ASTM D4712-87a(1996)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Water-Reducible Coatings
Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Water-Reducible Coatings
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing water-reducible coatings, both pigmented and clear, utilizing synthetic lattices, synthetic resin emulsions, or water-reducible alkyds. The methods included are listed in Table 1. Where more than one standard is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one standard over another. Selection of the standards to be followed must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between producer and user.
1.2 This guide covers the testing of liquid coatings as applied by conventional spray, airless spray, electrostatic spray, dip, fancoat, flowcoat, roller coat, and curtain coat.
1.3 This guide includes procedures relating to proper and safe packaging, shipping and receiving, and storage and handling during use and application.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: D 4712 – 87a (Reapproved 1996)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
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Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Guide for
Testing Industrial Water-Reducible Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4712; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 215 Practice for the Chemical Analysis of White Linseed
Oil Paints
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures
D 344 Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by
for testing water-reducible coatings, both pigmented and clear,
the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts
utilizing synthetic latices, synthetic resin emulsions, or water-
D 522 Test Method for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached
reducible alkyds. The methods included are listed in Table 1.
Organic Coatings
Where more than one standard is listed for the same charac-
D 523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
teristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one
D 562 Test Method for Consistency of Paints Using the
standard over another. Selection of the standards to be followed
Stormer Viscometer
must be governed by experience and the requirements in each
D 609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
individual case, together with agreement between producer and
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
user.
Related Coating Products
1.2 This guide covers the testing of liquid coatings as
D 610 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on
applied by conventional spray, airless spray, electrostatic spray,
Painted Steel Surfaces
dip, fancoat, flowcoat, roller coat, and curtain coat.
D 658 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
1.3 This guide includes procedures relating to proper and
Coatings by the Air Blast Abrasive
safe packaging, shipping and receiving, and storage and
D 659 Method for Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exte-
handling during use and application.
rior Paints
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Exterior Paints
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D 661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Exterior Paints
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D 662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
2. Referenced Documents Exterior Paints
D 714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Paints
B 117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Testing
D 772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
Apparatus
ing) of Exterior Paints
B 287 Method of Acetic Acid-Salt Spray (Fog) Testing
D 822 Practice for Conducting Tests on Paint and Related
D 16 Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and
Coatings and Materials Using Filtered Open-Flame
Related Products
Carbon-Arc Light- and Water-Exposure Apparatus
D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
D 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
Closed Tester
D 869 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Settling of
D 185 Test Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments,
Paint
Pastes, and Paints
D 870 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
Using Water Immersion
D 968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and
Coatings by Falling Abrasive
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
D 1005 Test Methods for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
Subcommittee D01.55 on Factory-Applied Coatings on Preformed Products.
Current edition approved June 26 and Oct. 30, 1987. Published December 1987. ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Discontinued; See 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
5 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.
6 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03. Discontinued; see 1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
D 4712
D 1014 Test Method for Conducting Exterior Exposure D 2197 Test Methods for Adhesion of Organic Coatings by
4 4
Tests of Paints on Steel Scrape Adhesion
D 1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Re- D 2201 Practice for Preparation of Zinc-Coated and Zinc-
sistivity of Water Alloy-Coated Steel Panels for Testing Paint and Related
D 1150 Single and Multi-Panel Forms for Recording Re- Coating Products
sults of Exposure Tests of Paints D 2243 Test Method for Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Water-
D 1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of Borne Paints
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences
4 4
a Ferrous Base from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
D 1200 Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup D 2246 Test Method for Finishes on Primed Metallic Sub-
D 1210 Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment- strates for Humidity-Thermal Cycle Cracking
Vehicle Systems D 2247 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in
D 1212 Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thick- 100 % Relative Humidity
ness of Organic Coatings D 2248 Practice for Detergent Resistance of Organic Fin-
D 1308 Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on ishes
Clear and Pigmented Organic Finishes D 2353 Test Method for Flow Ratings of Organic Coatings
D 1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Using the Shell Flow Comparator
Dry Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to D 2354 Test Method for Minimum Film Formation Tem-
4 6
a Nonferrous Metal Base perature (MFT) of Emulsion Vehicles
D 1474 Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic D 2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
Coatings D 2371 Test Method for Pigment Content of Solvent-
D 1475 Test Method for Density of Paint, Varnish, Lacquers Reducible Paints
and Related Products D 2454 Practice for Determining the Effect of Overbaking
D 1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys- on Organic Coatings
tem D 2574 Test Method for Resistance of Emulsion Paints in
D 1540 Practice for Effect of Chemical Agents on Organic the Container to Attack by Microorganisms
Finishes Used in the Transportation Industry D 2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-
D 1640 Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Forma- ence With a Gray Scale
tion of Organic Coatings at Room Temperature D 2691 Test Methods for Microscopical Measurement of
D 1653 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of Dry Film Thickness of Coatings on Wood Products
Organic Coating Films D 2697 Test Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in
D 1654 Test Method for Evaluation of Painted or Coated Clear or Pigmented Coatings
Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments D 2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to
D 1729 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Color Differences the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
of Opaque Materials D 2803 Test Method for Filiform Corrosion Resistance of
D 1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Organic Coatings on Metal
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting D 2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
D 1731 Practices for Preparation of Hot-Dip Aluminum tometry
Surfaces for Painting D 2933 Test Method for Corrosion Resistance of Coated
D 1732 Practices for Preparation of Magnesium Alloy Sur- Steel Specimens (Cyclic Method)
11 7
faces for Painting D 3002 Practice for Evaluation of Coatings for Plastics
D 1735 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings D 3023 Practice for Determination of Resistance of
Using Water Fog Apparatus Factory-Applied Coatings on Wood Products to Stains and
D 1737 Test Method for Elongation of Attached Organic Reagents
Coatings with Cylindrical Mandrel Apparatus D 3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Toler-
D 1848 Classification for Reporting Paint Film Failures ances
Characteristic of Exterior Latex Paints D 3168 Practice for the Qualitative Identification of Poly-
7 4
D 1849 Test Method for Package Stability of Paint mers in Emulsion Paints
7 7
D 2091 Test Method for Print Resistance of Lacquers D 3170 Test Method for Chipping Resistance of Coatings
D 2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) D 3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Set-
7 4
Steel Surfaces for Painting aflash Closed-Cup Apparatus
D 2196 Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non- D 3281 Test Method for Formability of Attached Organic
Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield) Viscom- Coatings with Impact-Wedge Bend Apparatus
eter D 3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape
Test
D 3361 Practice for Operating Light- and Water-Exposure
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Discontinued; see 1992 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
12 13
Discontinued; see 1987 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01. Discontinued; see 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
D 4712
Apparatus (Unfiltered Carbon-Arc Type) for Testing Paint, 7. Sampling and Specimen Preparation
Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products Using the Dew
7.1 Sample the water-reducible coatings in accordance with
Cycle
Practice D 3925.
