M/104 - CPD: Structural Bearings

This European Standard specifies a method for the recovery of binder from a bituminous emulsion or from a cut-back or fluxed bitumen after conditioning at ambient temperature for 24 h followed by 24 h at 50 °C, in such a way that will enable further testing with minimum changes of the binder characteristics.
It applies to all types of bituminous emulsions, modified with polymers or non-modified, as well as to all types of cut-back and fluxed bitumen, both modified with polymers and non-modified.
For cut-back and fluxed bituminous binders, this test method is only an intermediate step and should be followed by the stabilisation procedure specified by EN 13074-2. Direct testing of the recovered binder is however used to evaluate the setting ability of fluxed bituminous binders made with vegetal fluxes.
NOTE   The recovered binder is not necessarily identical to the initial binder.
WARNING - The use of this document may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. The hazards associated with the use of this method have been assessed using cut-back bitumen containing 10 % kerosene and 90 % 160/220 penetration grade bitumen and were found low enough to be acceptable. However it is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document specifies a method for the recovery of binder from a bituminous emulsion or from a cut-back or fluxed bitumen after conditioning at ambient temperature for 24 h followed by 24 h at 50 °C, in such a way that will enable further testing with minimum changes of the binder characteristics.
It applies to all types of bituminous emulsions, modified with polymers or non-modified, as well as to all types of cut-back and fluxed bitumen, both modified with polymers and non-modified.
For cut-back and fluxed bituminous binders, this test method is only an intermediate step and should be followed by the stabilisation procedure specified by EN 13074-2. Direct testing of the recovered binder is however used to evaluate the setting ability of fluxed bituminous binders made with vegetal fluxes.
NOTE   The recovered binder is not necessarily identical to the initial binder.
WARNING - The use of this document may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This Part of this European Standard deals with the requirements for the design and manufacture of Guide Bearings and Restraint Bearings.
Guide Bearings and Restraint Bearings are not intended to transmit vertical loads but they may be combined in one unit with bearings in accordance. EN 1337-1:2000, Table 1.
NOTE 1   Guide Bearings and Restraint Bearings are shown in EN 1337-1:2000, Table 1, No. 8.1 and 8.2. For combined bearings see EN 1337-1:2000, Table 1, bearing Nos. 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8., 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, 7.3, and 7.4 with restraints and Nos. 1.5, 1.7, 2.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.2, 6.2, and 7.3 with guides.
NOTE 2   Examples of combined bearings are given in Annex B.
The minimum operating temperature depends on the materials’ properties used at the required temperature and the limitations given in the referenced parts of this European Standard.
NOTE 3   In certain circumstances the bearings described in this part of this European Standard may be required to operate in a plane inclined to the horizontal. In such circumstances the terms "vertical" and "horizontal" should be interpreted appropriately.

This Part of this European Standard deals with the requirements for the design and manufacture of Guide Bearings and Restraint Bearings.
Guide Bearings and Restraint Bearings are not intended to transmit vertical loads but they may be combined in one unit with bearings in accordance. EN 1337-1:2000, Table 1.
NOTE 1   Guide Bearings and Restraint Bearings are shown in EN 1337-1:2000, Table 1, No. 8.1 and 8.2. For combined bearings see EN 1337-1:2000, Table 1, bearing Nos. 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8., 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, 7.3, and 7.4 with restraints and Nos. 1.5, 1.7, 2.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.2, 6.2 and 7.3 with guides.
NOTE 2   Examples of combined bearings are given in Annex B.
The minimum operating temperature depends on the materials’ properties used at the required temperature and the limitations given in the referenced parts of this European Standard.
NOTE 3   In certain circumstances the bearings described in this part of this European Standard may be required to operate in a plane inclined to the horizontal. In such circumstances the terms "vertical" and "horizontal" should be interpreted appropriately.

