ASTM F109-11
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on Ceramics
Standard Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on Ceramics
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfections observed on whitewares and related products. For additional definitions of terms relating to whitewares and related products, refer to Terminology C242. To observe these defects, examination shall be performed visually, with or without the aid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949. Agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser regarding specific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.
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Designation:F109–11
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Surface Imperfections on Ceramics
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF109;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope blister—bubble or gaseous inclusion at the surface which if
broken could form a pit, pock, or hole.
1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfections
observed on whitewares and related products. For additional
definitions of terms relating to whitewares and related prod-
ucts, refer to Terminology C242. To observe these defects,
examination shall be performed visually, with or without the
aid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949.
Agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser regarding
burr—fragment of excess material or foreign particle adhering
specific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.
to the surface.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
Products
C502 Test Method for Wedging of Flat, Rectangular Ce-
ramic Wall and Floor Tile
C949 Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by
camber—a single arch of curvature. (See also waviness.)
Dye Penetration
E165 PracticeforLiquidPenetrantExaminationforGeneral
Industry
3. Terminology
blemish—strained or discolored area attributable to normal
composition or forming, or both. (See also inclusion.)
chip—area along an edge or corner where the material has
broken off.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on
CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of C21.01
Editorial and Teminology on Nomenclature.
Current edition approved March 15, 2011. Published April 2011. Originally
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved 2009 as F109 – 09. DOI: where:
10.1520/F0109-11.
w = width
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
l = length, and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
d = depth.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. closed chip—fractured area on the edge or corner when the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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F109–11
material has not broken off (Syn. potential chip). diagonal warpage—the departure of the center of a tile from
the plane in which three of the four corners of the tile lie.
where:
W = width
l = length, and
edge warpage—the departure of the center of one edge of a
d = depth.
tile from the plane in which three of the four corners lie.
crack—line of fracture without complete separation.
crawling—apartingandcontractionoftheglazeonthesurface
of ceramic ware during drying or firing, resulting in un-
fin—fine feather-edge protrusion from the surface (Syn. flash).
glazed areas bordered by coalesced glaze.
crazing—the cracking that occurs in fired glazes or other
ceramic coatings as a result of tensile stresses, may also
occur in the surface portion of uncoated (unglazed) white-
ware bodies.
2
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F109–11
flow line—one or more streaks distinguished by a difference in inclusion—embedded foreign material or a stain other than
light reflectance from the surrounding area, charateristic of from normal composition or forming, or both (see blemish).
injection-molded parts. (See also weld mark.)
kink—atypeofwavinessoccurringinteriortotheedges,notto
be confused with the more abrupt departures as ridges or
surface marks. (See also waviness.)
grinding mark—a pattern of fine striations or scoring, usually
directional, resulting from machining, as distinct from sur-
face marks
lump—a raised area on the surface having the appearance of
being solid.
hole—a deep depression or void, the bottom of which is not
visible by normal (20/20) vision under 200 fc illumination.
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F109–11
metal marks—lines on the surface of a ceramic body or glaze pinholes—imperfections in the surface of a ceramic glaze
caused by drawing a hard metal, such as a knife, across the resembling pin pricks.
surface.
pit—a shallow depression or crater in which all surfaces are
visible by normal (20/20) vision under 200 fc of illumina-
peeling—compressive stresses in a fired glaze or other ceramic
tion.
coating of sufficient magnitude to exceed the strength of
adhesion between the glaze and the body.
pock—a partially closed surface cavity.
where:
w = width.
pore—an internal cavity which may be exposed
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:F109–04 (Reapproved 2009) Designation: F109 – 11
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Surface Imperfections on Ceramics
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF109;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfections observed on whitewares and related products. For additional
definitions of terms relating to whitewares and related products, refer toTerminology C242.To observe these defects, examination
shall be performed visually, with or without the aid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949. Agreement by the
manufacturer and the purchaser regarding specific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
C502 Test Method for Wedging of Flat, Rectangular Ceramic Wall and Floor Tile
C949 Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry
3. Terminology
blemish—strained or discolored area attributable to normal composition or forming, or both. (See also inclusion.)
blister—bubble or gaseous inclusion at the surface which if broken could form a pit, pock, or hole.
burr—fragment of excess material or foreign particle adhering to the surface.
camber—a single arch of curvature. (See also waviness.)
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of C21.01 Editorial
and Teminology on Nomenclature.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved 2004 as F109–04. DOI:
10.1520/F0109-04R09.
Current edition approved March 15, 2011. PublishedApril 2011. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved 2009 as F109 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/F0109-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F109 – 11
chip—area along an edge or corner where the material has broken off.
where:
w = width
l = length, and
d = depth.
closed chip—fractured area on the edge or corner when the material has not broken off (Syn. potential chip).
where:
W = width
l = length, and
d = depth.
crack—line of fracture without complete separation.
crawling—apartingandcontractionoftheglazeonthesurfaceofceramicwareduringdryingorfiring,resultinginunglazedareas
bordered by coalesced glaze.
crazing—the cracking that occurs in fired glazes or other ceramic coatings as a result of tensile stresses, may also occur in the
2
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F109 – 11
surface portion of uncoated (unglazed) whiteware bodies.
diagonal warpage—the departure of the center of a tile from the plane in which three of the four corners of the tile lie.
edge warpage—the departure of the center of one edge of a tile from the plane in which three of the four corners lie.
fin—fine feather-edge protrusion from the surface (Syn. flash).
3
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F109 – 11
flow line—one or more streaks distinguished by a difference in light reflectance from the surrounding area, charateristic of
injection-molded parts. (See also weld mark.)
grinding mark—a pattern of fine striations or scoring, usually directional, resulting from machining, as distinct from surface
marks
hole—a deep depression or void, the bottom of which is not visible by normal (20/20) vision under 200 fc illumination.
inclusion—embedded foreign material or a stain other than from normal composition or forming, or both (see blemish).
kink—a type of waviness occurring interior to the edges, not to be confused with the more abrupt departures as ridges or surface
marks. (See also waviness.)
lump—a raised area on the surface having the appearance of being solid.
4
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F109 – 11
metal marks—lines on the surface of a ceramic
...
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