ASTM D5313/D5313M-21

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Wetting and Drying Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability and longevity of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.  
5.2 This test method is designed to determine the effects of wetting and drying action on the individual pieces of rock for erosion control and the resistance of the rock to deterioration. This test method is used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value but rather an indication of the resistance to wetting and drying. Therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability. The data is summarized, and any interpretations of the data are made by the end-user or client.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the durability of rock for erosion control when exposed to wetting and drying conditions on slabs of rock using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This durability test exposes the rock samples to a cycle of wetting and drying such as those experienced due to fluctuating water levels and weather conditions, with tests done at room temperature as the baseline. The rock slabs, prepared per procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be representative of the proposed source of erosion control rock and its weaknesses.  
1.2 The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap, and gabion sized rock materials.  
1.3 The limitations of the test are twofold.  
1.3.1 First, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects present in the rock structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling is essential in minimizing this limitation.  
1.3.2 Secondly, the test requires the rock slabs to be exposed to 80 cycles of wetting and drying. The test is time-intensive and would require a minimum of three months and up to six months to complete the sample preparation, testing, and analysis portions of the procedure.  
1.4 The use of reclaimed concrete and other such materials as rip rap is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.  
1.5.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2021
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.17 - Rock for Erosion Control

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D4753-24 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D3740-23 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D5240/D5240M-20 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM D3740-19 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM D2216-19 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM D4753-15 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-May-2015
• Refers: ASTM D653-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM D4992-14 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control
• Effective Date: 01-May-2014
• Refers: ASTM D5240/D5240M-12(2013)e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2013
• Refers: ASTM D5240/D5240M-12(2013) - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2013
• Refers: ASTM D5240/D5240M-12 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2012
• Refers: ASTM D5312/D5312M-12 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing Conditions
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2012
• Refers: ASTM D3740-12a - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM D3740-12 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2012
• Refers: ASTM D653-11 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2011

Overview

ASTM D5313/D5313M-21: Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Wetting and Drying Conditions is a critical standard developed by ASTM International. This test method is designed to evaluate how natural stone intended for erosion control withstands weathering processes, specifically repeated wetting and drying cycles that mimic real-world conditions. The ability of erosion control rock to resist deterioration directly affects the longevity and stability of construction projects, including shorelines, stream banks, and engineered structures that rely on rock protection.

Key Topics

• Durability Testing of Erosion Control Rock: The main focus is on systematically assessing the integrity and durability of rocks-such as riprap, armor stone, breakwater stone, and gabion-fill stone-when subjected to wetting and drying cycles.
• Wetting and Drying Cycles: Rock slab specimens are exposed to 80 cycles of full immersion in potable water followed by drying. This simulates environmental conditions experienced by erosion control structures.
• Sample Preparation and Examination: Samples are carefully selected to be representative of the rock source. Slabs are cut, visually examined for defects and planes of weakness, and then exposed to test cycles.
• Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment: The method includes both visual inspections and measurements of mass loss, providing indicators of potential rock deterioration such as spalling, splitting, or surface scaling.
• Testing Limitations: The test method acknowledges potential limitations, including possible omission of internal rock defects in slab specimens and the significant time investment required (three to six months for preparation and testing).
• Supporting Standards: Conducted in conjunction with other relevant ASTM practices and procedures, such as Practice D4992 for rock evaluation, and Practice D5121 for specimen preparation.

Applications

This ASTM standard finds practical application in several key areas:

• Erosion Control Design: Engineers and geologists use the results to select rock types for armorstone, riprap, or gabions that will maintain structural integrity under fluctuating water levels and weather conditions.
• Shoreline and Stream Bank Stabilization: The durability evaluation helps ensure suitable rock is chosen for projects protecting banks, coasts, or waterway embankments from erosion.
• Infrastructure Longevity: By identifying rocks with higher resistance to deterioration, the method aids project owners and designers in extending the service life of bridges, dams, jetties, and other critical infrastructure.
• Mining and Quarry Operations: Operators use these guidelines for quality control, ensuring that materials supplied for erosion control are fit for purpose.
• Regulatory Compliance and Specification: Civil works and environmental restoration projects may require compliance with ASTM D5313/D5313M as part of contract documents and environmental regulations.