TC - Modification to 6.7.1

TC - Modification to 6.7.1

This part of EN 1337 applies to elastomeric bearings with or without complementary bearing devices to extend their field of use such as flat sliding elements covered by EN 1337-2 or sliding surface described in 4.4.4, as used in bridge structures or any other structure with comparable support conditions.
This part of EN 1337 applies to elastomeric bearings with dimensions in plan up to (1200 x 1200) mm and does not cover elastomeric bearings made with other elastomers materials than those specified in 4.4.1. It applies to laminated bearings types A, B, C, laminated sliding bearings types E and D, plain pad and strip bearings type F.
This part deals with bearings for use in operating temperatures ranging from - 25 °C to + 50 °C and for short periods up to + 70 °C.
It is recognised that the air temperature in some regions of Northern Europe is lower than -25 °C.
In this case of very low operating temperature (down to - 40 °C), it is essential that bearing characteristics comply also with the shear modulus at very low temperature (see 4.3.1.3. and annex F)

This part of EN 1337 specifies the requirements for the design and manufacture of pot bearings which will be used for operating temperatures between - 40 °C and 50 °C.
This part of EN 1337 does not apply to pot bearings made with other materials than those specified in clause 5.
Bearings which are subjected to rotation ad greater than 0,030 rad (see Figure 2) under the characteristic combination of actions or which incorporate elastomeric pads larger than 1500 mm in diameter are beyond the scope of this document.
Depending on the climatic region where the construction work is located the bearings can be designed to one of the following classes related to minimum operating temperatures (the minimum shade air temperatures): - 25 °C or - 40 °C.
When required to accommodate translational movements, pot bearings may be combined with sliding elements in accordance with EN 1337-2.
NOTE   The minimum shade air temperature for a location should be obtained from meteorological data appropriate to a 120 year return period. Consideration should be given to adjustment of this temperature for height and local divergence such as frost pockets and sheltered low-lying areas if the data obtained applies to a general area rather than to a specific location.

This part of EN 1337 applies to elastomeric bearings with or without complementary bearing devices to extend their field of use such as flat sliding elements covered by EN 1337-2 or sliding surface described in 4.4.4, as used in bridge structures or any other structure with comparable support conditions.
This part of EN 1337 applies to elastomeric bearings with dimensions in plan up to (1200 x 1200) mm and does not cover elastomeric bearings made with other elastomers materials than those specified in 4.4.1. It applies to laminated bearings types A, B, C, laminated sliding bearings types E and D, plain pad and strip bearings type F.
This part deals with bearings for use in operating temperatures ranging from - 25 °C to + 50 °C and for short periods up to + 70 °C.
It is recognised that the air temperature in some regions of Northern Europe is lower than -25 °C.
In this case of very low operating temperature (down to - 40 °C), it is essential that bearing characteristics comply also with the shear modulus at very low temperature (see 4.3.1.3. and annex F)

This part of EN 1337 specifies the requirements for the design and manufacture of pot bearings which will be used for operating temperatures between - 40 °C and 50 °C.
This part of EN 1337 does not apply to pot bearings made with other materials than those specified in clause 5.
Bearings which are subjected to rotation ad greater than 0,030 rad (see Figure 2) under the characteristic combination of actions or which incorporate elastomeric pads larger than 1500 mm in diameter are beyond the scope of this document.
Depending on the climatic region where the construction work is located the bearings can be designed to one of the following classes related to minimum operating temperatures (the minimum shade air temperatures): - 25 °C or - 40 °C.
When required to accommodate translational movements, pot bearings may be combined with sliding elements in accordance with EN 1337-2.
NOTE   The minimum shade air temperature for a location should be obtained from meteorological data appropriate to a 120 year return period. Consideration should be given to adjustment of this temperature for height and local divergence such as frost pockets and sheltered low-lying areas if the data obtained applies to a general area rather than to a specific location.

This part of EN 1337 specifies the requirements for the design and manufacture of rocker bearings. In order to accommodate displacements rocker bearings can be combined with a sliding element in accordance with EN 1337-2. Bearings which are subjected to rotation greater than 0,05 rad resulting from the characteristic combination of actions are outside the scope of this part of EN 1337. This part of EN 1337 does not apply to rocker bearings made with materials other than those specified in clause 5.

This European Standard specifies the characteristics for the design and manufacture of sliding elements and guides which are not structural bearings but only parts of them for combination with structural bearings as defined in other Parts of this European Standard.
Suitable combinations are shown in Table 1 of EN 1337-1:2000.
Sliding surfaces with a diameter of the circumscribing circle of single or multiple PTFE sheets less than 75 mm or greater than 1500 mm, or with effective bearing temperatures less than -35°C or greater than 48°C are outside the scope of this European Standard.
Sliding elements for use as temporary devices during construction, for example during launching of the superstructure, are also outside the scope of this European Standard.
In this standard the specification is also given for curved sliding surfaces which are not part of separate sliding elements but which are incorporated in cylindrical or spherical PTFE bearings as per EN 1337.
NOTE     The general principles detailed in this European Standard may be applied for sliding elements outside this scope, but their suitability for the intended use should be proven.

