ASTM E959-83(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
Standard Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Throughput, power and energy requirements, and product size are key parameters that describe the operation and performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.
5.2 This test method can be used to determine if the size-reduction equipment is operating within specifications and meeting performance criteria.
5.3 Having determined the parameters given in 5.1, the equipment that has been subjected to the test may be compared to other equipment similarly tested in order to establish relative levels of performance among equipment.
5.4 The basic test period is a continuous 2 to 4-h duration. The use of several test periods may be warranted to adequately assess the performance of size-reduction equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.
1.2 This test method can be used to measure the flow (that is, throughput) of solid waste through the size-reduction equipment, energy usage of the size-reduction device, and particle size of the shredded product.
1.3 This test method includes instructions for measuring energy usage, solid waste throughput, net processing time, and particle size distribution.
1.4 This test method applies only to size-reduction equipment that produces a shredded product with a size corresponding to 90 % cumulative passing in the range of 0.5 to 15 cm (0.2 to 6 in.) on an air-dry weight basis. For material with nominal sizes outside of this range, the precision and bias statements for particle size designation (Section 14) may not apply.
1.5 This test method can be applied to size-reduction equipment located anywhere within a processing line.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for specific hazard information.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E959 − 83 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction
Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E959; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method covers measuring the performance of
solid waste size-reduction equipment.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This test method can be used to measure the flow (that
2.1 ASTM Standards:
is, throughput) of solid waste through the size-reduction
E828 Test Method for Designating the Size of RDF-3 From
equipment, energy usage of the size-reduction device, and
its Sieve Analysis (Withdrawn 2009)
particle size of the shredded product.
E929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Require-
1.3 This test method includes instructions for measuring
ments of Processing Equipment (Withdrawn 2014)
energy usage, solid waste throughput, net processing time, and
3. Terminology
particle size distribution.
3.1 Definitions:
1.4 This test method applies only to size-reduction equip-
3.1.1 characteristic product size—the screen size corre-
ment that produces a shredded product with a size correspond-
sponding to 63.2 % cumulative passing by weight.
ing to 90 % cumulative passing in the range of 0.5 to 15 cm
(0.2 to 6 in.) on an air-dry weight basis. For material with
3.1.2 discrete throughput method—the method whereby av-
nominal sizes outside of this range, the precision and bias
erage throughput is calculated as the average of a number of
statements for particle size designation (Section 14) may not
discrete throughput measurements conducted during a test
apply.
period.
1.5 This test method can be applied to size-reduction
3.1.3 idling time—time periods during which a size-
equipment located anywhere within a processing line. reduction device is freewheeling, that is, not processing refuse.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3.1.4 net processing time—the time during which refuse is
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this processed through the size-reduction device.
standard.
3.1.5 nominal product size—the screen size corresponding
1.6.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for
to 90 % cumulative passing by weight.
information only.
3.1.6 size-reduction device or equipment—a device which
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
size reduces (Synonyms: shredder, grinder, pulverizer, and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mill).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.7 stationary belt method—a method of gross sample
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
collectioninwhichtheconveyorbeltisstoppedandthesample
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of material is removed manually.
See Section 7 for specific hazard information.
3.1.8 test interval—a test interval is equal to one-quarter of
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
the test period.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3.1.9 test period—the test period is two to four continuous
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- hours of net processing time.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Recovery and Reuse. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E959 – 83 (2010). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/E0959-83R18. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E959 − 83 (2018)
3.1.10 time-averaged throughput method—the method consistoflockoutoftheelectricalpowertotheconveyor,ready
whereby the average throughput is calculated by dividing the access to a safety “stop” cord located on the conveyor, or both.
total mass size reduced by the net processing time.
7.2 This test method requires installation of electrical me-
tering equipment. Consequently, the precautions described in
4. Summary of Test Method
Test Method E929 should be observed.
4.1 The duration of the test period is established and refuse
7.3 Gross samples should be collected sufficiently far from
is prepared for processing.
the size-reduction equipment such that test personnel are
4.2 An energy measuring system is installed.
protected from potential explosions and flying objects from the
equipment.