Related Standards

ASTM D5313/D5313M-21 references several related standards to supplement the evaluation process:

• ASTM D4992 – Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control
• ASTM D5121 – Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability Testing
• ASTM D5240/D5240M – Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
• ASTM D5312/D5312M – Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing Conditions
• ASTM D653 – Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• ASTM D3740 – Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock
• ASTM D2216 – Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass

Keywords: ASTM D5313, erosion control, rock durability, wetting and drying, riprap, armor stone, breakwater, gabion, shoreline stabilization, construction materials testing

By following ASTM D5313/D5313M-21, professionals ensure that erosion control structures are constructed with rock that meets rigorous durability requirements under alternating wetting and drying conditions, promoting safer and more sustainable infrastructure.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5313/D5313M − 21
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under
Wetting and Drying Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5313/D5313M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* pendentlyoftheother.Combiningvaluesfromthetwosystems
may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
durability of rock for erosion control when exposed to wetting
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
and drying conditions on slabs of rock using both qualitative
(lbf)representsaunitofforce(weight),whiletheunitformass
and quantitative methods. This durability test exposes the rock
is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma)
samples to a cycle of wetting and drying such as those
calculations are involved.
experienced due to fluctuating water levels and weather
1.5.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction
conditions,withtestsdoneatroomtemperatureasthebaseline.
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
Therockslabs,preparedperproceduresinPracticeD5121,are
of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly
intended to be representative of the proposed source of erosion
combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the
control rock and its weaknesses.
gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to com-
1.2 The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor
bine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a
stone, riprap, and gabion sized rock materials.
single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravita-
1.3 The limitations of the test are twofold. tional system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the
slug unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales
1.3.1 First, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may
eliminate some of the internal defects present in the rock recordingpoundsofmass(lbm)orrecordingdensityinlbm/ft
shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the
qualityofthelargerrocksamplesusedinconstruction.Careful 1.5.3 Calculations are done using only one set of units;
examinationoftherocksourceandpropersamplingisessential either SI or gravitational inch-pound. Other units are
permissible, provided appropriate conversion factors are used
in minimizing this limitation.
1.3.2 Secondly,thetestrequirestherockslabstobeexposed to maintain consistency of units throughout the calculations,
and similar significant digits or resolution, or both are main-
to 80 cycles of wetting and drying. The test is time-intensive
and would require a minimum of three months and up to six tained.
months to complete the sample preparation, testing, and
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
analysis portions of the procedure.
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.
1.4 The use of reclaimed concrete and other such materials
as rip rap is beyond the scope of this test method. 1.6.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated
value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant
pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded sepa-
digits in the specified limits.
ratelyasstandard.Thevaluesstatedineachsystemmaynotbe
1.6.2 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion
dures used do not consider material variation, the purpose for
Control.
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2021. Published February 2021. Originally
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D5313/D5313M–
12(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D5313_D5313M-21. increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5313/D5313M − 21
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope 3.1.4 gabion-fill stone, n—stone generally less than 22 kg
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical [50 lb] and placed in baskets of wire or other suitable material.
methods for engineering design. These baskets are then tied together to form an integral
structure designed to resist erosion along stream banks and
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
around bridge piers. D5240/D5240M, D5312/D5312M
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.5 riprap stone, n—stone generally less than 1,800 kg [2
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- tons] specially selected and graded, when properly placed
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. preventserosionthroughminorwaveactionorstrongcurrents,
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor- and thereby preserves the shape of a surface, slope, or
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- underlying structure. D5240/D5240M, D5312/D5312M
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.6 rock saw, n—a saw capable of cutting rock.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The term “rock saw” shall include the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