This part of EN 1337 specifies the requirements for the design and manufacture of single and multiple roller bearings, in which the roller axis is horizontal. In order to accommodate displacements parallel to the roller axis roller bearings can be combined with sliding elements in accordance with EN 1337-2.  To permit rotation about the axis perpendicular to the roller axis or about both axes, as for multiple roller bearings, the roller bearings can be combined with bearings from other parts of EN 1337.
This part of EN 1337 does not apply to roller bearings made with materials other than those specified in clause 5.
Bearings which are subjected to rotation greater than 0,05 rad resulting from the characteristic combination of actions are outside the scope of this part of EN 1337.

This European Standard deals with the requirements for the design and manufacture of spherical and cylindrical PTFE bearings. The requirements and properties of the curved sliding surfaces are included in
EN 1337-2. Spherical and cylindrical bearings with an included angle 2 q > 60° and 2 q > 75° respectively are beyond the scope of this European Standard. (see Figure 6).
For the purpose of controlling the degree of freedom the bearings may be combined with flat sliding elements and guides according to EN 1337-2:2004 and restraining rings as per 6.3.4.
Cylindrical bearings are susceptible to unexpected moments about the transverse axis of the cylindrical surface.
Additional limitation of application to be taken into consideration is given in clause 1 of EN 1337-2:2004.

This part of EN 1337 specifies the requirements for the design and manufacture of single and multiple roller bearings, in which the roller axis is horizontal. In order to accommodate displacements parallel to the roller axis roller bearings can be combined with sliding elements in accordance with EN 1337-2.  To permit rotation about the axis perpendicular to the roller axis or about both axes, as for multiple roller bearings, the roller bearings can be combined with bearings from other parts of EN 1337.
This part of EN 1337 does not apply to roller bearings made with materials other than those specified in clause 5.
Bearings which are subjected to rotation greater than 0,05 rad resulting from the characteristic combination of actions are outside the scope of this part of EN 1337.

This part of EN 1337 specifies the requirements for the design and manufacture of rocker bearings. In order to accommodate displacements rocker bearings can be combined with a sliding element in accordance with EN 1337-2. Bearings which are subjected to rotation greater than 0,05 rad resulting from the characteristic combination of actions are outside the scope of this part of EN 1337. This part of EN 1337 does not apply to rocker bearings made with materials other than those specified in clause 5.

This European Standard specifies the characteristics for the design and manufacture of sliding elements and guides which are not structural bearings but only parts of them for combination with structural bearings as defined in other Parts of this European Standard.
Suitable combinations are shown in Table 1 of EN 1337-1:2000.
Sliding surfaces with a diameter of the circumscribing circle of single or multiple PTFE sheets less than 75 mm or greater than 1500 mm, or with effective bearing temperatures less than -35°C or greater than 48°C are outside the scope of this European Standard.
Sliding elements for use as temporary devices during construction, for example during launching of the superstructure, are also outside the scope of this European Standard.
In this standard the specification is also given for curved sliding surfaces which are not part of separate sliding elements but which are incorporated in cylindrical or spherical PTFE bearings as per EN 1337.
NOTE     The general principles detailed in this European Standard may be applied for sliding elements outside this scope, but their suitability for the intended use should be proven.

This European Standard deals with the requirements for the design and manufacture of spherical and cylindrical PTFE bearings. The requirements and properties of the curved sliding surfaces are included in
EN 1337-2. Spherical and cylindrical bearings with an included angle 2 q > 60° and 2 q > 75° respectively are beyond the scope of this European Standard. (see Figure 6).
For the purpose of controlling the degree of freedom the bearings may be combined with flat sliding elements and guides according to EN 1337-2:2004 and restraining rings as per 6.3.4.
Cylindrical bearings are susceptible to unexpected moments about the transverse axis of the cylindrical surface.
Additional limitation of application to be taken into consideration is given in clause 1 of EN 1337-2:2004.

This part of this European Standard deals with the measures to protect structural bearings from the effects of the environment and other external influences which would reduce their working life.

