operations, except for those where the acoustic roughness is specifically the approval criterion (and not the grinding quality criteria as provided in e.g. EN 13231-3);
d) characterization of track and wheel geometry except where associated with noise generation.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the adhesivity of cut-back or fluxed bituminous binders coated onto aggregate when immersed in water.
The method can be used with a reference aggregate. In that case, it measures the intrinsic adhesion behaviour of a cut-back and fluxed bituminous binder. The method can also be used with a specific aggregate as used on a job site.
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For environmental reasons and to reduce emissions to air, water and soil, it is recommended to limit the use of products, solvents and energy to the minimum required for a valid test result.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidance and requirements for the assessment of conformity of compounds/formulations, products, joints and assemblies in accordance with the applicable part(s) of EN 14758 intended to be included in the manufacturer’s quality plan as part of the quality management system and for the establishment of certification procedures.
NOTE 1 A basic test matrix provides an overview of the testing scheme in Annex A, Table A.1.
NOTE 2 If certification is involved, the certification body operating according to EN ISO/IEC 17065 [1] and EN ISO/IEC 17020 [2] is considered to be competent.
In conjunction with EN 14758-1, this document is applicable to solid wall pipes and fittings with or without internal and/or external skin and the system made of mineral modified polypropylene materials (PP-MD) intended to be used for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage:
- outside the building structure (application area code “U”); and
- for both buried in ground within the building structure and outside the building structure (application area code “UD”).
- Technical specification23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies two sets of procedures for conditioning of bituminous mixtures in terms of oxidative ageing. Procedures A.1 and A.2 can be applied on loose bituminous mixture before compaction of specimens, procedures B.1 and B.2 on compacted specimens.
Material conditioned by this document can be used for further testing to assess the effect of oxidative ageing on characteristics of bituminous mixtures and thus on their durability and recyclability. Alternatively, binder can be extracted from conditioned mixture to assess the effect of oxidative ageing on binder characteristics taking into account potential effects of mineral aggregates on ageing.
This document is applicable to bituminous mixtures manufactured in the laboratory or in a mixing plant. Procedures B.1 and B.2 are applicable to specimens from laboratory production or samples taken from the field.
- Technical specification15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidance and requirements for the assessment of conformity of compounds/formulations, products, joints and assemblies in accordance with the applicable part(s) of EN 14758 intended to be included in the manufacturer’s quality plan as part of the quality management system and for the establishment of certification procedures.
NOTE 1 A basic test matrix provides an overview of the testing scheme in Annex A, Table A.1.
NOTE 2 If certification is involved, the certification body operating according to EN ISO/IEC 17065 [1] and EN ISO/IEC 17020 [2] is considered to be competent.
In conjunction with EN 14758-1, this document is applicable to solid wall pipes and fittings with or without internal and/or external skin and the system made of mineral modified polypropylene materials (PP-MD) intended to be used for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage:
- outside the building structure (application area code “U”); and
- for both buried in ground within the building structure and outside the building structure (application area code “UD”).
- Technical specification23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for measuring in situ the sound absorption coefficient of road surfaces for the one-third octave band frequencies ranging from 250 Hz to 1 600 Hz under normal incidence conditions. If necessary for practical applications the diameter of the tube can be reduced to 80 mm. This will increase the upper boundary of the frequency range to 2 000 Hz one-third octave band (see REF Section_sec_5.4 \r \h 5.4 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B020000000800000010000000530065006300740069006F006E005F007300650063005F0035002E0034000000 ) but reduces the area under test. The test method is intended for the following applications: — determination of the sound absorption coefficient (and, if of interest, also the complex acoustical impedance) of semi-dense to dense road surfaces; — determination of the sound absorption properties of test tracks according to ISO 10844[ REF Reference_ref_4 \r \h 2 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0034000000 ] or other similar standards and test surfaces defined in national and international type approval regulations for road vehicles and their tyres; — verification of the compliance of the sound absorption coefficient of a road surface with design-specifications or other requirements.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document is applicable to the heavy rail system.
