ASTM C326-09(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The purpose of this test is to obtain values of shrinkage after drying and firing of clays or bodies or both, under various processing conditions to enable designers to determine the proper size of mold or die so as to produce a predetermined size of fired ware.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear shrinkage of ceramic whiteware clays, both unfired and fired.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C326 − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C326; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* attachment is used, the plastic clay shall be thoroughly hand-
wedged to eliminate entrapped air as a preliminary to forming
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear
test pieces.
shrinkage of ceramic whiteware clays, both unfired and fired.
3.3 The test specimens, cast or plastic-formed, shall be
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
suitably identified and marked with shrinkage reference lines 4
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
in. (102 mm) apart on the long axis of the specimen. The
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
shrinkage reference lines may conveniently be made with a
and are not considered standard.
gage with knife edges at zero and 4 in. (102 mm) and marking
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
must be done as soon as the bars can be handled without
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
distortion.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.4 The marked specimens shall then be placed on a lightly
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
oiled pallet with semi-circular grooves 0.40 in. (10.2 mm) in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
diameter and allowed to dry at 68 to 100°F (20 to 40°C) for
24h.Thepurposeofthesemi-circular(halfround)groovesisto
2. Significance and Use
maintain straightness of the bars during drying. During this
2.1 The purpose of this test is to obtain values of shrinkage
preliminary drying period, the bars shall be turned 90° several
after drying and firing of clays or bodies or both, under various
times at 2-h intervals to eliminate possible warping in the
processing conditions to enable designers to determine the
vertical direction.After the initial drying period, the specimens
proper size of mold or die so as to produce a predetermined
shall be placed in a drying oven at 200 to 230°F (100 to 110°C)
size of fired ware.
and further dried for 24 h.
3. Test Specimens
3.5 The drying shrinkage of the test specimens should be
determined in accordance with Sections 4 and 5. The speci-
3.1 Test specimens shall be round bars approximately 0.75
mens can now be fired according to a suitable firing schedule
in. (19 mm) in diameter by 5 in. (127 mm) in length.
to the desired temperature and the procedures of Sections 4 and
3.2 Test specimens may be prepared either by casting or
5 applied to determine the total shrinkage.
plastic forming, as circumstances require. At least ten speci-
3.6 The test bars must be clearly identified as to whether
mens shall be prepared. For cast specimens the molds may be
they were cast or extruded, and shrinkage data likewise
either one-piece, or two- or more-part molds; in either instance
identified because of slight differences in shrinkage between
sufficient space shall be provided to allow solid casting without
cast and extruded bars.
piping. Where plastic-forming is employed, the clay-water
mass shall be brought to a consistency that permits the making
4. Shrinkage Measurement
of specimens rigid enough to allow careful handling without
distortion immediately after the test specimen is made. Plastic- 4.1 Measure the distance between shrinkage reference
formed test specimens shall be made either by extrusion or by
marks on dried or fired specimens to the closest 0.004 in. (0.1
pressing in a suitable metal mold. Where a vacuum pugmill is mm) with calipers of suitable accuracy. Record the average of
used, a vacuum of not less than 25 in. (635 mm) Hg shall be
at least ten measurements (one me
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C326 − 09 C326 − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C326; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear shrinkage of ceramic whiteware clays, both unfired and fired.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 The purpose of this test is to obtain values of shrinkage after drying and firing of clays or bodies or both, under various
processing conditions to enable designers to determine the proper size of mold or die so as to produce a predetermined size of fired
ware.
3. Test Specimens
3.1 Test specimens shall be round bars approximately 0.75 in. (19 mm) in diameter by 5 in. (127 mm) in length.
3.2 Test specimens may be prepared either by casting or plastic forming, as circumstances require. At least ten specimens shall
be prepared. For cast specimens the molds may be either one-piece, or two- or more-part molds; in either instance sufficient space
shall be provided to allow solid casting without piping. Where plastic-forming is employed, the clay-water mass shall be brought
to a consistency that permits the making of specimens rigid enough to allow careful handling without distortion immediately after
the test specimen is made. Plastic-formed test specimens shall be made either by extrusion or by pressing in a suitable metal mold.
Where a vacuum pugmill is used, a vacuum of not less than 25 in. (635 mm) Hg shall be maintained during the forming operation.
Where no vacuum attachment is used, the plastic clay shall be thoroughly hand-wedged to eliminate entrapped air as a preliminary
to forming test pieces.
3.3 The test specimens, cast or plastic-formed, shall be suitably identified and marked with shrinkage reference lines 4 in. (102
mm) apart on the long axis of the specimen. The shrinkage reference lines may conveniently be made with a gage with knife edges
at zero and 4 in. (102 mm) and marking must be done as soon as the bars can be handled without distortion.
3.4 The marked specimens shall then be placed on a lightly oiled pallet with semi-circular grooves 0.40 in. (10.2 mm) in
diameter and allowed to dry at 68 to 100°F (20 to 40°C) for 24h. The purpose of the semi-circular (half round) grooves is to
maintain straightness of the bars during drying. During this preliminary drying period, the bars shall be turned 90° several times
at 2-h intervals to eliminate possible warping in the vertical direction. After the initial drying period, the specimens shall be placed
in a drying oven at 200 to 230°F (100 to 110°C) and further dried for 24 h.
3.5 The drying shrinkage of the test specimens should be determined in accordance with Sections 4 and 5. The specimens can
now be fired according to a suitable firing schedule to the desired temperature and the procedures of Sections 4 and 5 applied to
determine the total shrinkage.
3.6 The test bars must be clearly identified as to whether they were cast or extruded, and shrinkage data likewise identified
because of slight differences in shrinkage between cast and extruded bars.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Produ
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