blade which saws the rock, any components that control or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
powerthesawingprocessorboth,andtheframeworkonwhich
the blade and any other associated components are mounted.
2. Referenced Documents
D5240/D5240M, D5312/D5312M
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.7 slab, n—a section of rock having two smooth, ap-
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
proximately parallel faces, produced by two saw cuts, which
Fluids
will subsequently undergo durability tests. The words “slab”
D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater
and “specimen” are interchangeable throughout the test
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
method.
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
3.1.7.1 Discussion—The words “slab” and “specimen” are
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
interchangeable throughout the test method. D5240/D5240M,
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D5312/D5312M
D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
3.2.1 room temperature, n—colloquially, the range of air
Construction Materials Testing
temperaturesthatmostpeoplepreferforindoorsettings,which
D4992Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for
feel comfortable when wearing typical indoor clothing.
Erosion Control
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Humancomfortcanextendbeyondthis
D5121Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability
rangedependingonhumidity,aircirculation,andotherfactors.
Testing
In specific fields, like science and engineering, and within a
D5240/D5240MTest Method for Evaluation of the Durabil-
specific context, room temperature can mean different
ity of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or
agreed-on ranges. In contrast, ambient temperature is the air’s
Magnesium Sulfate
actual temperature (or other medium and surroundings) in any
D5312/D5312MTestMethodforEvaluationofDurabilityof
particularplace,asmeasuredbyathermometer.Itmaybevery
Rock for Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing
different from the usual room temperature, for example, an
Conditions
unheated room in winter.
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
Data
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Erosion control rock samples are selected, and the
3. Terminology
pieces within each sample type are trimmed into saw-cut slab
3.1 Definitions:
specimens.Eachslabisstructurallyexaminedmacroscopically
3.1.1 See Terminology D653 for general definitions.
and under 20× magnification.
3.1.2 armor stone, n—stone generally 900 to 2,700 kg [1 to
4.2 The specimens are exposed to 80 wetting-drying cycles.
3 tons] resulting from blasting, cutting, or by other methods
Each cycle consists of full immersion in potable water for a
placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the shoreline
minimum of 12 h, then drying under infrared heat lamps or in
from erosion due to the action of large waves. D5240/
an oven for a minimum of 6 h. A visual examination of the
D5240M, D5312/D5312M
slabs is performed throughout and at the end of testing.
3.1.3 breakwater stone, n—stone generally 2,700 to 18,000
kg [3 to 20 tons] resulting from blasting, cutting, or by other 4.3 At the completion of the test, the percent loss by mass
methods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the
for each specimen slab and sample type is determined. The
shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves. typeofdeteriorationandchangestopreviouslynotedplanesof
D5240/D5240M, D5312/D5312M
weakness are recorded.
5. Significance and Use
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
natural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. resistdeteriorationduetoweatheringactionaffectsthestability
D5313/D5313M − 21
and longevity of the integral placement of rock for erosion 6.5 Stereomicroscope—Amicroscopeorothersuitablemag-
control and hence, the stability of construction projects, nifying device capable of at least 20× magnification for an
structures, shorelines, and stream banks. examination of the specimen prior to and after testing. Ideally,
with a film or digital camera mounted to the stereomicroscope,
5.2 This test method is designed to determine the effects of
allowing the user to document the small-scale bedding or
wetting and drying action on the individual pieces of rock for
potential planes of weakness within the test specimen.
erosion control and the resistance of the rock to deterioration.
6.6 Balance—Abalance capable of determining the mass of
This test method is used in conjunction with additional test
methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not thespecimentothenearest0.1%ofthetotalmassandmeeting
the requirements of Specification D4753.
provide an absolute value but rather an indication of the
resistance to wetting and drying. Therefore, the results of this
6.7 Camera—A digital or film device capable of providing
test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the
good quality, color images, or photographs for documenting
determination of rock durability. The data is summarized, and
“before” and “after” testing specimen conditions and as re-
any interpretations of the data are made by the end-user or
quired in 12.3.5.
client.
6.8 Photographic Scale—A scale of appropriate dimension
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
and division when compared to the field of view and the detail
dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the being studied.When selecting a scale, always choose the scale
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
that will provide at least as precise a measurement as the
and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are
system that will be measuring the photographic information.
cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure
For example, if the system has a precision to one millimeter,
reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740
make sure the scale used is accurate and precise to at least one
provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
millimeter across the entire scale.
6. Apparatus
6.9 Drying Pans—Metal pans of sufficient size and strength
NOTE 2—The apparatus system and procedures that follow are geared
capable of holding the specimen, the safe movement, and
toward a manual operation. However, many laboratories have set up a
resistant to degradation when exposed to the temperatures and
partial or automated system that complies with the intent and directions
immersion fluids involved in this test method.
withinthisstandardtomakethetestingmoreefficient.Theuseofanysuch
automationthatfollowsthisprocedureisnotregardedasnonconformance
6.10 Plus No. 8 size insoluble sand is recommended as
with this standard.
bedding to support the specimens above the bottom of the pan
6.1 Rock Saw—A laboratory diamond saw used for cutting
and allow for the immersion fluid to flow underneath the
geological and concrete specimens, or a diamond saw used for
specimen. However, a metal rack or grate underneath the
lapidary purposes, shall be acceptable. A minimum blade
specimens that accomplishes the same purpose and prevents
diameterof36cm[14in.]isneededtoobtaintherequiredslab
any rock fragments from each specimen from being lost is
sizes (a larger one is preferable). The blade shall be a circular
allowed too.
diamond blade.
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
6.1.1 The rock saw apparatus shall have a fixed or remov-
able vise to hold the samples during the cutting process. An 7.1 A source of rock to be sampled shall be guided by the
automatic feed (either gravity, hydraulic, or screwfeed oper-
principles in Practice D4992.
ated) that controls the cutting action is preferred; however, a
7.2 Rock sources may be from mine, quarry, outcrop, or
manual feed is also acceptable. The saw shall have a platform
fieldboulders.Visualobservationofcolor,texture,mineralogy,
to prevent the cut slab from falling and shattering.
or some other feature, will be the key to proper representative
sampling.
6.2 Containers—Of sufficient size to hold the specimens
and set up to fully immerse the specimen in potable water and
7.3 Sample the rock types in their approximate proportion
fully unwater the container either manually or automatically.
that occur at the source.
The containers should be non-reactive, resistant to breakage,
7.4 Sample Size:
and resistant to deformation and degradation when exposed to
7.4.1 Arocksourcethatismacroscopicallyuniformshallbe
temperatures and immersion fluids involved and required
represented by a minimum of five pieces of the material
movement of the samples in this test method.
obtained from separate locations within the source area. This
6.3 Drying Oven—Thermostatically controlled oven, ca-
group is considered as a sample type.
pableofmaintainingauniformtemperatureof110 65°C[230
7.4.2 A rock source that is macroscopically non-uniform
69°F]throughoutthedryingchamberforeachofthespecified
shall be represented by a minimum of eight pieces of the
temperatures in this standard. These requirements typically
material obtained from separate locations within the source
requiretheuseofaforced-drafttypeoven.Preferablytheoven
area. This group is considered as a sample type.
should be vented outside the building.
7.5 Planesofweaknesswillbeincludedineachsamplesuch
6.4 Drying Apparatus—Infrared heat lamps (150 W).
that a determination may be made as to the durability of the
various planes of weakness and their effect on the overall
NOTE 3—The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers used a bank of infrared
durability of a rock mass that would contain these planes of
heat lamps spaced about 1-foot apart. The objective was to uniformly or
evenly heat the specimen even if only on one side of the specimen. weakness.
D5313/D5313M − 21
7.6 Each rock piece in a sample type shall be of sufficient enoughpotablewatertothecontainersuchthatthespecimenis
sizetoprovidethefinishedsizespecimensdescribedinSection fully immersed and let stand at room temperature for a
8. minimum of 12 h.
7.7 In all cases, the rock pieces selected for the sample type
9.6 Begin the drying sequence by decanting or siphoning
shall be chosen to be representative of the majority of the rock
the water and placing the container in an oven at a temperature
at the source. Rock pieces, as determined by their macroscopic
of65 65°C[150 69°F].Asanalternative,thesamplemaybe
properties, which comprise less than 5 percent of the source
driedunderinfraredheatlampssuchthattherocksurfaceis40
material, may be ignored unless their presence in a sample,
to 50 cm [16 to 20 in.] from the lamp. Thoroughly dry the
types will significantly affect the test results and subsequent
specimen for a minimum of 6 h.
proposed use of the rock.
9.7 The completion of the wetting and drying sequence
7.8 Each piece will be of a size such that preparation of
constitutes one wetting-drying cycle.
specimens for testing may proceed without further mechanical
9.8 At the completion of the drying sequence allow the
or other methods of rock fragmentation; however, the chosen
samples to cool to ambient room temperature.
pieces shall be as large as the laboratory can handle, but in no
caseshallthesamplepiecesbelessthan125mm[5in.]onany
9.9 Repeattheprocessofwettinganddryingper9.5and9.6
side.
for a total of 80 cycles with a qualitative examination after
every fourth cycle, as required in Section 11.
8. Preparation of Test Specimens
9.10 Preferably, the test shall be performed continuously
8.1 Prepare a separate slab test specimen for each orienta-
until the specified number of cycles is obtained. However, if
tion of
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5313/D5313M − 12 (Reapproved 2013) D5313/D5313M − 21