This document defines the requirements for the provision, visibility, readability, maintenance and testing of a specific set of ERTMS trackside boards associated with the following DMI and ETCS track conditions:
— ETCS stop marker
— ETCS location marker
— level transition, corresponding to transitions between ETCS levels
— lower pantograph
— pantograph lowered
— raise pantograph
— neutral section announcement
— neutral section
— end of neutral section
— GSM-R network border marker
— no traction system fitted announcement
— no traction system fitted indication
— traction system AC 25 kV 50 Hz announcement
— traction system AC 25 kV 50 Hz indication
— traction system AC 15 kV 16,7 Hz announcement
— traction system AC 15 kV 16,7 Hz indication
— traction system DC 3 kV announcement
— traction system DC 3 kV indication
— traction system DC 1,5 kV announcement
— traction system DC 1,5 kV indication
— traction system DC 600/750 V announcement
— traction system DC 600/750 V indication
— activate the audible warning device (horn) indication
— safe stopping area announcement
— safe stopping area indication for start
— safe stopping area indication for end
— inhibition of brake announcement/indication for start/indication for revocation
— level crossing marker
NOTE 1 the brake MBs apply for any of the three brake types (eddy current, magnetic shoe, regenerative), whereas the exact type concerned would be known by the driver via existing Route knowledge.
The following ETCS track conditions are outside the scope of this Standard:
— Safe stopping area semi-continuous indication for in-between
— Non-stopping area announcement
— Non-stopping area announcement
— Non stopping area indication for start
— Non stopping area indication for end
— Non stopping area semi-continuous indication for in-between
— Close air conditioning intake announcement
— Close air conditioning intake indication
— Open air conditioning intake announcement
— Open air conditioning intake indication
This document includes the arrangement of the boards and their interface with existing systems (track, cab design including cab sight lines, visibility by the driver and train head lamps).
Mobile, backlit and temporary signs are not within the scope of this document.
The application of ERTMS trackside boards is not within the scope of this document.
Sighting requirements are not within the scope of this document. The sighting process needs to be implemented in accordance with national rules.
- Standard34 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes the laboratory mixing of bituminous materials for the manufacture of specimens. This document specifies the reference compaction temperatures for mixtures and the reference installation temperature for mastic asphalt mixtures based on the grade of the binder for paving grade and hard paving grade bitumen.
Annex A describes the method for laboratory mixing using foamed bitumen.
Annex B describes the method for laboratory mixing using bitumen emulsion.
Annex C describes the preparation of mastic asphalt specimens after laboratory mixing.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a procedure for determining the magnitude of pavement surface megatexture by measuring the surface profile and calculating a megatexture descriptor from this profile. The technique is designed to give meaningful and accurate measurements and descriptions of pavement megatexture for various purposes, such as for the prediction of the acoustic quality of the pavement or the assessment of the rolling resistance.
Since there is an overlap between megatexture and the surrounding ranges, megatexture descriptors unavoidably have a certain correlation with corresponding measures in those ranges. This document specifies measurements and procedures which are in relevant parts compatible with those in ISO 13473-1[4], ISO 8608[6] and EN 13036-5[7].
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document (CEN/TS 12697 51:2025) specifies a test method for measuring the surface shear strength for airfield surface courses.
The surface shear strength will depend on the depth of the surface course together with the properties of the surface course material.
The binder course material and any bonding agent applied between the two layers can have an influence on the test result for, in particular, ultra-thin surface course.
- Technical specification15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a procedure for the determination of the particle size distribution of the aggregates of bituminous mixtures by sieving. The test is applicable to aggregates recovered after binder extraction in accordance with EN 12697-1 or EN 12697-39.
NOTE Fibres, solid (non-soluble during extraction) additives and (some) binder modifiers influence the test result.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of total mercury in foodstuffs by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after pressure digestion.
This method was tested in an interlaboratory study carried out in connection with the pressure digestion method EN 13805 on seven different materials with a mercury concentration in the range from 0,005 mg/kg to 5,06 mg/kg and successfully validated in the range from 0,015 mg/kg to 5,06 mg/kg.
