ASTM G223-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Adhesive Wear Properties of Lubricated and Nonlubricated Materials Using the Twist Compression Test (TCT)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Adhesive Wear Properties of Lubricated and Nonlubricated Materials Using the Twist Compression Test (TCT)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples, surface treatments, and lubricants by CFT and in their resistance to adhesive wear. Since adhesive wear is a complex phenomenon and stochastic in nature, it is essential to evaluate surfaces to confirm the presence of adhesion.
5.2 This test method should be considered when evaluating the impact of changes in a process or application that is prone to adhesive wear, including any combination of scoring, galling, and plowing. These modes of failure commonly occur under sliding contact, at high contact stress, and, when applicable, at lubricant starvation.
5.3 The TCT is often used to evaluate the ability of material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricants to prevent or reduce adhesive wear in metalworking operations including deep drawing, extrusion, and pipe bending. Other applications in which the test may be effective are loader bucket bushings, gear teeth at startup, and low-clearance pumps.
5.4 This test method is best used as a comparative screening tool. The ranking of performance produced by the TCT correlates well with the ranking in many applications.3 However, since the test is a bench test and not directly reproducing any specific application, TCT results should be only used as an indicator of the tendency for adhesive wear to occur. TCT is a useful screening test for comparing the effectiveness of material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricant formulations before process testing and field trials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the coefficient of friction (COF) and resistance of materials to adhesion under flat sliding using the twist compression test (TCT). This test method ranks material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricant combinations by COF and their resistance to adhesion.
1.2 The time until adhesion for the materials under the test conditions are reported and used to quantify the tribocouple’s adhesion resistance and susceptibility to galling or scuffing. Systems of higher adhesion resistance will give longer time until failure.
1.3 The coefficient of friction values averaged between the test reaching full test pressure and the time of the onset of adhesion or the end of tests run for a predetermined time period are recorded. Systems are ranked by their average coefficients of friction before adhesion occurs.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard except psi and pounds in Table 1.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G223 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Friction and Adhesive Wear Properties of
Lubricated and Nonlubricated Materials Using the Twist
1
Compression Test (TCT)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for de-
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
termining the coefficient of friction (COF) and resistance of
materials to adhesion under flat sliding using the twist com-
3. Terminology
pression test (TCT). This test method ranks material couples,
3.1 Definitions—Definitions used in this test method are in
surface treatments, coatings, and lubricant combinations by
Terminology G40.
COF and their resistance to adhesion.
3.1.1 adhesive wear, n—wear caused by localized bonding
between contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer
1.2 The time until adhesion for the materials under the test
between the two surfaces or loss from either surface.
conditions are reported and used to quantify the tribocouple’s
adhesion resistance and susceptibility to galling or scuffing.
3.1.2 apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of
Systems of higher adhesion resistance will give longer time contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries
until failure. of their macroscopic interface.
3.1.3 galling, n—form of surface damage arising between
1.3 The coefficient of friction values averaged between the
sliding solids distinguished by macroscopic, usually localized,
test reaching full test pressure and the time of the onset of
roughening and the creation of protrusions above the original
adhesion or the end of tests run for a predetermined time period
surface; it is characterized by plastic flow and may involve
are recorded. Systems are ranked by their average coefficients
material transfer.
of friction before adhesion occurs.
-2
3.1.4 nominal contact pressure, FL , n—in tribology, an
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
average contact pressure between two conforming bodies
as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in
calculated by dividing the contact force by the apparent area of
this standard except psi and pounds in Table 1.
contact.
3.1.5 plowing, n—in tribology, the formation of grooves by
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
motion.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 3.1.6 scoring, n—in tribology, a severe form of wear char-
acterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in the direction of sliding.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 3.1.7 scratching, n—in tribology, the mechanical removal or
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the displacement or both of material from a surface by the action
of abrasive particles or protuberances sliding across the sur-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
faces.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.8 scuffıng, n—form of adhesive wear occurring in inad-
equately lubricated tribosystems that is characterized by mac-
roscopically observable localized changes in surface texture.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
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and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Abrasive Wear. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published July 2023. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
G0223-23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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G223 − 23
3.1.9 sliding wear, n—in tribology, wear caused by the
relative motion in the tangential plane of contact between two
solid bodies.
3.1.10 stick-s
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