ASTM D2435-02

Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the magnitude and rate of consolidation of soil when it is restrained laterally and drained axially while subjected to incrementally applied controlled-stress loading. Two alternative procedures are provided as follows:
1.1.1 Test Method A—This test method is performed with constant load increment duration of 24 h, or multiples thereof. Time-deformation readings are required on a minimum of two load increments.
1.1.2 Test Method B—Time-deformation readings are required on all load increments. Successive load increments are applied after 100 % primary consolidation is reached, or at constant time increments as described in Test Method A.
Note 1—The determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation of soil when it is subjected to controlled-strain loading is covered by Test Method D 4186.
1.2 This test method is most commonly performed on undisturbed samples of fine grained soils naturally sedimented in water, however, the basic test procedure is applicable, as well, to specimens of compacted soils and undisturbed samples of soils formed by other processes such as weathering or chemical alteration. Evaluation techniques specified in this test method are generally applicable to soils naturally sedimented in water. Tests performed on other soils such as compacted and residual (weathered or chemically altered) soils may require special evaluation techniques.
1.3 It shall be the responsibility of the agency requesting this test to specify the magnitude and sequence of each load increment, including the location of a rebound cycle, if required, and, for Test Method A, the load increments for which time-deformation readings are desired.
Note 2—Time-deformation readings are required to determine the time for completion of primary consolidation and for evaluating the coefficient of consolidation. Since c varies with stress level and load increment (loading or unloading), the load increments with timed readings must be selected with specific reference to the individual project. Alternatively, the requesting agency may specify Test Method B wherein the time-deformation readings are taken on all load increments.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approximate and given for guidance only. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.4.1 In the engineering profession it is customary practice to use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force, unless dynamic calculation (F = Ma) are involved. This implicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine two separate systems within a single standard. This test method has been written using SI units; however, inch-pound conversions are given in the gravimetric system, where the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lb/ft should not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.5.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, it any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Nov-2002
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.05 - Strength and Compressibility of Soils

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D2435-96 - Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Replaced By: ASTM D2435-03 - Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2003
• Referred By: ASTM D7100-11(2020) - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D5084-16a - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM E2243-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Re-contouring and Highwall Reclamation
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D1587/D1587M-15 - Standard Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D6635-15 - Standard Test Method for Performing the Flat Plate Dilatometer
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D8295-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Shear Wave Velocity and Initial Shear Modulus in Soil Specimens using Bender Elements
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D6467-21e1 - Standard Test Method for Torsional Ring Shear Test to Determine Drained Residual Shear Strength of Fine-Grained Soils
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F1962-22 - Standard Guide for Use of Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for Placement of Polyethylene Pipe or Conduit Under Obstacles, Including River Crossings
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM E2278-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D6528-17 - Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Direct Simple Shear Testing of Fine Grain Soils
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM E2277-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D7181-20 - Standard Test Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D7608-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Torsional Ring Shear Test to Measure Drained Fully Softened Shear Strength and Stress Dependent Strength Envelope of Fine-Grained Soils
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2435 – 02
Standard Test Method for
1
One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
deformation readings are taken on all load increments.
1. Scope *
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the
magnitude and rate of consolidation of soil when it is restrained standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approxi-
laterally and drained axially while subjected to incrementally mate and given for guidance only. Reporting of test results in
units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance
applied controlled-stress loading. Two alternative procedures
are provided as follows: with this test method.
1.4.1 In the engineering profession it is customary practice
1.1.1 Test Method A—This test method is performed with
constant load increment duration of 24 h, or multiples thereof. to use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force,
unless dynamic calculations (F = Ma) are involved. This im-
Time-deformation readings are required on a minimum of two
load increments. plicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the
absolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically
1.1.2 Test Method B—Time-deformation readings are re-
quired on all load increments. Successive load increments are undesirable to combine two separate systems within a single
standard. This test method has been written using SI units;
applied after 100 % primary consolidation is reached, or at
constant time increments as described in Test Method A. however, inch-pound conversions are given in the gravimetric
system, where the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force
NOTE 1—The determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation
(weight). The use of balances or scales recording pounds of
of soil when it is subjected to controlled-strain loading is covered by Test
3
mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lb/ft should not be
Method D 4186.
regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.2 This test method is most commonly performed on
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
undisturbed samples of fine grained soils naturally sedimented
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
in water, however, the basic test procedure is applicable, as
Practice D 6026.
well, to specimens of compacted soils and undisturbed samples
1.5.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,
of soils formed by other processes such as weathering or
calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to
chemical alteration. Evaluation techniques specified in this test
the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other
method are generally applicable to soils naturally sedimented
uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
in water. Tests performed on other soils such as compacted and
standard is beyond its scope.
residual (weathered or chemically altered) soils may require
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
special evaluation techniques.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 It shall be the responsibility of the agency requesting
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
this test to specify the magnitude and sequence of each load
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
increment, including the location of a rebound cycle, if
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
required, and, for Test Method A, the load increments for
which time-deformation readings are desired.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 2—Time-deformation readings are required to determine the time 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
for completion of primary consolidation and for evaluating the coefficient
D 422 Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
of consolidation, c . Since c varies with stress level and load increment
v v
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
(loading or unloading), the load increments with timed readings must be 2
Fluids
selected with specific reference to the individual project. Alternatively, the
2
D 854 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils
requesting agency may specify Test Method B wherein the time-
D 1587 Practice For Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-
2
pling of Soils
D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
2
(Moisture) Content of Soil
...