ASTM D7005/D7005M-16(2024)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) of Geocomposites
Standard Test Method for Determining the Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) of Geocomposites
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used as a quality control or quality assurance test. As a manufacturing quality control (MQC) test, it would generally be used by the geocomposite product manufacturer or fabricator. As a construction quality assurance (CQA) test, it would be used by certification or inspection organizations.
5.2 This test method can also be used to verify if the adhesion or bond strength varies after exposure to various incubation media in durability or chemical resistance testing, or both.
5.3 Whatever use is to be associated with the test, it should be understood that this is an index test.
Note 2: There have been numerous attempts to relate the results of this test to the interface shearing resistance of the respective materials determined per Test Method D5321/D5321M. To date, no relationships have been established between the two properties.
5.4 Test Method D7005/D7005M for determining the bond strength (ply adhesion) strength may be used as an acceptance test of commercial shipments of geocomposites, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 are advisable.
5.4.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedure in Test Method D7005/D7005M for acceptance of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests were conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, grip faces, grip size, etc. Comparative tests should then be conducted to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens should be randomly assigned to each laboratory for testing. The average results from ...
SCOPE
1.1 It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond strength of flexible multi-ply materials is difficult to measure with current technology. The above is recognized and accepted, since all known methods of measurement include the force required to bend the separated layers, in addition to that required to separate them. However, useful information can be obtained when one realizes that the bending force is included and that direct comparison between different materials, or even between the same materials of different thickness, cannot be made. Also, conditioning that affects the moduli of the plies will be reflected in the bond strength measurement.
1.2 This index test method defines a procedure for comparing the bond strength or ply adhesion of geocomposites. The focus is on geotextiles bonded to geonets or other types of drainage cores, for example, geomats, geospacers, etc. Other possible uses are geotextiles adhered or bonded to themselves, geomembranes, geogrids, or other dissimilar materials. Various processes can make such laminates: adhesives, thermal bonding, stitch bonding, needling, spread coating, etc.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 11.1.1.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on ...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7005/D7005M − 16 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) of
Geocomposites
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7005/D7005M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
strength of flexible multi-ply materials is difficult to measure
with current technology. The above is recognized and accepted,
2. Referenced Documents
since all known methods of measurement include the force
2.1 ASTM Standards:
required to bend the separated layers, in addition to that
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
required to separate them. However, useful information can be
Textiles
obtained when one realizes that the bending force is included
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for
and that direct comparison between different materials, or even
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
between the same materials of different thickness, cannot be
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
made. Also, conditioning that affects the moduli of the plies
Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
will be reflected in the bond strength measurement.
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
1.2 This index test method defines a procedure for compar-
D5321/D5321M Test Method for Determining the Shear
ing the bond strength or ply adhesion of geocomposites. The
Strength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic-
focus is on geotextiles bonded to geonets or other types of
Geosynthetic Interfaces by Direct Shear
drainage cores, for example, geomats, geospacers, etc. Other
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
possible uses are geotextiles adhered or bonded to themselves,
ASTM Test Methods
geomembranes, geogrids, or other dissimilar materials. Various
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
processes can make such laminates: adhesives, thermal
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
bonding, stitch bonding, needling, spread coating, etc.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3. Terminology
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1 Definitions:
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics—air maintained
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of
used independently of the other, and values from the two
21 6 2 °C [70 6 4 °F].
systems shall not be combined.