The following foodstuffs were analysed:
— Saithe (dried);
— Celery (dried);
— Wheat noodle powder;
— Wild mushrooms (dried);
— Pig liver (dried);
— Cacao powder;
— Tuna fish (dried).
The lower limit of the method’s applicability varies depending on the food matrix and the water content of the foodstuff. It is a laboratory-specific value and is defined by the laboratory when calculating the limit of quantification (see 9.2).
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of total mercury in foodstuffs by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after pressure digestion.
This method was tested in an interlaboratory study carried out in connection with the pressure digestion method EN 13805 on seven different materials with a mercury concentration in the range from 0,005 mg/kg to 5,06 mg/kg and successfully validated in the range from 0,015 mg/kg to 5,06 mg/kg.
The following foodstuffs were analysed:
— Saithe (dried);
— Celery (dried);
— Wheat noodle powder;
— Wild mushrooms (dried);
— Pig liver (dried);
— Cacao powder;
— Tuna fish (dried).
The lower limit of the method’s applicability varies depending on the food matrix and the water content of the foodstuff. It is a laboratory-specific value and is defined by the laboratory when calculating the limit of quantification (see 9.2).
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document (CEN/TS 12697 51:2025) specifies a test method for measuring the surface shear strength for airfield surface courses.
The surface shear strength will depend on the depth of the surface course together with the properties of the surface course material.
The binder course material and any bonding agent applied between the two layers can have an influence on the test result for, in particular, ultra-thin surface course.
- Technical specification15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a procedure for determining the magnitude of pavement surface megatexture by measuring the surface profile and calculating a megatexture descriptor from this profile. The technique is designed to give meaningful and accurate measurements and descriptions of pavement megatexture for various purposes, such as for the prediction of the acoustic quality of the pavement or the assessment of the rolling resistance.
Since there is an overlap between megatexture and the surrounding ranges, megatexture descriptors unavoidably have a certain correlation with corresponding measures in those ranges. This document specifies measurements and procedures which are in relevant parts compatible with those in ISO 13473-1[4], ISO 8608[6] and EN 13036-5[7].
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document contains provisions for geotechnical engineering design that are applicable to a broad range of offshore structures, rather than to a particular structure type. This document outlines methods developed for the design of shallow foundations with an embedded length (L) to diameter (D) ratio L/D < 0,5, intermediate foundations, which typically have 0,5 ≤ L/D ≤ 10 (see Clause 7), and long and flexible pile foundations with L/D > 10 (see Clauses 8 and 9).
This document also provides guidance on soil-structure interaction aspects for flowlines, risers and conductors (see Clause 10) and anchors for floating facilities (see Clause 11). This document contains brief guidance on site and soil characterization, and identification of hazards (see Clause 6).
This document can be applied for foundation design for offshore structures used in the lower carbon energy industry.
- Standard237 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a procedure for determining the magnitude of pavement surface megatexture by measuring the surface profile and calculating a megatexture descriptor from this profile. The technique is designed to give meaningful and accurate measurements and descriptions of pavement megatexture for various purposes, such as for the prediction of the acoustic quality of the pavement or the assessment of the rolling resistance. Since there is an overlap between megatexture and the surrounding ranges, megatexture descriptors unavoidably have a certain correlation with corresponding measures in those ranges. This document specifies measurements and procedures which are in relevant parts compatible with those in ISO 13473-1[4], ISO 8608[6] and EN 13036-5[7].
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard41 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard41 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
EN 1998-2 is intended to be applied to the design of new bridges in seismic regions. It covers the design of reinforced concrete, steel and composite steel-concrete bridges and provides guidance for the design of timber bridges.
EN 1998-2 is applicable to the seismic design of bridges exploiting ductility in structural members or through the use of antiseismic devices. When ductility is exploited, this part primarily covers bridges in which the horizontal seismic actions are mainly resisted through bending of the piers or at the abutments; i.e. of bridges composed of vertical or nearly vertical pier systems supporting the traffic deck superstructure. It is also applicable to the seismic design of arched bridges, although its provisions should not be considered as fully covering these cases.
Suspension bridges and masonry bridges, moveable bridges and floating bridges are not included in the scope of EN 1998-2.
- Draft87 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day