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ASTM D2386-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels

Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The freezing point of an aviation fuel is the lowest temperature at which the fuel remains free of solid hydrocarbon crystals that can restrict the flow of fuel through filters if present in the fuel system of the aircraft. The temperature of the fuel in the aircraft tank normally falls during flight depending on aircraft speed, altitude, and flight duration. The freezing point of the fuel must always be lower than the minimum operational tank temperature.
Freezing point is a requirement in Specifications D 910 and D 1655.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the temperature below which solid hydrocarbon crystals may form in aviation turbine fuels and aviation gasoline. Note 1The interlaboratory program that generated the precisions for this test method did not include aviation gasoline.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 5.4, Section 6, and 8.2.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2005
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2386-05 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4054-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7154-15(2021)e1 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Fiber Optical Method)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7719-21a - Standard Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6615-22 - Standard Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7826-23a - Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6227-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D1655-23 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5972-23 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Phase Transition Method)<rangeref></rangeref >
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8147-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7153-22ae1 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Laser Method)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D910-21 - Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D3699-19 - Standard Specification for Kerosine
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7223-21 - Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8164-21 - Standard Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricant Testing
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006

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ASTM D2386-06 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsASTM D2386-06 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
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ASTM D2386-06 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2386–06
Standard Test Method for
1
Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2386; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope* IP Standards for Petroleum and Its Products, Part 1
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tem-
3. Terminology
perature below which solid hydrocarbon crystals may form in
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
aviation turbine fuels and aviation gasoline.
3.1.1 freezing point, n—in aviation fuels, the fuel tempera-
NOTE 1—The interlaboratory program that generated the precisions for
ture at which solid hydrocarbon crystals, formed on cooling,
this test method did not include aviation gasoline.
disappear when the temperature of the fuel is allowed to rise
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
under specified conditions of test.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4. Significance and Use
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 The freezing point of an aviation fuel is the lowest
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the temperature at which the fuel remains free of solid hydrocar-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
bon crystals that can restrict the flow of fuel through filters if
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- presentinthefuelsystemoftheaircraft.Thetemperatureofthe
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
fuel in the aircraft tank normally falls during flight depending
warning statements, see 5.4, Section 6, and 8.2. on aircraft speed, altitude, and flight duration. The freezing
point of the fuel must always be lower than the minimum
2. Referenced Documents
operational tank temperature.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 Freezing point is a requirement in Specifications D910
D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
and D1655.
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
5. Apparatus
D3117 Test Method for WaxAppearance Point of Distillate
Fuels
5.1 Jacketed Sample Tube—A double-walled, unsilvered
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and vessel, similar to a Dewar flask, the space between the inner
Petroleum Products
and outer tube walls being filled at atmospheric pressure with
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and dry nitrogen or air. The mouth of the sample tube shall be
Petroleum Products
closed with a stopper supporting the thermometer and
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers moisture-proof collar through which the stirrer passes (Fig. 1).
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
5.2 Collars—Moisture-proof collars as shown in Fig. 2
mometers shall be used to prevent condensation of moisture.
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
5.3 Stirrer—Shall be made of 1.6-mm brass rod bent into a
smooth three-loop spiral at the bottom.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on NOTE 2—The stirrer may be mechanically actuated as described in the
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
apparatus section of Test Method D3117.
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
5.4 Vacuum Flask—An unsilvered vacuum flask
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2006. Published February 2006. Originally
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D2386–05. (Warning—Implosion hazard) having the minimum dimen-
This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted
sionsshowninFig.1shallbeusedtoholdanadequatevolume
by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established procedures. DOI:
10.1520/D2386-06.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2386–06
FIG. 1 Freezing Point Apparatus
of cooling liquid and permit the necessary depth of immersion 6.5 Carbon Dioxide (Solid) or Dry Ice—A commercial
of the jacketed sample tube. grade of dry ice is suitable for use in the cooling bath.
5.5 Thermometer—A total immersion type,
...

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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.  
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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