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under
Wetting and Drying Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5313/D5313M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the durability of rock for erosion control when exposed to wetting and
drying conditions on slabs of rock using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This durability test exposes the rock samples
to a cycle of wetting and drying such as those experienced due to fluctuating water levels and weather conditions, with tests done
at room temperature as the baseline. The rock slabs, prepared per procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be representative
of the proposed source of erosion control rock and its weaknesses.
1.2 The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap, and gabion sized rock materials.
1.3 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the durability of rock for erosion control when exposed to wetting and
drying conditions on slabs of rock. This weathering test exposes the rock to wetting and drying cycles similar to fluctuating water
levels and weather conditions. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be
representative of erosion control rock and its weaknesses. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and
gabion sized rock materials.
The limitations of the test are twofold. First, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects
present in the rock structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in
construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation. Secondly, the
test requires the rock slabs to be exposed to 80 wetting-drying cycles. The test is time intensive and will require approximately
three months to complete the sample preparation, testing, and analysis portions of the procedure.
1.3.1 First, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects present in the rock structure. The
test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of
the rock source and proper sampling is essential in minimizing this limitation.
1.3.2 Secondly, the test requires the rock slabs to be exposed to 80 cycles of wetting and drying. The test is time-intensive and
would require a minimum of three months and up to six months to complete the sample preparation, testing, and analysis portions
of the procedure.
1.4 The use of reclaimed concrete and other materials such materials as rip rap is beyond the scope of this test method.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion
Control.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2013Feb. 1, 2021. Published February 2013February 2021. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20122013
as D5313/D5313M – 12.12(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D5313_D5313M-12R13.10.1520/D5313_D5313M-21.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5313/D5313M − 21
standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of
the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf)
represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations
are involved.
1.5.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass
(lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the gravitational systems.
It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this
standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit for mass. However, the use
of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft shall not be regarded as nonconformance with
this standard.
1.5.3 Calculations are done using only one set of units; either SI or gravitational inch-pound. Other units are permissible, provided
appropriate conversion factors are used to maintain consistency of units throughout the calculations, and similar significant digits
or resolution, or both are maintained.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026, unless superseded by this standard.
1.6.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall
be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.
1.6.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, the purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s
objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these
considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering
design.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction
Materials Testing
D4992 Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control
D5121 Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability Testing
D5240/D5240M Test Method for Evaluation of the Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium
Sulfate
D5312/D5312M Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing Conditions
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
D5313/D5313M − 21
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—See Terminology D653 for general definitions.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Definitions:
3.2.1 rock saw, n—a saw capable of cutting rock. The term “rock saw” shall include the blade which saws the rock, any
components that control or power the sawing process or both, and framework on which the blade and any other associated
components are mounted.
3.1.1 See Terminology D653 for general definitions.
3.2.2 slab, n—a section of rock having two smooth, approximately parallel faces, produced by two saw cuts. The thickness of the
slab is generally less than the other dimensions of the rock. The slab will be the specimen of a rock which will subsequently
undergo durability tests. The words “slab” and “specimen” are interchangeable throughout the test method.
3.1.2 armor stone, n—stone generally 900 to 27002,700 kg [1 to 3 tons] resulting from blasting, cutting, or by other methods
placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves. D5240/D5240M,
D5312/D5312M
3.1.3 breakwater stone, n—stone generally 27002,700 to 18 000 18,000 kg [3 to 20 tons] resulting from blasting, cutting, or by
