ASTM D4104/D4104M-20
(Practice)Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions of Solution of Cooper et al (1):
5.1.1 The head change in the control well is instantaneous at time t = 0.
5.1.2 Well is of finite diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.
5.1.3 Flow in the nonleaky aquifer is radial.
Note 2: The exact conservation equation of Richards (5)with the volumetric water content can be simplified to take the form used in the solution of (1)with the storage coefficient, which implies several assumptions including that of constant total stresses (6).
5.2 Implications of Assumptions:
5.2.1 The mathematical equations applied ignore inertial effects and assume the water level returns the static level in an approximate exponential manner. The geometric configuration of the well and aquifer are shown in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Cross Section Through a Well in Which a Slug of Water is Suddenly Injected
5.2.2 Assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions and fully penetrating wells. However, this practice is commonly applied to partially penetrating wells and in unconfined aquifers where it may provide estimates of hydraulic conductivity for the aquifer interval adjacent to the open interval of the well if the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity.
Note 3: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.
5.2.3 As pointed out by Cooper et al (1) the determination of storage coefficient by this practice has questionable reliability because of the similar shape of the curves, whereas, the determination of transmissivity is not as sensitive to choosing the correct curve. However, the curve selected should not imply a storage coefficient unrealistically large or small.
Note 4: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities us...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of transmissivity from the measurement of force-free (overdamped) response of a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water level in a well. Force-free response of water level in a well to a sudden change in water level is characterized by recovery to initial water level in an approximate exponential manner with negligible inertial effects.
1.2 The analytical procedure in this practice is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4044/D4044M for collection of test data.
1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an estimate of transmissivity. Although the assumptions of this practice prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer), the slug test is commonly conducted using a partially penetrating well. Such a practice may be acceptable for application under conditions in which the aquifer is stratified and horizontal hydraulic conductivity is much greater than vertical hydraulic conductivity. In such a case the test would be considered to be representative of the average hydraulic conductivity of the portion of the aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits use...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D4104/D4104M −20
Standard Practice for
(Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity of
Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response
1
to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4104/D4104M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis
1.1 This practice covers the determination of transmissivity
methods for engineering data.
from the measurement of force-free (overdamped) response of
a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water level in a
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
well. Force-free response of water level in a well to a sudden
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
change in water level is characterized by recovery to initial
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
water level in an approximate exponential manner with negli-
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
gible inertial effects.
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-
1.2 The analytical procedure in this practice is used in
formance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other
conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4044/
than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this
D4044M for collection of test data.
standard.
1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
estimate of transmissivity. Although the assumptions of this
one or more specific operations.This document cannot replace
practiceprescribeafullypenetratingwell(awellopenthrough
educationorexperienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwith
the full thickness of the aquifer), the slug test is commonly
professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be
conducted using a partially penetrating well. Such a practice
applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
may be acceptable for application under conditions in which
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
theaquiferisstratifiedandhorizontalhydraulicconductivityis
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
much greater than vertical hydraulic conductivity. In such a
nor should this document be applied without the consideration
case the test would be considered to be representative of the
ofaproject’smanyuniqueaspects.Theword“Standard”inthe
average hydraulic conductivity of the portion of the aquifer
title of this document means only that the document has been
adjacent to the open interval of the well.
approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Practice D6026. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved June 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D4104 – 17. DOI:
10.1520/D4104_D4104M-20.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM In
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4104 − 17 D4104/D4104M − 20
Standard Test Method Practice for
(Analytical Procedure) for Procedures) Determining
Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by
Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in
1
Head (Slug Tests)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4104;D4104/D4104M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of transmissivity from the measurement of force-free (overdamped) response of
a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water level in a well. Force-free response of water level in a well to a sudden change
in water level is characterized by recovery to initial water level in an approximate exponential manner with negligible inertial
effects.
1.2 The analytical procedure in this test method is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4044 for
collection of test data.
1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an estimate of transmissivity. Although the assumptions of this test method
prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer), the slug test method is commonly
conducted using a partially penetrating well. Such a practice may be acceptable for application under conditions in which the
aquifer is stratified and horizontal hydraulic conductivity is much greater than vertical hydraulic conductivity. In such a case the
test would be considered to be representative of the average hydraulic conductivity of the portion of the aquifer adjacent to the
open interval of the well.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater
and Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017June 1, 2020. Published November 2017June 2020. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20102017 as
ɛ1
D4104 – 96 (2010)17. . DOI: 10.1520/D4104-17.10.1520/D4104_D4104M-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4104/D4104M − 20
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design an
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