3.1.2 bond strength (ply adhesion)—amount of force re-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
quired (per unit width) to separate plies of material or materials
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in peeling mode plus the force to bend the plies.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 geocomposite—a product composed of two or more
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
materials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 geomat/geospacer—any three-dimensional polymeric
Specific precautionary statements are given in 11.1.1.
material used with soil, rock, or other geotechnical engineering
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
related material as an integral part of a man-made project,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
structure, or system.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
cal Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2024. Published February 2024. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D7005/D7005M – 16. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D7005_D7005M-16R24. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7005/D7005M − 16 (2024)
3.1.5 geonet—a geosynthetic consisting of integrally con- tests should then be conducted to determine if there is a
nected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical
angles for planar drainage of liquids or gases. assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a
minimum, the two parties should take a group of test speci-
3.1.6 geosynthetic—a planar product manufactured from
mens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a
polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-
lot of the material in question. The test specimens should be
technical engineering related material as an integral part of a
randomly assigned to each laboratory for testing. The average
man-made project structure, or system.
results from the two laboratories should be compared to the
3.1.7 geotextile—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability
solely of textiles.
level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If
3.1.8 index test—a test procedure which may contain a
a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or
known bias but may be used to establish an order for a set of
the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test
specimens with respect to the property of interest.
results in the light of the known bias. Refer to Practice D2905,
3.1.9 machine direction—the direction in the plane of the Table 1.
fabric parallel to the direction of manufacture.
6. Apparatus
3.1.10 necking—localized reduction in cross section, which
6.1 Grips—A gripping system that minimizes both slippage
may occur in a material under tensile stress.
and uneven stress distribution is required. Grips lined with thin
3.2 For definitions of other terms, refer to Terminology
rubber, crocus cloth, or pressure-sensitive tape, as well as
D4439.
file-faced or serrated grips have been successfully used for
many materials. Air-actuated grips have been found
4. Summary of Test Method
advantageous, particularly in the case of materials that tend to
4.1 Initially the geotextile is separated from its associated
“neck” in the grips, since pressure is maintained at all times.
material with care. The separated plies of the test specimen are
Grip faces shall measure not less than 50.8 mm [2.0 in.] wide
placed into the grips of a tensile testing machine. The grips are
by no less than 100 mm [4 in.] long, with the longer dimension
then separated and the force required to further separate the
perpendicular to the direction of the applied load.
plies is defined as bond strength.
6.2 Testing Machine—A tensile testing machine with com-
NOTE 1—The force to bend the separated plies is included in the
puter acquisition capabilities conforming to the requirements
measured force.
of Specification D76/D76M.
5. Significance and Use
6.3 Specimen Cutter—A die 101.6 6 2 mm [4 6 0.08 in.]
5.1 This test method is to be used as a quality control or
wide by at least 200 mm [8 in.] long.
quality assurance test. As a manufacturing quality control
(MQC) test, it would generally be used by the geocomposite 7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
product manufacturer or fabricator. As a construction quality
7.1 Sampling must be performed in a manner that will
assurance (CQA) test, it would be used by certification or
provide the desired information. No single procedure can be
inspection organizations.
given for all situations. Therefore, Practice D4354 should be
5.2 This test method can also be used to verify if the used as a guide in planning sampling procedures.
adhesion or bond strength varies after exposure to various
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For sampling, disregard the first
incubation media in durability or chemical resistance testing,
meter [3 ft] and the last meter [3 ft] of material from the sample
or both.
roll. Consider the units in the laboratory sample. For the
laboratory sample, take a swatch at a minimum of 30 cm [1 ft]
5.3 Whatever use is to be associated with the test, it should
be understood that this is an index test. in the machine direction by the roll width.
NOTE 2—There have been numerous attempts to relate the results of this
7.3 Test Specimens—Take no specimen nearer the selvedge
test to the interface shearing resistance of the respective materials
or edge of the sample than ⁄20 of the width of the roll, or
determined per Test Method D5321/D5321M. To date, no relationships
150 mm [6 in.], whichever is larger, from the bonded material.
have been established between the two properties.
Cut strips 101.6 6 2 mm [4 6 0.08 in.] wide and at least
5.4 Test Method D7005/D7005M for determining the bond
200 mm [8 in.] long, parallel to the direction under test. For
strength (ply adhesion) strength may be used as an acceptance
geocomposites consisting of geotextiles bonded to bo
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