ASTM D5116-17
(Guide)Standard Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determinations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
Standard Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determinations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Objectives—The use of small chambers to evaluate VOC emissions from indoor materials has several objectives:
4.1.1 Develop techniques for screening of products for VOC emissions;
4.1.2 Determine the effect of environmental variables (that is, temperature, humidity, air speed, and air change rate) on emission rates;
4.1.3 Rank various products and product types with respect to their emissions profiles (for example, emission factors, specific organic compounds emitted);
4.1.4 Provide compound-specific data on various organic sources to guide field studies and assist in evaluating indoor air quality in buildings;
4.1.5 Provide emissions data for the development and verification of models used to predict indoor concentrations of organic compounds; and
4.1.6 Develop data useful to stakeholders and other interested parties for assessing product emissions and developing control options or improved products.
4.2 Mass Transfer Considerations—Small chamber evaluation of emissions from indoor materials requires consideration of the relevant mass transfer processes. Three fundamental processes control the rate of emissions of organic vapors from indoor materials; evaporative mass transfer from the surface of the material to the overlying air, desorption of adsorbed compounds, and diffusion within the material.
4.2.1 The evaporative mass transfer of a given VOC from the surface of the material to the overlying air can be expressed as:
where:
ER = emission rate, mg/h, A = source area, m2, km = mass transfer coefficient, m/h, VPs = vapor pressure at the surface of the material, Pa, VPa = vapor pressure in the air above the surface, Pa, MW = molecular weight, mg/mol, R = gas constant, 8.314 J/mol-K or Pa m3/mol-K, and T = temperature, K.
Thus, the emission rate is proportional to the difference in vapor pressure between the surface and the overlying air. Since the vapor pressure is directly related to...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides direction on the measurement of the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor materials and products using small-scale environmental test chambers.
1.2 This guide pertains to chambers that fully enclose a material specimen to be tested and does not address other emission chamber designs such as emission cells (see instead Practice D7143).
1.3 As an ASTM standard, this guide describes options, but does not recommend specific courses of action. This guide is not a standard test method and must not be construed as such.
1.4 The use of small environmental test chambers to characterize the emissions of VOCs from indoor materials and products is still evolving. Modifications and variations in equipment, testing procedures, and data analysis are made as the work in the area progresses. For several indoor materials, more detailed ASTM standards for emissions testing have now been developed. Where more detailed ASTM standard practices or methods exist, they supersede this guide and should be used in its place. Until the interested parties agree upon standard testing protocols, differences in approach will occur. This guide will continue to provide assistance by describing equipment and techniques suitable for determining organic emissions from indoor materials. Specific examples are provided to illustrate existing approaches; these examples are not intended to inhibit alternative approaches or techniques that will produce equivalent or superior results.
1.5 Small chambers have obvious limitations. Normally, only samples of larger materials (for example, carpet) are tested. Small chambers are not applicable for testing complete assemblages (for example, furniture). Small chambers are also inappropriate for testing combustion devices (for example, kerosene heaters) or activities (for example, use of aerosol spray products). For some products, small chamber testing may provide onl...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5116 − 17
Standard Guide for
Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determinations of
1
Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope provide only a portion of the emission profile of interest. For
example, the rate of emissions from the application of high
1.1 Thisguideprovidesdirectiononthemeasurementofthe
solvent materials (for example, paints and waxes) by means of
emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor
brushing, spraying, rolling, etc. are generally higher than the
materials and products using small-scale environmental test
rate during the drying process. Small chamber testing cannot
chambers.
be used to evaluate the application phase of the coating
1.2 This guide pertains to chambers that fully enclose a
process. Large (or full-scale) chambers may be more appropri-
material specimen to be tested and does not address other
ate for many of these applications. For guidance on full-scale
emission chamber designs such as emission cells (see instead
chamber testing of emissions from indoor materials refer to
Practice D7143).
Practice D6670.
1.3 As anASTM standard, this guide describes options, but
1.6 This guide does not provide specific directions for the
does not recommend specific courses of action. This guide is
selection of sampling media or for the analysis of VOCs. This
not a standard test method and must not be construed as such.
information is provided in Practice D6196.