4.3 Solid waste is processed through the size-reduction
equipment, energy usage and throughput are measured, and
8. Equipment Calibration
samples for analysis of product particle size distribution are
collected.
8.1 All electrical metering equipment used for energy mea-
surement shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method
4.4 Average throughput, power requirements, specific
energy,andparticlesizeoftheshreddedproductarecalculated. E929.
4.5 Two methods (Time-Averaged Throughput Method and 8.2 All weight-measuring equipment shall be calibrated
Discrete Throughput Method (Section 10)) for measuring the according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
performance of size-reduction equipment are described. The
selection of a particular method is governed by the layout of
9. Preparation for Test
the processing equipment, the location of the size-reduction
9.1 Refuse Preparation and Establishment of Test
equipment relative to the other processing equipment, and the
Intervals—The duration of the test period is to be a minimum
preference of the parties conducting the test.
of 2 h and a maximum of 4 of net processing time. During the
test period, collect four gross samples of shredded product
5. Significance and Use
from which subsamples for particle size distribution analysis
5.1 Throughput, power and energy requirements, and prod-
will be taken subsequently. The test period is divided into four
uct size are key parameters that describe the operation and
equal test intervals (that is, test intervals 1, 2, 3, and 4).
performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.
Calculate the approximate duration of the test intervals using
the following relation:
5.2 This test method can be used to determine if the
size-reductionequipmentisoperatingwithinspecificationsand
t *
p
t *. (1)
meeting performance criteria. i
5.3 Having determined the parameters given in 5.1, the
where:
equipment that has been subjected to the test may be compared
t * = estimate of the duration of the test interval (h), and
p
tootherequipmentsimilarlytestedinordertoestablishrelative
t * = estimated duration of the test period (h), subject to the
p
levels of performance among equipment.
condition 2 h ≤ t * ≤4h.
p
5.4 The basic test period is a continuous 2 to 4-h duration.
Weigh refuse, uniformly mixed as much as possible, and
The use of several test periods may be warranted to adequately
form into four discrete piles, each of which has an approximate
assess the performance of size-reduction equipment.
(nominal) weight as calculated by the following relation:
6. Apparatus m˙ *t *
i
M *. (2)
i
6.1 Hand Broom.
where:
6.2 Dust Pan.
M * = approximate weight of the refuse pile in Mg,
i
6.3 Wide-Mouthed Shovel.
m˙* = nominal throughput value (Mg/h) established for the
6.4 Clock or Stopwatch, accurate to 0.1 s.
test, and
t * = estimated duration of the test interval (h) derived
i
6.5 Plastic Bags, large containers, or both.
from Eq 1.
6.6 Push Broom.
The measured weight of each pile (M) is to be within 65%
i
6.7 Ties and Labels.
of the nominal weight (M*). Record the weight of each pile on
i
6.8 Electrical Metering System.
the sample data form shown in Fig. 1.
6.9 Sieving Equipment, manual or mechanical.
9.2 Time Measurements and Logbook—Keep a time log
during the conduct of the test program, the primary purpose of
7. Hazards
which is to allow the calculation of net processing time. A
sample format for the log is shown in Fig. 2.
7.1 The test procedure described in 11.4 requires the re-
moval of shredded material from a stopped conveyor belt by 9.2.1 The key time recordings for each time interval are as
follows:
test personnel. Precautions should be taken to ensure that the
belt cannot be started while occupied. These precautions 9.2.1.1 Starting time of the time interval,
E959 − 83 (2018)
Site: ____________________________________________ Date: ___________________________________________
Type of Size Recorded By: _____________________________________
Reduction Device: _________________________________ Test Period No.: ___________________________________
Model No.: _______________________________________ Test Interval No.: ___________________________________
Serial No.: ________________________________________
(A) (B) (C)
Time Description of Activity/Reason for Shutdown Shredding Time, Idling Time, Shredder Shutdown,
A B
∆t (h) ∆ t (h) ∆ t (h)
s x y
Totals
A
Power on to size-reduction equipment, but no processing of material.
B
Power off to size-reduction equipment.
