ASTM A356/A356M-11(2016)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel, Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines
Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel, Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines
ABSTRACT
This specification covers one grade of martensitic stainless steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for cylindrical (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth or electric-furnace process. Deoxidation of the carbon and low-alloy steel grades shall be by manganese and silicon. The castings shall be heat treated in either the normalized, tempered, or stress-relieved conditions. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation shall be determined by subjecting the specimens to a tension test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers one grade of martensitic stainless steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for cylinders (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications.
1.2 Optional supplementary requirements (S1 through S5) shall apply as selected by and specified by the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.
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Designation:A356/A356M −11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Specification for
Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel,
Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA356/A356M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
2.2 Manufacturers’StandardizationSocietyoftheValveand
1.1 This specification covers one grade of martensitic stain-
Fittings Industry Standard:
less steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for
SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves,
cylinders (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other
Flanges, Fittings, and Other Piping Components (Visual
heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications.
Method)
1.2 Optional supplementary requirements (S1 through S5)
3. Classification
shall apply as selected by and specified by the purchaser.
3.1 The castings are furnished in the grades shown in Table
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
1.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
4. Ordering Information
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
4.1 Orders for material to this specification should include
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
the following information:
with the standard.
4.1.1 A description of the casting by pattern number or
1.3.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.
drawing (dimensional tolerances shall be included on the
2. Referenced Documents
casting drawing),
4.1.2 Grade of steel,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1.3 Options in the specification, and
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
4.1.4 The supplementary requirements desired, including
of Steel Products
the standards of acceptance.
A488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifi-
cations of Procedures and Personnel
5. Melting Process
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
5.1 The steel shall be made by the open-hearth or electric-
E125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-
furnace process.
tions on Ferrous Castings
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
5.2 Deoxidation Practice:
Industry 5.2.1 Deoxidation of the carbon and low-alloy steel grades
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 ⁄2 in.
shall be by manganese and silicon. Furnace or ladle deoxida-
(50.8 to 114 mm)) Steel Castings tion with other agents is permissible with the approval of the
E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to 12
purchaser.
in. (114 to 305 mm)) Steel Castings 5.2.2 The purchaser may specify that no aluminum be
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
added.
(50.8 mm) in Thickness
5.2.3 Vacuum deoxidation is acceptable. The specific
method shall be subject to approval by the purchaser.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, 6. Heat Treatment
Stainless Steel and Related Alloysand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
6.1 Preliminary Heat Treatment—The castings may receive
A01.18 on Castings.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published September 2016. Originally such preliminary heat treatment as the founder may elect to
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as A356/A356M – 11.
employ.
DOI: 10.1520/A0356_A0356M-11R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM AvailablefromManufacturersStandardizationSocietyoftheValveandFittings
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Industry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA22180-4602, http://www.mss-hq.org.
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A356/A356M−11 (2016)
A
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
Grade/ Material
Phosphorus,
UNS Carbon Manganese Silicon Sulfur, max Molybdenum Chromium Nickel Vanadium Columbium Nitrogen Aluminum Other
max
Number
B B
1 carbon steel 0.35 max 0.70 max 0.60max 0.035 0.030 . . . . . . . .
J03502
B B
2 ⁄2 % molybdenum 0.25 max 0.70 max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.45-0.65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J12523
B B
1 1
5 ⁄2 % chromium, ⁄2 % 0.25 max 0.70 max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.40-0.60 0.40-0.70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J12540 molybdenum
1 1
6 1 ⁄4 % chromium, ⁄2 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.80 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.45-0.65 1.00-1.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J12073 molybdenum
8 1 % chromium, 1 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.90 0.20-0.60 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 1.00-1.50 . . . 0.05-0.15 . . . . . . . . . . . .
J11697 molybdenum, vanadium
9 1 % chromium, 1 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.90 0.20-0.60 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 1.00-1.50 . . . 0.20-0.35 . . . . . . . . . . . .
J21610 molybdenum, vanadium
10 2 ⁄4 % chromium, 1 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.80 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 2.00-2.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J22090 molybdenum
CA6NM martensic chromium 0.06 max 1.00 max 1.00 max 0.040 0.030 0.4-1.0 11.5-14.0 3.5-4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J91540 nickel
A
Where ellipses appear in this table, there is no requirement and the element need not be analyzed for or reported.
B
For each 0.01 % reduction in carbon below the maximum specified, an increase of 0.04 percentage points of manganese over the maximum specified for that element will be permitted up to 1.00.
A356/A356M−11 (2016)
6.2 Heat Treatment for Final Properties: 9.3 If the results of the mechanical tests for any lot or
6.2.1 Normalizing—The castings shall be heated to and held casting do not conform to the requirements specified, the
at the proper temperature for a sufficient time to effect the founder may reheat treat and retest such lot or casting.
desired transformation and withdrawn from the furnace and
10. Test Specimen
allowed to cool to effect complete transformation.