1.4 The use of small environmental test chambers to char-
acterize the emissions of VOCs from indoor materials and 1.7 This guide does not provide specific directions for
products is still evolving. Modifications and variations in determining emissions of formaldehyde from composite wood
equipment, testing procedures, and data analysis are made as
products,sincechambertestingmethodsforsuchemissionsare
the work in the area progresses. For several indoor materials, welldevelopedandwidelyused.Formoreinformationreferto
more detailedASTM standards for emissions testing have now
Test Methods E1333 and D6007. It is possible, however, that
been developed. Where more detailed ASTM standard prac-
the guide can be used to support alternative testing methods.
tices or methods exist, they supersede this guide and should be
1.8 This guide is not applicable to the determination of
used in its place. Until the interested parties agree upon
emissions of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from
standard testing protocols, differences in approach will occur.
materials/products largely due to adsorption of these com-
This guide will continue to provide assistance by describing
pounds on materials commonly used for construction of
equipment and techniques suitable for determining organic
chambers suitable forVOC emissions testing.Alternate proce-
emissions from indoor materials. Specific examples are pro-
duresarerequiredforSVOCs.Forexample,itmaybepossible
vided to illustrate existing approaches; these examples are not
to screen materials for emissions of SVOCs using micro-scale
intended to inhibit alternative approaches or techniques that
chambers operated at temperatures above normal indoor con-
will produce equivalent or superior results.
ditions (see Practice D7706).
1.5 Small chambers have obvious limitations. Normally,
only samples of larger materials (for example, carpet) are 1.9 This guide is applicable to the determination of emis-
tested. Small chambers are not applicable for testing complete sions from products and materials that may be used indoors.
assemblages (for example, furniture). Small chambers are also The effects of the emissions (for example, toxicity) are not
inappropriate for testing combustion devices (for example,
addressedandarebeyondthescopeoftheguide.GuideD6485
kerosene heaters) or activities (for example, use of aerosol provides an example of the assessment of acute and irritant
sprayproducts).Forsomeproducts,smallchambertestingmay
effectsofVOCemissionsforagivenmaterial.Specificationof
“target” organic species of concern is similarly beyond the
scope of this guide. As guideline levels for specific indoor
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
contaminants develop, so too will emission test protocols to
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.
provide relev
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5116 − 10 D5116 − 17
Standard Guide for
Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determinations of
1
Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides guidancedirection on determination the measurement of the emissions of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) from indoor materials and products using small-scale environmental test chambers.
1.2 This guide pertains to chambers that fully enclose a material specimen to be tested and does not address other emission
chamber designs such as emission cells (see instead Practice D7143).
1.3 As an ASTM standard, this guide describes options, but does not recommend specific courses of action. This guide is not
a standard test method and must not be construed as such.
1.4 The use of small environmental test chambers to characterize the organic emissions of VOCs from indoor materials and
products is still evolving. Modifications and variations in equipment, testing procedures, and data analysis are made as the work
in the area progresses. For several indoor materials, more detailed ASTM standards for emissions testing have now been developed.
Where more detailed ASTM standard practices or methods exist, they supersede this guide and should be used in its place. Until
the interested parties agree upon standard testing protocols, differences in approach will occur. This guide will continue to provide
assistance by describing equipment and techniques suitable for determining organic emissions from indoor materials. Specific
examples are provided to illustrate existing approaches; these examples are not intended to inhibit alternative approaches or
techniques that will produce equivalent or superior results.
1.5 Small chambers have obvious limitations. Normally, only samples of larger materials (for example, carpet) are tested. Small
chambers are not applicable for testing complete assemblages (for example, furniture). Small chambers are also inappropriate for
testing combustion devices (for example, kerosene heaters) or activities (for example, use of aerosol spray products). For some
products, small chamber testing may provide only a portion of the emission profile of interest. For example, the rate of emissions
from the application of high solvent materials (for example, paints and waxes) via by means of brushing, spraying, rolling, etc.
are generally higher than the rate during the drying process. Small chamber testing can not cannot be used to evaluate the
application phase of the coating process. Large (or full-scale) chambers may be more appropriate for many of these applications.
For guidance on full-scale chamber testing of emissions from indoor materials refer to Practice D6670.
1.6 This guiderguide does not provide specific guidancedirections for the selection of sampling media or for the analysis of
volatile organics. VOCs. This information is provided in Practice D6196.
1.7 TheThis guide does not provide specific guidancedirections for determining emissions of formaldehyde from pressedcom-
posite wood products, since large chamber testing methods for such emissions are well developed and widely used. For more
information refer to Test MethodMethods E1333 and D6007. It is possible, however, that the guide couldcan be used to support
alternative testing methods.
1.8 This guide is not applicable to the determination of emissions of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from
materials/products largely due to adsorption of these compounds on materials commonly used for construction of chambers
suitable for VOC emissions testing. Alternate procedures are required for SVOCs. For example, it may be possible to screen
materials for emissions of SVOCs using micro-scale chambers operated at temperatures above normal indoor conditions (see
Practice D7706).
1.9 This guide is applicable to the determination of emissions from products and materials that may be used indoors. The effects
of the emissions (for example, toxicity) are not addressed and are beyond the scope of the guide. Guide D6485 provides an example
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.
...
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