ASTM D94-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum Products
Standard Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum Products
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of constituents in petroleum products such as lubricants, additives, and transmission fluids that will saponify under the conditions of the test.
1.1.1 Two test methods are described: Method A--Color Indicator Titration (Sections 6 - 13), and Method B--Potentiometric Titration (Sections 14 - 23).
1.2 Because compounds of sulfur, phosphorus, the halogens, and certain other elements which are sometimes added to petroleum products also consume alkali and acids, the results obtained indicate the effect of these extraneous materials in addition to the saponifiable material present. Results on products containing such materials, on used internal-combustion-engine crank-case oils, and on used turbine oils must be interpreted with caution.
Note 1--The materials referred to above, which are not normally considered saponifiable matter, include inorganic or certain organic acids, most nonalkali soaps, etc. The presence of such materials increases the saponification number above that of fatty saponifiable materials for which the test method is primarily intended. The odor of hydrogen sulfide near the end of the back-titration in the saponification test is an indication that certain types of reactive sulfur compounds are present in the sample. In the case of other reactive sulfur, chlorine, and phosphorus compounds, and other interfering materials, no simple indication is given during the test. A gravimetric determination of the actual amount of fatty acids is probably the most reliable method for such compounds. Test Methods D128 or IP Method 284/86 can be used to determine fatty acids gravimetrically.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, and 19.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
Designation: D 94 – 00 An American National Standard
Designation: 136S1/98, 136S2/99
Standard Test Methods for
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Saponification Number of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 94; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
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priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
amount of constituents in petroleum products such as lubri-
statements, see Sections 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, and 19.
cants, additives, and transmission fluids that will saponify
under the conditions of the test.
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.1 Two test methods are described: Method A—Color
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Indicator Titration (Sections 6-13), and Method
D 91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lubricating
B—Potentiometric Titration (Sections 14-23).
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Oils
1.2 Because compounds of sulfur, phosphorus, the halo-
D 117 Guide to Test Methods, Specifications, and Guides
gens, and certain other elements that are sometimes added to
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for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
petroleum products also consume alkali and acids, the results
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D 128 Test Methods for Analysis of Lubricating Grease
obtained indicate the effect of these extraneous materials in
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D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
addition to the saponifiable material present. Results on prod-
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
ucts containing such materials, on used internal-combustion-
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Petroleum Products
engine crank-case oils, and on used turbine oils must be
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
interpreted with caution.
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Petroleum Products
NOTE 1—The materials referred to above, which are not normally
D 6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
considered saponifiable matter, include inorganic or certain organic acids,
Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measurement System
most nonalkali soaps, and so forth. The presence of such materials
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Performance
increases the saponification number above that of fatty saponifiable
2.2 Institute of Petroleum Standards:
materials for which the test method is primarily intended. The odor of
IP 136 Method of Test for Saponification Number of Petro-
hydrogen sulfide near the end of the back-titration in the saponification
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test is an indication that certain types of reactive sulfur compounds are leum Products
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present in the sample. In the case of other reactive sulfur, chlorine, and
IP 284 Method of Test for Fatty Acids
phosphorus compounds and other interfering materials, no simple indica-
tion is given during the test. A gravimetric determination of the actual
3. Terminology
amount of fatty acids is probably the most reliable method for such
3.1 Definitions:
compounds. Test Methods D 128 or IP Method 284/86 can be used to
3.1.1 saponify, v—to hydrolyze a fat with alkali to form an
determine fatty acids gravimetrically.
alcohol and the salt of a fatty acid.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.2 saponification number, n—the number of milligrams
standard.
of potassium hydroxide consumed by1gofa sample under the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
conditions of the test.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The value of the saponification number
in these test methods can be affected by the presence of other
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These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
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tee D02.06 on Analysis of Lubricants. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
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Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2000. Published November 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.
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published as D 94 – 21 T. Last previous edition D 94 – 99. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
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Statements defining this test and its significance when applied to electrical Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
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insulating oils of mineral origin will be found in Guide D 117. Experience has Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.
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shown that for transformer oils, Test Method D 94, modified by use of 0.1 M KOH Available from Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W.I.,
solution and 0.1 M HCl, is more suitable. England.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D94
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alkali-reactive species, as described in Note 1. where such specifications are
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