other methods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves.
D5240/D5240M, D5312/D5312M
3.1.4 gabion-fill stone, n—stone generally less than 22 kg [50 lb] and placed in baskets of wire or other suitable material. These
baskets are then tied together to form an integral structure designed to resist erosion along stream banks and around bridge piers.
D5240/D5240M, D5312/D5312M
3.1.5 riprap stone, n—stone generally less than 18001,800 kg [2 tons] specially selected and graded, when properly placed
prevents erosion through minor wave action,action or strong currents, and thereby preserves the shape of a surface, slope, or
underlying structure. D5240/D5240M, D5312/D5312M
3.1.6 gabion-fill stone,rock saw, n—stone generally less than 22 kg [50 lb] and placed in baskets of wire or other suitable material.
These baskets are then tied together to form an integral structure designed to resist erosion along stream banks and around bridge
piers.a saw capable of cutting rock.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
The term “rock saw” shall include the blade which saws the rock, any components that control or power the sawing process or
both, and the framework on which the blade and any other associated components are mounted. D5240/D5240M, D5312/D5312M
3.1.7 slab, n—a section of rock having two smooth, approximately parallel faces, produced by two saw cuts, which will
subsequently undergo durability tests. The words “slab” and “specimen” are interchangeable throughout the test method.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—
The words “slab” and “specimen” are interchangeable throughout the test method. D5240/D5240M, D5312/D5312M
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 room temperature, n—colloquially, the range of air temperatures that most people prefer for indoor settings, which feel
comfortable when wearing typical indoor clothing.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
Human comfort can extend beyond this range depending on humidity, air circulation, and other factors. In specific fields, like
science and engineering, and within a specific context, room temperature can mean different agreed-on ranges. In contrast, ambient
temperature is the air’s actual temperature (or other medium and surroundings) in any particular place, as measured by a
thermometer. It may be very different from the usual room temperature, for example, an unheated room in winter.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Erosion control rock samples are selected, and the pieces within each sample type are trimmed into saw-cut slab specimens.
Each slab is structurally examined macroscopically and under 20× magnification.
D5313/D5313M − 21
4.2 Erosion control rock samples are trimmed into saw-cut slab specimens. Each slab is structurally examined macroscopically
and under 20× magnification. The specimens are exposed to 80 wetting-drying cycles. Each cycle consists of full immersion in
potable water for a minimum of 12 h, then drying under infrared heat lamps or in an oven for a minimum of 6 h. At the completion
of the test the percent loss by mass for each specimen set is determined. A visual examination of the slabs is performed throughout
and at the end of testing. The type of deterioration and changes to previously noted planes of weakness are recorded.
4.3 At the completion of the test, the percent loss by mass for each specimen slab and sample type is determined. The type of
deterioration and changes to previously noted planes of weakness are recorded.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist
deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability and longevity of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and
hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.
5.2 This test method is designed to determine the effects of wetting and drying action on the individual pieces of rock for erosion
control and the resistance of the rock to deterioration. This test method was developed to be is used in conjunction with additional
test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value but rather an indication of the resistance
to wetting and drying; therefore,drying. Therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the
determination of rock durability. The data is summarized, and any interpretations of the data are made by the end-user or client.
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the
equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective
testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable
results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
6. Apparatus
NOTE 2—The apparatus system and procedures that follow are geared toward a manual operation. However, many laboratories have set up a partial or
automated system that complies with the intent and directions within this standard to make the testing more efficient. The use of any such automation
that follows this procedure is not regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
6.1 Rock Saw—A laboratory diamond saw used to cutfor cutting geological and concrete specimens, or a diamond saw used for
lapidary purposes, shall be acceptable. A minimum blade diameter of 36 cm [14 in.] will be is needed to obtain the required slab
sizes (a larger one is preferable). The blade shall be a circular diamond blade.
6.1.1 The rock saw apparatus shall have a fixed or removable vise to hold the samples during the cutting process. An automatic
feed (either gravity, hydraulic, or screwfeed operated) that controls the cutting action is preferred; however, a manual feed is also
acceptable. The saw shall have a platform to prevent the cut slab from falling and shattering.
6.2 Containers—Of sufficient size to hold the specimens fully immersed in potable water. It is advised that these containers and
set up to fully immerse the specimen in potable water and fully unwater the container either manually or automatically. The
