ASTM D3882-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
Standard Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Individual rolls are normally accepted or rejected on the basis of the maximum amount of bow or skew in a specific roll of fabric. The average bow or skew in a roll or lot or the range of bow or skew in a roll may be determined but are not normally used in the trade for acceptance or rejection.
Bow or skew can be induced during fabric manufacturing, dyeing, tentering, finishing, or other operations where a potential exists for uneven distribution of tensions across the fabric width. Bow and skew are more visually displeasing in colored, patterned fabrics such as plaids and horizontal stripes rather than in solid colors because the contrast makes the distortion more prominent. These defects may cause sewing problems in such fabrics and draping problems in finished products. In some cases, a specified amount of skew is needed, for example, to prevent twisting of pant legs made of twill fabric. Matching plaids from distorted patterns may create serious problems for the garment manufacturer or home sewer. Wavy or sharp breaks in t...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bow and skew of filling yarns in woven fabrics and the courses in knitted fabrics.
1.2 This test method can also be used to measure the bow and skew of printed geometric designs.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D3882–08
Standard Test Method for
1
Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3882; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bow and 3.1 Definitions: (For all terminology related to Fabric De-
skew of filling yarns in woven fabrics and the courses in fects see D3990.)
knitted fabrics. 3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.2 This test method can also be used to measure the bow 3.1.2 bow, n—afabricconditionresultingwhenfillingyarns
and skew of printed geometric designs. or knitting courses are displaced from a line perpendicular to
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units the selvages and form one or more arcs across the width of the
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in fabric. (See alsodouble bow .)
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each 3.1.2.1 Discussion—bow and bias is a synonym for bow
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining and skew.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance 3.1.3 double bow, n—two fabric bows, arcing in the same
with the standard. direction, as in a flattened M or W depending on the viewing
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the angle. (See alsodouble bow .) (Compare double reverse bow.)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.3.1 Discussion—In tubular knits, there may be differen-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- tial bowing between the top and bottom of the tube.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.4 double hooked bow, n—one hooked bow at each side
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. of the fabric that arc in opposite directions. (See alsohooked
bow .)
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.5 double reverse bow, n—two fabric bows arcing in
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: opposite directions. (See also double bow.)
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3.1.6 hooked bow, n—a fabric condition in which the filling
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
yarns or knitted courses are in the proper position for most of
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test the fabric width but are pulled out of alignment at one side of
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
the fabric. (See also double hooked bow.)
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for 3.1.7 knitted fabric, n—astructureproducedbyinterlooping
3
Textiles
one or more ends of yarn or comparable materials.
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects 3.1.8 skew, n—a fabric condition resulting when filling
yarns or knitted courses are angularly displaced from a line
perpendicular to the edge or side of the fabric.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Knitted courses or filling yarns usually
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
appear as straight line at right angles to the edge or side of the
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
fabric.Whentubularknittedfabricisfinished,differentialskew
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originally
may occur on the top and bottom part of the tube.
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D3882 – 99 (2006).
3.1.8.2 Discussion—bow and bias is a synonym for bow
DOI: 10.1520/D3882-08.
2
and skew.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.9 standard atmosphere for testing textiles,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
n—laboratoryconditionsfortestingfibers,yarns,andfabricsin
the ASTM website.
3
which air temperature and relative humidity are maintained at
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org. specific levels with established tolerances.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D3882–08
3.1.9.1 Discussion—Textile materials are used in a number 5.2 Individual rolls are normally accepted or rejected on the
ofspecificend-useapplicationsthatfrequentlyrequiredifferent basis of the maximum amount of bow or skew in a specific roll
testing temperatures and relative humidities. Specific condi- of fabric. The average bow or skew in a roll or lot or the range
tion
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3882–99 (Reapproved 2006) Designation:D3882–08
Standard Test Method for
1
Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3882; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bow and skew of filling yarns in woven fabrics and the courses in knitted
fabrics.
1.2 This test method can also be used to measure the bow and skew of printed geometric designs such as plaids. designs.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with this test
method. the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles
D 3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: (For all terminology related to Fabric Defects see D3990.)
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
3.1.2 bow, n—a fabric condition resulting when filling yarns or knitting courses are displaced from a line perpendicular to the
selvages and form one or more arcs across the width of the fabric. (See alsodouble bow .)
3.1.2
3.1.2.1 Discussion—bow and bias is a synonym for bow and skew.
3.1.3 double bow, n—two fabric bows, arcing in the same direction, as in a flattened M or W depending on the viewing angle.
(See alsodouble bow .) (Compare double reverse bow.)
3.1.2.1
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In tubular knits, there may be differential bowing between the top and bottom of the tube.
3.1.3
3.1.4 double hooked bow, n—one hooked bow at each side of the fabric that arc in opposite directions. (See alsohooked bow
.)
3.1.4
3.1.5 double reverse bow, n—two fabric bows arcing in opposite directions. (See also bow double bow.) (Compare .)
3.1.5double bow.)
3.1.6 hooked bow, n—a fabric condition in which the filling yarns or knitted courses are in the proper position for most of the
fabric width but are pulled out of alignment at one side of the fabric. (See also double hooked bow.)
3.1.6
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on FabricTest Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved Jan.July 1, 2006.2008. Published February 2006.August 2008. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 19992006 as
D 3882 – 99 (2006).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3882–08
3.1.7 knitted fabric, n—a structure produced by interlooping one or more ends of yarn or comparable materials.
3.1.7
3.1.8 skew, n—a fabric condition resulting when filling yarns or knitted courses are angularly displaced from a line
perpendicular to the edge or side of the fabric.
3.1.7.1
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Knitted courses or filling yarns usually appear as straight line at right angles to the edge or side of the
fabric. When tubular knitted fabric is finished, differential skew may occur on the top and bottom part of the tube.
3.1.8
3.1.8.2 Discussion—bow and bias is a synonym for bow and skew.
3.1.9 standard atmosphere for testing textiles, n—laboratory conditions for testing fibers, yarns, and fabrics in which air
temperature and relative hu
...
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