ASTM E1824-19
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using Thermomechanical Analysis: Tension Method
Standard Test Method for Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using Thermomechanical Analysis: Tension Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The glass transition is dependent on the thermal history, softening agents or additives of the material to be tested. For amorphous and semicrystalline materials the assignment of a glass transition temperature may lead to important information about thermal history, processing conditions, stability, progress of chemical reactions, and mechanical and electrical behavior.
5.2 Thermomechanical analysis provides a rapid means of detecting changes in hardness or linear dimensional change associated with the glass transition. Dimensional changes measured as a specimen is heated over the glass transition region may include the interaction of several effects: an increase in the coefficient of expansion, a decrease in the modulus, which under a constant stress leads to increased extension, stress relief leading to irreversible dimensional change (shrinkage in one dimension, expansion in another dimension), and physical aging effects which change the kinetics of the dimensional change.
5.3 This test method is useful for research and development, quality control, and specification acceptance testing; particularly of films and fibers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the assignment of a glass transition temperature (Tg) of materials on heating using thermomechanical measurements in tension.
1.2 This test method may be used as a complement to Test Method E1545 and is applicable to amorphous or to partially crystalline materials in the form of films, fibers, wires, etc., that are sufficiently rigid to inhibit extension during loading at ambient temperature.
1.3 The generally applicable temperature range for this test method is 25 °C to 600 °C. This temperature range may be altered depending upon the instrumentation used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1824 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using
1
Thermomechanical Analysis: Tension Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
E1545 Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the assign-
Temperature by Thermomechanical Analysis
ment of a glass transition temperature (T ) of materials on
g
E2602 Test Methods for the Assignment of the Glass Tran-
heating using thermomechanical measurements in tension.
sitionTemperaturebyModulatedTemperatureDifferential
1.2 This test method may be used as a complement to Test
Scanning Calorimetry
Method E1545 and is applicable to amorphous or to partially
crystallinematerialsintheformoffilms,fibers,wires,etc.,that
3. Terminology
are sufficiently rigid to inhibit extension during loading at
3.1 Definitions:
ambient temperature.
3.1.1 The following terms are applicable to this test method
1.3 The generally applicable temperature range for this test
and can be found in Terminology E473 and Terminology
method is 25 °C to 600 °C. This temperature range may be
E1142: thermomechanical analysis (TMA), thermodilatometry,
altered depending upon the instrumentation used.
glass transition, and glass transition temperature.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Summary of Test Method
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. 4.1 This test method uses thermomechanical analysis equip-
ment (thermomechanical analyzer, dilatometer, or similar de-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
vice) with the test specimen in tension to determine the change
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in dimension of a thin specimen observed when the material is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
subjected to a constant heating rate through the glass transition
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
region. This change in dimension associated with the change
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from vitreous solid to amorphous liquid is observed as move-
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
mentofasensingprobeindirectcontactwiththespecimenand
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
isrecordedasafunctionoftemperature.Theintersectionofthe
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
extrapolation of the slope of the probe displacement curve
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
before and after the transition is used to determine a tempera-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ture that is assigned as the glass transition temperature.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
2 5.1 The glass transition is dependent on the thermal history,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
softening agents or additives of the material to be tested. For
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
amorphous and semicrystalline materials the assignment of a
ology
glass transition temperature may lead to important information
about thermal history, processing conditions, stability, progress
of chemical reactions, and mechanical and electrical behavior.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E37 on Thermal
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on
5.2 Thermomechanical analysis provides a rapid means of
Fundamental, Statistical and Mechanical Properties.
detecting changes in hardness or linear dimensional change
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2019. Published September 2019. Originally
associated with the glass transition. Dimensional changes
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E1824 – 18. DOI:
10.1520/E1824-19.
measured as a specimen is heated over the glass transition
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
region may include the interaction of several effects: an
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
increase in the coefficient of expansion, a decrease in the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. modulus, which under a constant st
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1824 − 18 E1824 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using
1
Thermomechanical Analysis: Tension Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the assignment of a glass transition temperature (T ) of materials on heating using
g
thermomechanical measurements in tension.
1.2 This test method may be used as a complement to Test Method E1545 and is applicable to amorphous or to partially
crystalline materials in the form of films, fibers, wires, etc., that are sufficiently rigid to inhibit extension during loading at ambient
temperature.
1.3 The generally applicable temperature range for this test method is −10025 °C to 600 °C. This temperature range may be
altered depending upon the instrumentation used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
E1545 Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Thermomechanical Analysis
E2602 Test Methods for the Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning
Calorimetry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The following terms are applicable to this test method and can be found in Terminology E473 and Terminology E1142:
thermomechanical analysis (TMA), thermodilatometry, glass transition, and glass transition temperature.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method uses thermomechanical analysis equipment (thermomechanical analyzer, dilatometer, or similar device)
with the test specimen in tension to determine the change in dimension of a thin specimen observed when the material is subjected
to a constant heating rate through the glass transition region. This change in dimension associated with the change from vitreous
solid to amorphous liquid is observed as movement of a sensing probe in direct contact with the specimen and is recorded as a
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on Fundamental,
Statistical and Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018Sept. 1, 2019. Published August 2018September 2019. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20132018
as E1824 – 13.E1824 – 18. DOI: 10.1520/E1824-18.10.1520/E1824-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E1824 − 19
function of temperature. The intersection of the extrapolation of the slope of the probe displacement curve before and after the
transition is used to determine a temperature that is assigned as the glass transition temperature.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The glass transition is dependent on the thermal history, softening agents or additives of the material to be tested. For
amorphous and semicrystalline materials the assignment of a glass transition temperature may lead to important information about
thermal history, processing condi
...
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