containers should be non-reactive, resistant to breakage, and resistant to deformation and degradation when exposed to
temperatures encountered and immersion fluids involved and required movement of the samples in this test method.
6.3 Drying Oven—Thermostatically controlled oven, capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5°C [230 6 9°F]
throughout the drying chamber. chamber for each of the specified temperatures in this standard. These requirements typically
require the use of a forced-draft type oven. Preferably the oven should be vented outside the building.
6.4 Drying Apparatus—Infrared heat lamps (150 W) or a thermostatically controlled oven capable of maintaining a uniform
temperature of 65 6 5°C [150 6 9°F] throughout the drying chamber.W).
NOTE 3—The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers used a bank of infrared heat lamps spaced about 1-foot apart. The objective was to uniformly or evenly heat
the specimen even if only on one side of the specimen.
6.5 Stereomicroscope—A microscope or other suitable magnifying device capable of at least 20× magnification for an examination
D5313/D5313M − 21
of the specimen prior to and after testing. Ideally, with a film or digital camera mounted to the stereomicroscope, allowing the user
to document the small-scale bedding or potential planes of weakness within the test specimen.
6.6 Balance—A balance capable of determining the mass of the specimen to the nearest 0.1 % of the total mass and meeting the
requirements of Specification D4753.
6.7 Camera—A digital or film cameradevice capable of producingproviding good quality, color images, or photographs for
documenting “before” and “after” photographs.testing specimen conditions and as required in 12.3.5.
6.8 Photographic Scale—A scale of appropriate dimension and division when compared to the field of view and the detail being
studied. When selecting a scale, always choose the scale that will provide at least as precise a measurement as the system that will
be measuring the photographic information. For example, if the system has a precision to one millimeter, make sure the scale used
is accurate and precise to at least one millimeter across the entire scale.
6.9 Drying Pans—Metal pans of sufficient size and strength capable of holding the specimen, the safe movement, and resistant
to degradation when exposed to the temperatures and immersion fluids involved in this test method.
6.10 Plus No. 8 size insoluble sand is recommended as bedding to support the specimens above the bottom of the pan and allow
for the immersion fluid to flow underneath the specimen. However, a metal rack or grate underneath the specimens that
accomplishes the same purpose and prevents any rock fragments from each specimen from being lost is allowed too.
7. Sampling, Test Specimens, Sampling and Test UnitsSpecimens
7.1 A source of rock to be sampled shall be guided by the principles in Practice D4992.
7.2 Rock sources may be from mine, quarry, outcrop, or field boulders. Visual observation of color, texture, mineralogy, or some
other feature, will be the key to proper representative sampling.
7.3 Sample the rock types in their approximate proportion that occur at the source.
7.4 Rock sources may be from mine, quarry, outcrop, or field boulders. Visual observation of color, texture, mineralogy, or some
other feature, will be the key to proper representative sampling.Sample Size:
7.4.1 A rock source that is macroscopically uniform shall be represented by a minimum of five pieces of the material obtained
from separate locations within the source area. This group is considered as a specimen set.sample type.
7.4.2 A rock source that is macroscopically non-uniform shall be represented by a minimum of eight pieces of the material
obtained from separate locations within the source area. This group is considered as a specimen set.sample type.
7.2.3 Sample the rock types in their approximate proportion to the types that occur at the source.
7.5 Planes of weakness will be included in each sample such that a determination may be made as to the durability of the various
planes of weakness and their effect on the overall durability of a rock mass that would contain these planes of weakness.
7.6 Each rock sample piece in a sample type shall be of sufficient size to provide the finished size specimens described in Section
8.
7.7 In all cases, the rock pieces selected for the sample type shall be chosen to be representative of the majority of the rock at the
source. Rock pieces, as determined by their macroscopic properties, which comprise less than 5 percent of the source material, may
be ignored unless their presence in a sample sample, types will significantly affect the test results and subsequent proposed use
of the rock.
7.8 Each piece will be of a size such that preparation of specimens for testing may proceed without further mechanical crushing;
D5313/D5313M − 21
or other methods of rock fragmentation; however, the chosen pieces shall be as large as the laboratory can handle, but in no case
shall the sample pieces be less than 125 mm [5 in.] on aany side.
8. Preparation of Test Specimens
8.1 Prepare a separate slab test specimen for each orientation of the various planes of weakness unless all such planes can be
intersected with one orientation.
8.2 Saw each sample, as obtained in accordance with Prepare a test specimen by sawing each rock piece within the sample type,
as obtained per 7.2.17.4.1 and 7.2.27.4.2, in accordance with Practice D5121. Each finished specimen will be cut to 65 6 5 mm
[2.5 6 0.25 in.] thick and cut normal to bedding or any potential planes of weakness that may be observed in the samples. In no
case will the size of the slab be less than 125 mm [5 in.] on a side, excluding the thickness.
NOTE 4—Test specimens may also be prepared by cutting a 65 mm [2.5 in.] thick slab from a 150-mm [6-in.] diameter
...