This part of this European Standard deals with the measures to protect structural bearings from the effects of the environment and other external influences which would reduce their working life.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of point and line rocker bearings.
It is applicable to rocker bearings manufactured from carbon steel or cast steel or cast iron or stainless steel.
This document will be used in conjunction with the relevant parts of this standard series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of sliding elements which are not structural bearings but only parts of them for combination with structural bearings as defined in other parts of this European Standard.
It is applicable to:
-   flat and curved sliding elements made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), lubricant and austenitic steel or chromium plated surfaces or anodized aluminium,
-   sliding elements for guides made of PTFE or composite bearing materials, lubricant and austenitic steel,
-   PTFE surfaces with a circumscribing circle diameter of single or multiple PTFE sheets larger than 75 mm and smaller than 1 500 mm,
-   PTFE surface temperatures between –35 °C and +50 °C and
-   steel to steel sliding surfaces.
Additional requirements for curved sliding elements used in spherical and cylindrical PTFE bearings are covered by prEN 1337-7:2018.
Sliding elements for use as temporary devices during construction, for example during launching of the superstructure, and sliding elements not permanently in contact, other than guides, are not covered within this document, because the required performance and conditions may deviate considerably.
This document will be used in conjunction with the relevant parts of this standard series.

This document specifies rules for the design, manufacture and testing and of spherical and cylindrical sliding PTFE bearings.
It is applicable to spherical and cylindrical sliding bearings with an included angle up to 60° for spherical and 75° for cylindrical sliding bearings.
This document will be used in conjunction with the relevant parts of this standard series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of fixed and sliding pot bearings.
It is applicable to pot bearings:
-   with elastomeric pads made from natural rubber (NR) or chloroprene rubber (CR) up to 1 500 mm diameter,
-   with pot and piston made from ferrous materials,
-   with seals tested for different accumulated slide paths due to rotations between piston and pot of a) 500 m, b) 1 000 m or c) 2 000 m,
-   with seals made from specific austenitic steel, brass, POM or carbon filled PTFE,
-   subjected to operating temperature ranges between -25 °C and +50 °C or -40 °C and +50 °C,
-   subjected to operating temperatures up to +70 °C for repeated periods of less than 8 h.
This document will be used in conjunction with prEN 1337-1:2018 and other relevant parts of the prEN 1337 series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of laminated elastomeric bearings, elastomeric plain pad bearings, elastomeric strip bearings and sliding elastomeric bearings.
It is applicable to laminated and plain pad bearings:
-   of rectangular and circular shape in plan with a rectangular cross-section, with dimensions in plan up to 1 200 mm,
-   subjected to temperatures between -25 °C and +50 °C or between -40 °C and +50 °C,
-   subjected to temperatures below -25 °C due to climate changes,
-   subjected to temperatures up to 70 °C for repeated periods of less than 8 h.
This document will be used in conjunction with prEN 1337-1:2018 and other relevant parts of the EN 1337 series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of guide bearings and restraint bearings. It is applicable to bearings, which transmit loads in x- and y-plane according to prEN 1337-1:2018 only.
This document will be used in conjunction with the relevant parts of the prEN 1337 series.

This document specifies general rules for design, manufacturing, protection, transport, storage, installation, and inspection of structural bearings for use in bridges and other structures, e.g. buildings.
This document does not give rules for:
-   bearings subjected to uplift forces;
-   bearings for the specific moving function of moveable bridges (for example bascule bridges, lift bridges, etc.);
-   concrete hinges;
-   levelling pads.
It can be used for guidance in the case of temporary bearings and the principles can be applied to the design and manufacture of other types of structural bearings not included in this European Standard.
If bearings are used as or as part of anti-seismic devices with the aim of modifying the dynamic response of the structure, EN 15129 also applies.
This document will be used in conjunction with the other relevant parts of the prEN 1337 series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of single and multiple roller bearings in which the roller axis is horizontal and movements are perpendicular to the roller axis.
It is applicable to roller bearings with rollers and roller plates made from carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel.
Roller bearings can be combined with sliding elements, guides and bearings as specified in other parts of this European Standard.
This document is applicable to bearings with monolithic rollers and roller plates not subjected to surface hardening, included through welding.
This document will be used in conjunction with prEN 1337-1:2018 and other relevant parts of the prEN 1337 series.