6.2.2 Tempering—The casting shall be heated to and held at 10.1 Tension test specimens and samples for microexami-
the proper temperature, which shall be below the transforma-
nation may be taken from coupons conforming substantially to
tion range, and then cooled under suitable conditions. The the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and from the locations in the
tempering temperature shall not be less than 1100°F [595°C].
coupon as indicated in Fig. 1. These coupons shall have been
6.2.3 Stress Relieving—The stress relieving operation shall cast attached to the castings, except as provided in 10.2, and
be carried out in the same manner as tempering. The tempera-
have remained attached, without partial severing, until the
ture shall be within 50°F [28°C], but not exceeding the final completion of the heat treatment for final properties.
tempering temperature.
10.2 If, in the opinion of the manufacturer, the design of any
6.3 Stainless Steel Casting: casting is such as to preclude the use of an attached coupon,
6.3.1 Normalizing—The castings shall be heated to 1850°F then the tension test specimen and sample for microexamina-
[1010°C] minimum, held sufficiently at that temperature to
tion for that casting may be taken from a coupon attached to a
uniformly heat the castings, and air cooled to below 200°F special block. The coupon shall conform substantially to the
[93°C].
dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and shall have remained attached,
6.3.2 Tempering—The castings shall be final tempered from without partial severing, to its special block until after all heat
1050 to 1150°F [565 to 620°C].
treatment for final properties.
6.3.3 Stress Relieving—The stress relieving operation shall
10.3 Test specimens may be cut from heat-treated castings
be performed in the same manner as tempering. Temperature
instead of from test coupons when agreed upon between the
shall be between 1050°F [565°C] and 1150°F [620°C].
manufacturer and the purchaser.
10.4 Tension test specimens shall be machined to the form
7. Chemical Composition
and dimensions of the standard round 2-in. [50-mm] gage-
7.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements given in
length specimen shown in Fig. 5 of Test Methods and Defini-
Table 1.
tions A370.
8. Tensile Requirements
11. Inspection
8.1 Tensile properties shall conform to the requirements 11.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
listed in Table 2 as determined by the test specimen set forth in
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the
Section 9. purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer’s
works that concern the manufacture of material ordered. The
8.2 Tension tests shall be performed in accordance withTest
manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities
Methods and Definitions A370.
to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordance
with this specification. All tests (except product analysis) and
9. Number of Tests and Retests
inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to
9.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat in each
shipment, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere
heat-treatment charge and from each casting on which attached
unnecessarily with operation of the works.
coupons are specified. The bar from which the test specimen is
taken shall be heat treated with the casting represented. 12. Rejection and Rehearing
9.2 If any test spec
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A356/A356M − 11 A356/A356M − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Specification for
Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel,
Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A356/A356M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers one grade of martensitic stainless steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for cylinders
(shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications.
1.2 Optional supplementary requirements (S1 through S5) shall apply as selected by and specified by the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and Personnel
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 ⁄2 in. (50.8 to 114 mm)) Steel Castings
E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm)) Steel Castings
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in Thickness
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
2.2 Manufacturers’ Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry Standard:
SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and Other Piping Components (Visual Method)
3. Classification
3.1 The castings are furnished in the grades shown in Table 1.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 Orders for material to this specification should include the following information:
4.1.1 A description of the casting by pattern number or drawing (dimensional tolerances shall be included on the casting
drawing),
4.1.2 Grade of steel,
4.1.3 Options in the specification, and
4.1.4 The supplementary requirements desired, including the standards of acceptance.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloysand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.18
on Castings.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011Sept. 1, 2016. Published November 2011September 2016. Originally approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 20072011
as A356/A356M – 07.A356/A356M – 11. DOI: 10.1520/A0356_A0356M-11.10.1520/A0356_A0356M-11R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602, http://www.mss-hq.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A356/A356M − 11 (2016)
A
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
Grade/ Material
Phosphorus,
UNS Carbon Manganese Silicon Sulfur, max Molybdenum Chromium Nickel Vanadium Columbium Nitrogen Aluminum Other
max
Number
B B
1 carbon steel 0.35 max 0.70 max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J03502
B B
2 ⁄2 % molybdenum 0.25 max 0.70 max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.45-0.65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J12523
1 1 B B
5 ⁄2 % chromium, ⁄2 % 0.25 max 0.70 max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.40-0.60 0.40-0.70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J12540 molybdenum
1 1
6 1 ⁄4 % chromium, ⁄2 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.80 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.45-0.65 1.00-1.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J12073 molybdenum
8 1 % chromium, 1 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.90 0.20-0.60 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 1.00-1.50 . . . 0.05-0.15 . . . . . . . . . . . .
