ASTM D6773-08
(Test Method)Standard Shear Test Method for Bulk Solids Using the Schulze Ring Shear Tester
Standard Shear Test Method for Bulk Solids Using the Schulze Ring Shear Tester
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Reliable, controlled flow of bulk solids from bins and hoppers is essential in almost every industrial facility. Unfortunately, flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing are common. Additional problems include uncontrolled flow (flooding) of powders, segregation of particle mixtures, useable capacity which is significantly less than design capacity, caking and spoilage of bulk solids in stagnant zones, and structural failures.
By measuring the flow properties of bulk solids, and designing bins and hoppers based on these flow properties, most flow problems can be prevented or eliminated (1).
For bulk solids with a significant percentage of particles (typically, one third or more) finer than about 6 mm ( ¼ in.), the unconfined yield strength is governed by the fines (−6 mm fraction). For such bulk solids, strength and wall friction tests may be performed on the fine fraction only.
This test method covers operation of the manually-controlled Schulze Ring Shear Tester. An automated version of this tester is also available. Its method of testing bulk solids is similar in principle to that described in this test method.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D 3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing or inspection (or both) of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this standard. However, users of this standard should recognize that the framework of Practice D 3740 is appropriate for evaluating the qua...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the unconfined yield strength of bulk solids during both continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various wall surfaces are included.
1.2 The most common use of this information is in the design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smoothness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for structural design of such equipment may also be derived from this data. Another application is the measurement of the flowability of bulk solids, for example, for comparison of different products or optimization.
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives: and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6773 − 08
StandardTest Method for
1
Bulk Solids Using Schulze Ring Shear Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6773; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the apparatus and procedures 2.1 ASTM Standards:
for measuring the unconfined yield strength of bulk solids D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
during both continuous flow and after storage at rest. In Fluids
addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
wall friction on various wall surfaces are included. Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.2 The most common use of this information is in the
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages
Data
due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smooth-
D6128Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using
ness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for
the Jenike Shear Cell
structural design of such equipment may also be derived from
this data. Another application is the measurement of the
3. Terminology
flowability of bulk solids, for example, for comparison of
3.1 Definitions:For common definitions of terms in this
different products or optimization.
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
3.2.1 adhesion test, n—a static wall friction test with time
Practice D6026.
consolidation.
1.3.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
3.2.2 angle of internal friction,φ,n—theanglebetweenthe
i
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
axis of normal stress (abscissa) and the tangent to the yield
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
locus.
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for 3.2.3 angle of wall friction, φ', n—the arctan of the ratio of
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
the wall shear stress to the wall normal stress.
ations for the user’s objectives: and it is common practice to
3.2.4 bin, n—a container or vessel for holding a bulk solid,
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
frequently consisting of a vertical cylinder with a converging
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
hopper. Sometimes referred to as silo, bunker or elevator.
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
3.2.5 bulk density, ρ,n— the mass of a quantity of a bulk
b
methods for engineering design.
solid divided by its total volume.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.2.6 bulk solid, n—an assembly of solid particles handled
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
in sufficient quantities that its characteristics can be described
standard.
by the properties of the mass of particles rather than the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
characteristics of each individual particle. It may also be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
referred to as a granular material, particulate solid, or powder.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Examples are sugar, flour, and ore.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.7 bunker, n—synonym for bin, but sometimes under-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
stood as being a bin without any or only a small vertical part
at the top of the hopper.
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ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterization
2
and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D6773–02. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6773-08. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6773–02 Designation:D6773–08
Standard Test Method for
1
Bulk Solids Using the Schulze Ring Shear Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6773; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstheapparatusandproceduresformeasuringtheunconfinedyieldstrengthofbulksolidsduringboth
continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various
wall surfaces are included. The SI system of units has been used throughout.
1.2 The most common use of this information is in the design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages due to
arching and ratholing, including the slope and smoothness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for structural design
of such equipment may also be derived from this data. Another application is the measurement of the flowability of bulk solids,
for example, for comparison of different products or optimization.
1.3
1.3 AllobservedandcalculatedvaluesshallconformtotheguidelinesforsignificantdigitsandroundingestablishedinPractice
D6026.
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard.Inaddition,theyarerepresentativeofthesignificantdigitsthatgenerallyshouldberetained.Theproceduresuseddonot
considermaterialvariation,purposeforobtainingthedata,specialpurposestudies,oranyconsiderationsfortheuser’sobjectives:
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
D6128Standard Test Method for Shear Testing Method for of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions of terms used in this test method are in accordance with Terminology D653
3.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 adhesion test, n—a static wall friction test with time consolidation.
3.3angle of internal friction, f
3.2.2 angle of internal friction, w, n—the angle between the axis of normal stress (abscissa) and the tangent to the yield locus.
i
3.4
3.2.3 angle of wall friction, f8, n—the arctan of the ratio of the wall shear stress to the wall normal stress.
3.5
3.2.4 bin,n—acontainerorvesselforholdingabulksolid,frequentlyconsistingofaverticalcylinderwithaconverginghopper.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterization and
Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.
Current edition approved March 10, 2002. Published April 2002.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D6773–02.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 04.08.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D6773–08
Sometimes referred to as silo, bunker or elevator.
3.6
3.2.5 bulk density, r , n— the mass of a quantity of a bulk solid divided by
...
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