Full scope This part of this European Standard specifies general rules for design, manufacturing, protection, transport, storage, installation, and inspection of structural bearings for use in bridges and other structures, e.g. buildings.
This European Standard does not give rules for
-   bearings subjected to uplift;
-   bearings for the specific moving function of moveable bridges (for example bascule bridges, lift bridges etc);
-   concrete hinges;
It may be used for guidance in the case of temporary bearings and the principles may be applied to the design and manufacture of other types of structural bearings not included in this European Standard.
If bearings are used as or as part of anti-seismic devices with the aim of modifying the dynamic response of the structure, EN 15129 also applies.

This document specifies rules for the design, manufacture and testing and of spherical and cylindrical sliding PTFE bearings.
It is applicable to spherical and cylindrical sliding bearings with an included angle up to 60° for spherical and 75° for cylindrical sliding bearings.
This document will be used in conjunction with the relevant parts of this standard series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of single and multiple roller bearings in which the roller axis is horizontal and movements are perpendicular to the roller axis.
It is applicable to roller bearings with rollers and roller plates made from carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel.
Roller bearings can be combined with sliding elements, guides and bearings as specified in other parts of this European Standard.
This document is applicable to bearings with monolithic rollers and roller plates not subjected to surface hardening, included through welding.
This document will be used in conjunction with prEN 1337-1:2018 and other relevant parts of the prEN 1337 series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of guide bearings and restraint bearings. It is applicable to bearings, which transmit loads in x- and y-plane according to prEN 1337-1:2018 only.
This document will be used in conjunction with the relevant parts of the prEN 1337 series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of sliding elements which are not structural bearings but only parts of them for combination with structural bearings as defined in other parts of this European Standard.
It is applicable to:
-   flat and curved sliding elements made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), lubricant and austenitic steel or chromium plated surfaces or anodized aluminium,
-   sliding elements for guides made of PTFE or composite bearing materials, lubricant and austenitic steel,
-   PTFE surfaces with a circumscribing circle diameter of single or multiple PTFE sheets larger than 75 mm and smaller than 1 500 mm,
-   PTFE surface temperatures between –35 °C and +50 °C and
-   steel to steel sliding surfaces.
Additional requirements for curved sliding elements used in spherical and cylindrical PTFE bearings are covered by prEN 1337-7:2018.
Sliding elements for use as temporary devices during construction, for example during launching of the superstructure, and sliding elements not permanently in contact, other than guides, are not covered within this document, because the required performance and conditions may deviate considerably.
This document will be used in conjunction with the relevant parts of this standard series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of laminated elastomeric bearings, elastomeric plain pad bearings, elastomeric strip bearings and sliding elastomeric bearings.
It is applicable to laminated and plain pad bearings:
-   of rectangular and circular shape in plan with a rectangular cross-section, with dimensions in plan up to 1 200 mm,
-   subjected to temperatures between -25 °C and +50 °C or between -40 °C and +50 °C,
-   subjected to temperatures below -25 °C due to climate changes,
-   subjected to temperatures up to 70 °C for repeated periods of less than 8 h.
This document will be used in conjunction with prEN 1337-1:2018 and other relevant parts of the EN 1337 series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of point and line rocker bearings.
It is applicable to rocker bearings manufactured from carbon steel or cast steel or cast iron or stainless steel.
This document will be used in conjunction with the relevant parts of this standard series.

This document specifies rules for the design, testing and manufacture of fixed and sliding pot bearings.
It is applicable to pot bearings:
-   with elastomeric pads made from natural rubber (NR) or chloroprene rubber (CR) up to 1 500 mm diameter,
-   with pot and piston made from ferrous materials,
-   with seals tested for different accumulated slide paths due to rotations between piston and pot of a) 500 m, b) 1 000 m or c) 2 000 m,
-   with seals made from specific austenitic steel, brass, POM or carbon filled PTFE,
-   subjected to operating temperature ranges between -25 °C and +50 °C or -40 °C and +50 °C,
-   subjected to operating temperatures up to +70 °C for repeated periods of less than 8 h.
This document will be used in conjunction with prEN 1337-1:2018 and other relevant parts of the prEN 1337 series.