J11697 molybdenum, vanadium
9 1 % chromium, 1 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.90 0.20-0.60 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 1.00-1.50 . . . 0.20-0.35 . . . . . . . . . . . .
J21610 molybdenum, vanadium
10 2 ⁄4 % chromium, 1 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.80 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 2.00-2.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J22090 molybdenum
CA6NM martensic chromium 0.06 max 1.00 max 1.00 max 0.040 0.030 0.4-1.0 11.5-14.0 3.5-4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J91540 nickel
A
Where ellipses appear in this table, there is no requirement and the element need not be analyzed for or reported.
B
For each 0.01 % reduction in carbon below the maximum specified, an increase of 0.04 percentage points of manganese over the maximum specified for that element will be permitted up to 1.00.
A356/A356M − 11 (2016)
5. Melting Process
5.1 The steel shall be made by the open-hearth or electric-furnace process.
5.2 Deoxidation Practice:
5.2.1 Deoxidation of the carbon and low-alloy steel grades shall be by manganese and silicon. Furnace or ladle deoxidation with
other agents is permissible with the approval of the purchaser.
5.2.2 The purchaser may specify that no aluminum be added.
5.2.3 Vacuum deoxidation is acceptable. The specific method shall be subject to approval by the purchaser.
6. Heat Treatment
6.1 Preliminary Heat Treatment—The castings may receive such preliminary heat treatment as the founder may elect to employ.
6.2 Heat Treatment for Final Properties:
6.2.1 Normalizing—The castings shall be heated to and held at the proper temperature for a sufficient time to effect the desired
transformation and withdrawn from the furnace and allowed to cool to effect complete transformation.
6.2.2 Tempering—The casting shall be heated to and held at the proper temperature, which shall be below the transformation
range, and then cooled under suitable conditions. The tempering temperature shall not be less than 1100°F [595°C].
6.2.3 Stress Relieving—The stress relieving operation shall be carried out in the same manner as tempering. The temperature
shall be within 50°F [28°C], but not exceeding the final tempering temperature.
6.3 Stainless Steel Casting:
6.3.1 Normalizing—The castings shall be heated to 1850°F [1010°C] minimum, held sufficiently at that temperature to
uniformly heat the castings, and air cooled to below 200°F [93°C].
6.3.2 Tempering—The castings shall be final tempered from 1050 to 1150°F [565 to 620°C].
6.3.3 Stress Relieving—The stress relieving operation shall be performed in the same manner as tempering. Temperature shall
be between 1050°F [565°C] and 1150°F [620°C].
7. Chemical Composition
7.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements given in Table 1.
8. Tensile Requirements
8.1 Tensile properties shall conform to the requirements listed in Table 2 as determined by the test specimen set forth in Section
9.
8.2 Tension tests shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370.
9. Number of Tests and Retests
9.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat in each heat-treatment charge and from each casting on which attached
coupons are specified. The bar from which the test specimen is taken shall be heat treated with the casting represented.
9.2 If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops flaws, it shall be discarded and another specimen substituted
from the same heat.
9.3 If the results of the mechanical tests for any lot or casting do not conform to the requirements specified, the founder may
reheat treat and retest such lot or casting.
10. Test Specimen
10.1 Tension test specimens and samples for microexamination may be taken from coupons conforming substantially to the
dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and from the locations in the coupon as indicated in Fig. 1. These coupons shall have been cast attached
to the castings, except as provided in 10.2, and have remained attached, without partial severing, until the completion of the heat
treatment for final properties.
TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements
Elongation in 2 Reduction of
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength,
Grade Material in. [50 mm] Area, min,
min, ksi [MPa] min, ksi [MPa]
min, % %
1 carbon steel 70 [485] 36 [250] 20.0 35.0
2 ⁄2 % molybdenum 65 [450] 35 [240] 22.0 35.0
1 1
5 ⁄2 % chromium, ⁄2 % molybdenum 70 [485] 40 [275] 22.0 35.0
1 1
6 1 ⁄4 % chromium, ⁄2 % molybdenum 70 [485] 45 [310] 22.0 35.0
8 1 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum, vanadium 80 [550] 50 [345] 18.0 45.0
9 1 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum, vanadium 85 [585] 60 [415] 15.0 45.0
10 2 ⁄4 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum 85 [585] 55 [380] 20.0 35.0
CA6NM martensitic chromium nickel 110 [760] 80 [550] 15.0 35.0
A356/A356M − 11 (2016)
FIG. 1 Dimensions and Location of Test Coupons for Turbine Castings
10.2 If, in the opinion of the manufacturer, the design of any casting is such as to preclude the use of an attached coupon, then
the tension test specimen and sample for microexamination for that casting may be taken from a coupon attached to a special block.
The coupon shall conform substantially to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and shall have remaine
...
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