D 3793 Test Method for Low-Temperature Coalescence of
7.2 Prepare specimens as required for the specific tests on
Latex Paint Films
the liquid coating and the dry coating.
D 3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Condi-
tioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
8. Conditions Affecting Performance
Materials
8.1 Practical requirements and performance of water-
D 3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
reducible coatings may vary with:
Pigmented Coatings
8.1.1 Type of substrate.
D 3928 Test Method for Evaluation of Gloss or Sheen
8.1.2 Substrate condition, for example, porosity, hardness,
Uniformity
smoothness, flexibility, etc.
D 4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
8.1.3 Type, quality, and suitability of the surface treatment
Coatings by the Taber Abraser
or primer used under the water-reducible coating and the time
D 4062 Test Method for Leveling of Paints by Draw-Down
before coating application.
Method
8.1.4 Application methods and techniques.
D 4399 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Conductivity
8.1.5 Contaminants on the surface of the substrate.
of Electrocoat Baths
8.1.6 Environmental conditions such as temperature and
D 4585 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
relative humidity.
Using Controlled Condensation
8.1.7 Damage to container, size, and type of container.
D 4587 Practice for Conducting Tests on Paint and Related
8.1.8 Storage variables, for example storage time, excessive
Coatings and Materials Using a Fluorescent UV-
temperature fluctuations that may cause physical or chemical
Condensation Light- and Water-Exposure Apparatus
change. Special needs arise due to carbon dioxide absorption,
E 70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with the
dissolved metal compatibility, and ultrafiltration treatments.
Glass Electrode
2.2 U.S. Federal Test Method Standard No. 141c:
9. Liquid Coatings Properties
2131.1 Application of Sprayed Films
9.1 Condition in Container—Thickening, settling, and sepa-
3011.1 Test Method
ration are undesirable and objectionable if a liquid coating
3011.2 Condition in Container
cannot be reconditioned and made suitable for application with
4331.1 Test Method
a reasonable amount of stirring. The referenced method covers
3. Terminology
procedures for determining changes in properties after storage.
Determine the condition in the container in accordance with
3.1 Definitions:
Test Method 3011.1 of U.S. Federal Test Method Standard No.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
141c.
Terminology D 16.
9.2 Coarse Particles and Foreign Matter—To form uniform
4. Significance and Use
films of good appearance, the liquid coating must be free of
4.1 This compilation of standards is intended to provide coarse particles as agreed upon between the producer and the
user, a typical maximum being 1 % by weight of the total paint.
assistance in selecting appropriate tests for evaluating water-
reducible coatings and for determining what characteristics Determine coarse particles and foreign matter in accordance
with Test Methods D 185.
should be considered for a given end use. Either single-coat
operations or multicoat systems may be addressed by the 9.3 Density or Weight Per Gallon—The density as mea-
sured by weight per gallon is used to help assure product
proper selection of tests. Results from the various tests are not
all necessarily useful in evaluating the performance of different uniformity from batch to batch. In the referenced test method,
the density is expressed as the weight in pounds avoirdupois of
systems for various end uses. The list can be useful to those
developing coatings and coating systems and to those seeking 1 U.S. gal or the weight in kilograms of 1 L of the paint at a
specified temperature. A calibrated weight-per-gallon cup is
coating systems for products.
used. Determine the density in accordance with Test Method
5. Equipment
D 1475.
5.1 Use the equipment as specified in each standard.
9.4 Fineness of Dispersion—The more finely a pigment is
dispersed, the more efficiently it is being used. One test method
6. General Requirements
for measuring the degree of dispersion (commonly referred to
6.1 Tests and observations shall be at standard laboratory
as “fineness of grind”) is to draw the material down a
conditions as specified in Specification D 3924 unless other-
calibrated, tapered groove in a hardened steel block with the
wise specified or agreed upon by the producer and user.
groove varying in depth from 4 to 0 mils (100 to 0 μm). The
point at which continuous groupings of particles or agglomer-
ates, or both, protrude through the surface of the liquid is taken
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
as the fineness reading. Lower readings in mils or μm or higher
Available from Standardization Do
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