This part of this European Standard specifies general rules for design, manufacturing, protection, transport, storage, installation, and inspection of structural bearings for use in bridges and other structures, e.g. buildings.
This European Standard does not give rules for
-   bearings subjected to uplift;
-   bearings for the specific moving function of moveable bridges (for example bascule bridges, lift bridges etc);
-   concrete hinges.
It may be used for guidance in the case of temporary bearings and the principles may be applied to the design and manufacture of other types of structural bearings not included in this European Standard.
If bearings are used as or as part of anti-seismic devices with the aim of modifying the dynamic response of the structure, EN 15129 also applies.
NOTE   The informative Annex H may give background information.

This document specifies general rules for design, manufacturing, protection, transport, storage, installation, and inspection of structural bearings for use in bridges and other structures, e.g. buildings.
This document does not give rules for:
-   bearings subjected to uplift forces;
-   bearings for the specific moving function of moveable bridges (for example bascule bridges, lift bridges, etc.);
-   concrete hinges;
-   levelling pads.
It can be used for guidance in the case of temporary bearings and the principles can be applied to the design and manufacture of other types of structural bearings not included in this European Standard.
If bearings are used as or as part of anti-seismic devices with the aim of modifying the dynamic response of the structure, EN 15129 also applies.
This document will be used in conjunction with the other relevant parts of the prEN 1337 series.

This European Standard specifies the characteristics for the design and manufacture of sliding elements and guides which are not structural bearings but only parts of them for combination with structural bearings as defined in other Parts of this European Standard.
Suitable combinations are shown in Table 1 of EN 1337-1:2000. Sliding surfaces with a diameter of the circumscribing circle of single or multiple PTFE sheets less than 75 mm or greater than 1500 mm, or with effective bearing temperatures less than ?35°C or greater than 48°C are outside the scope of this European Standard. Sliding elements for use as temporary devices during construction, for example during launching of the superstructure, are also outside the scope of this European Standard. In this standard the specification is also given for curved sliding surfaces which are not part of separate sliding elements but which are incorporated in cylindrical or spherical PTFE bearings as per prEN 1337-7:1996. NOTE The general principles detailed in this European Standard may be applied for sliding elements outside this scope, but their suitability for the intended use should be proven.

This European Standard deals with the requirements for the design and manufacture of spherical and cylindrical PTFE bearings. The requirements and properties of the curved sliding surfaces are included in prEN 1337-2:1996. Spherical and cylindrical bearings with an included angle 2 o > 60° and 2 o > 75° respectively are beyond the scope of this European Standard. (see Figure 6). For the purpose of controlling the degree of freedom the bearings may be combined with flat sliding elements and guides according to prEN 1337-2:1996 and restraining rings as per 6.3.4. Cylindrical bearings are susceptible to unexpected moments about the transverse axis of the cylindrical surface. Additional limitation of application to be taken into consideration is given in clause 1 of prEN 1337-2:1996.

This European Standard deals with the requirements for the design and manufacture of spherical and cylindrical PTFE bearings. The requirements and properties of the curved sliding surfaces are included in prEN 1337-2:1996. Spherical and cylindrical bearings with an included angle 2 o > 60° and 2 o > 75° respectively are beyond the scope of this European Standard. (see Figure 6). For the purpose of controlling the degree of freedom the bearings may be combined with flat sliding elements and guides according to prEN 1337-2:1996 and restraining rings as per 6.3.4. Cylindrical bearings are susceptible to unexpected moments about the transverse axis of the cylindrical surface. Additional limitation of application to be taken into consideration is given in clause 1 of prEN 1337-2:1996.

This European Standard specifies the characteristics for the design and manufacture of sliding elements and guides which are not structural bearings but only parts of them for combination with structural bearings as defined in other Parts of this European Standard.
Suitable combinations are shown in Table 1 of EN 1337-1:2000. Sliding surfaces with a diameter of the circumscribing circle of single or multiple PTFE sheets less than 75 mm or greater than 1500 mm, or with effective bearing temperatures less than ¿35°C or greater than 48°C are outside the scope of this European Standard. Sliding elements for use as temporary devices during construction, for example during launching of the superstructure, are also outside the scope of this European Standard. In this standard the specification is also given for curved sliding surfaces which are not part of separate sliding elements but which are incorporated in cylindrical or spherical PTFE bearings as per prEN 1337-7:1996. NOTE The general principles detailed in this European Standard may be applied for sliding elements outside this scope, but their suitability for the intended use should be proven.