FIG. 2 Time Log for Testing Size-Reduction Equipment
9.2.2 In order to obtain representative test data, it is recom-
Pile No. Weight of Pile, M (Mg)
I
mended that the net processing time be a minimum of 75 % of
the duration of the test period. For example, if a 4-h test period
is chosen, the net processing time should be equal to or greater
Total, M: _______________________________________
than 3 h.
9.3 Setup and Use of the Energy Measuring Equipment—
Measure energy usage of the size-reduction device during the
test period using Test Method E929. Use a rotating disk-type
wattmeter or equivalent as the measuring instrument. Install
Total, M: ________________________________________
and test the energy measuring equipment prior to initiating the
9 test period.
10. Time-Averaged Throughput Method Procedure:
10.1 The Time-Averaged Throughput Method may be used
Total, M: ________________________________________
in those instances where there is no stream-splitting apparatus
upstream of the size-reduction device, for example, there is no
pre-trommel screen upstream of the size-reduction device.
10.2 After an initial one-half hour warmup period during
which refuse is shredded and the power measuring equipment
Total, M: ________________________________________
is functioning, allow the shreading device to empty. Subse-
quent to its emptying, measure the initial freewheeling power
19 draw while the machine is idling using a rotating disk-type
wattmeter,asdescribedinTestMethodE929.Recordmeasure-
Total, M: ___________________________________
ments in accordance with Fig. 2, Energy Measurement Data
Sheet of Test Method E929.
FIG. 1 Sample Data Sheet for Throughput Measurement Using
the Time-Averaged Throughput Method
10.3 After completion of the initial freewheeling power
measurements and at the onset of the first time interval, note
9.2.1.2 Starting time of idling periods in which the size- thestartingtimeandrecordonthetimelog(Fig.2).Recordthe
reduction device is electrically energized but in which no size initial wattmeter reading in accordance with Fig. 2, Energy
reduction of refuse is occurring, Measurement Data Sheet of Test Method E929.
9.2.1.3 Starting time of any periods in which the size- Simultaneously, initiate the processing of one of the four
reduction device is electrically shut down (de-energized), and pre-weighed piles of refuse. Make every reasonable effort to
9.2.1.4 Finishing time of the test interval. supply a constant flow of refuse into the size-reduction device.
E959 − 83 (2018)
The measured duration of the test interval is to be within recording the weights of gross and laboratory samples (Fig. 4)
610 % of that estimated for t*in Eq 1. and the data sheets used to record particle size distribution data
i
(Fig. 5).
10.4 Approximately midway through the first time interval
of the test period, collect a representative gross sample for
10.6 Weigh the gross sample and store in a waterproof
product particle size analysis downstream of the shredder
container or bag until the representative laboratory samples are
discharge. The appropriate weight of the gross sample is as
chosen. Record weight data on the data sheet shown in Fig. 4.
indicated in Fig. 3.
10.7 At the conclusion of the time interval, note the time
10.5 The preferred method of collection for the gross
and record the reading on the time log.
sample is through diversion of the entire cross section of the
10.8 Collect the second, third, and fourth gross samples for
shredded refuse stream into a collection container or through
collection of the entire cross section of the stream at a product particle size analysis approximately midway into the
second, third, and fourth test intervals, respectively, of the test
conveying transition point. Where neither of the two preferred
methods of collection can be employed, the collection of a period, following the procedures in 10.4 – 10.7. Note and
partial stream sample may be substituted. If partial stream record on the time logs the starting times of the subsequent test
sampling is used, make a notation on the data sheet used for intervals.
Nominal Product Size, X , (cm)
FIG. 3 Weight Requirements for Gross and Lab Samples as a Function of Nominal Product Size
E959 − 83 (2018)
infeedconveyorandthebeltfromwhichthethroughputsample
Test Interval No. Weight of Gross Sample Weight of Laboratory Sample
(kg) (kg)
is to be taken. After the conveyors are stopped, collect and
remove the shredded material from a measured length of the
belt. The weight of material to be removed will be approxi-
mately as indicated in Fig. 3.
6 11.5 Immediately prior to s
...
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