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ASTM D5647-95

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus

Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the hairiness of most filament and spun yarn using a photo-electric sensor apparatus. It is not intended for use on novelty yarns.
1.2 This guide shows the values in SI units. "SI units" is the technically correct name for a system of metric units known as the International System of Units.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-1995
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5647-01 - Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6197-99(2017) - Standard Test Method for Classifying and Counting Faults in Spun Yarns in Electronic Tests
Effective Date
10-Sep-1995
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
10-Sep-1995

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ASTM D5647-95 - Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric ApparatusASTM D5647-95 - Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus
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ASTM D5647-95 - Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 5647 – 95
Standard Guide for
Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5647; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this guide,
refer to Terminology D 123.
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the hairiness of
most filament and spun yarn using a photo-electric sensor
4. Summary of Guide
apparatus. It is not intended for use on novelty yarns.
4.1 A yarn is passed through a photo-electric device con-
1.2 This guide shows the values in SI units. “SI units” is the
taining a light beam that is interrupted by the occurrence of
technically correct name for a system of metric units known as
protruding fibers or filaments. By the use of a digital volt meter
the International System of Units.
or computer interface, the number of protruding fibers or
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
filaments of a specific length along a specified surface length of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
yarn are counted and reported as hairiness.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 The photo-electric method for measuring the hairiness
of yarns is not recommended for acceptance testing of com-
2. Referenced Documents
mercial shipments since experience has shown that results
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 obtained from machines produced by one manufacturer cannot
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textile Materials
2 usually be verified by machines produced by another manu-
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
2 facturer. This guide is intended to increase the awareness of the
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
user to available techniques for measuring hairiness. In some
3. Terminology cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a
commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the
3.1 Definitions:
best available guide though it has not been recommended for
3.1.1 broken filament, n—in multifilament yarn, breaks in
acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
one or more filaments. (See also stripback, skinback.)
5.1.1 In such a case, if there is a disagreement arising from
3.1.2 frayed, adj—in textiles, a worn condition character-
differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier
ized by damaged yarn surfaces, projecting yarn ends, hairiness,
when using this guide for acceptance testing, the statistical
etc.
bias, if any, between the laboratories and between the machines
3.1.3 fuzzy, adj—characterized by a hairy appearance due to
in each laboratory should be determined. Competent statistical
broken fibers or filaments. (Syn., hairy.)
assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a
3.1.4 hair, n—natural animal fiber other than sheep’s wool
minimum, the two parties should take a group of test speci-
or silk.
mens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a
3.1.5 hairiness, n—of yarns, an overall condition character-
lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens
ized by tangled hairs, filaments, or fibers protruding from the
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
yarn surface and uniformly distributed along the yarn length.
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
(Compare wild fibers.)
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
3.1.6 loopy, adj—a descriptive term for yarns having ran-
unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
domly sized loops of hairs, fibers or filaments protruding from
two parties before the testing begins. If a bias is found, either
the yarn surface.
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Loopiness may or may not be desirable
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-
depending on the yarn’s end-use.
eration for the known bias.
5.2 There may be a distinct difference in testing speed and
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles and
tension devices of machines supplied by different manufactur-
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods, General.
ers that may give differences in reported test results.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published November 1995.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5647
5.3 The measurement of hairiness is important to yarn 8.1.1 Calibrate and service the test apparatus as specified by
producers. This guide is useful for process control and research the manufacturer.
of the yarn surface design at an individual manufacturing 8.1.2 Clean the photo-electric area of the measuring head
facility. Hairiness also is used to provide yarn processing thoroughly with a soft brush and aerosol duster.
machine design, and indications of malfunctioning process 8.1.3 When possible, set the yarn take-up winder speed to
equipment, such as rotors, doffing mechanisms, guides, and 30 m/min. Otherwise, use the speed closest to 30 m/min for the
travelers. It can be used to identify some causes of barreness machine utilized.
and shade variation in fabrics. 8.1.4 Set the fiber measuring length to 1 mm unless other-
wise specified.
6. Apparatus
NOTE 2—For some types of yarn, 3 mm has been successfully used to
6.1 Yarn Hairiness Meter , photo-electric type measuring
relate to down-line performance.
head, equipped with digital volt meter or computer interfacing
8.1.5 Set fixed test length to 100 m.
capable of counting the number of protruding fibers or broken
8.1.6 Ensure the yarn passes centrally in the slot of the
filaments of a specific length along the surface of a yarn of
measuring head.
known length, preferably at a measuring height of 1 mm.
8.1.7 When applicable for apparatus equipped with tension
6.2 Yarn Take-Up Device, capable of winding yarn at
adjusting capabilities, set the minimum tension to stabilize the
variable speeds, and preferably a means for obtaining 30
yarn; that is, being smooth running and having no vibration.
m/min.
8.1.8 For apparatus not equipped with tension adjusting
capabilities, set the yarn tension to provide a smooth running
7. Sampling and Number of Specimens, Suggested
yarn having no vibration using the following guide:
7.1 Lot Size—A lot is defined as a single shipment, or
for greater than 125 tex 28 to 30 g
production run of a single type of yarn. A lot may constitute all
for 66 to 125 tex 18 to 20 g
or part of a single customer order.
for 66 tex or less 8 to 10 g
7.2 Lot Sample—As a lot samp
...

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5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D2256/D2256M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—Option A1 of Test Method D2256 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is not applicable to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wet specimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on specimens exposed to low or high temperatures and should be used with caution for acceptance testing because factual information on between-laboratory precision and bias is not available.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Fundamental Properties—The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yield point. The chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance to imposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of the work necessary to break the yarn.  
5.3 Comparison to Skein Testing—The single-strand method gives a more a...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns, either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that stretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to 1.0 cN/tex [0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex].  
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, and breaking toughness.  
1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in: (A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.  
1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of specimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed, (3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.  
Note 1: Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers; namely, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Methods D885, and Specification D578.
Note 2: For directions covering the determination of breaking force of yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D1578.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization estab...

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