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ASTM D5866-95

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers (AFIS-N Instrument)

Standard Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers (AFIS-N Instrument)

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1.1 This test method covers the quantity and size of neps in cotton using the AFIS-N instrument.
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for testing raw and processed cotton fibers.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-1995
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.11 - Cotton Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5866-05 - Standard Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers (AFIS-N Instrument)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D1441-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
Effective Date
10-Dec-1995

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ASTM D5866-95 - Standard Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers (AFIS-N Instrument)ASTM D5866-95 - Standard Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers (AFIS-N Instrument)
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ASTM D5866-95 - Standard Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers (AFIS-N Instrument)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D5866–95
Standard Test Method for
Neps in Cotton Fibers (AFIS-N Instrument)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5866; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.2 The AFIS-N instrument counts the number of neps
detected and measures the size (diameter) of each nep in a 0.4
1.1 This test method covers the quantity and size of neps in
to 0.6-g specimen. Test data are presented in a histogram
cotton using the AFIS-N instrument.
showing the mean or average nep size and the total number of
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for testing raw
neps.
and processed cotton fibers.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
5. Significance and Use
standard.
5.1 This test method provides a consistent and repeatable
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
measurement of fiber nep count and size. Standard check
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cottons are supplied by the manufacturer to ensure consistent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
measurement levels and laboratory-to-laboratory precision.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 Results of the instrument correlate well to eye counts
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from card web samples. The instrument is more sensitive than
2. Referenced Documents the human eye, giving the instrument a higher level of count
than is normally counted by the human eye.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.3 This test method is an objective way to count neps in
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
rawandprocessedcottonbecausethereisnooperatorinfluence
D 1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
on nep count or size.
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5.4 Neps are made by one or more of the various mechani-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
calprocessesfromcottonharvestingtospinning.Foralmostall
3. Terminology types of yarn or fabric, neps are considered defects. The
measurement of nep size and quantity going into, and coming
3.1 Definitions:
out of, a process is used to make adjustments in machinery to
3.1.1 nep, n—one or more fibers occurring in a tangled and
reduce or eliminate the manufacture of neps.
unorganized mass.
5.5 This test method for determination of the quantity and
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms in this test method,
size of neps in cotton samples used in the trade and is
refer to Terminology D 123.
considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial
4. Summary of Test Method
shipmentswhentheleveloftestsresultsinthelaboratoryofthe
purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier are controlled by
4.1 Fibers in a specimen are individualized and cleaned by
the use of the same laboratory control samples.
an aeromechanical separator, then transported by an airstream
5.5.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reported
to an optical sensor. Fibers and neps pass through an infrared
test results when using this test method for acceptance testing
light source. The scattered light is measured by detectors
of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier
located at optimum angles to the light source. The detected
should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a
light from the fibers and neps generate voltages and respective
statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical
waveforms.
assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a
minimum, the two parties should take a group of test speci-
mens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-13onTextiles
lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Published February 1996.
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D5866–95
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe 7. Sampling
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
7.1 Lot Sample—For acceptance testing, take lot samples in
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
the applicable material specifications or, in the absence of such
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-
a document, as directed in Practice D 1441.
eration to the known bias.
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between sampling units, between laboratory samples within a sampling
unit, and between test specimens within a laboratory sample to provide a
sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, acceptable quality level,
and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Samples—For acceptance testing, take a 10
to 12-g sample from each laboratory sampling unit in the lot
sample.
7.2.1 For process evaluation, take card sliver samples while
cards are operating at processing speeds. Take other processed
material samples while the yarn mill opening and cleaning
lines are operating at production flow rates.
7.3 Test Specimens—Take five 0.4 to 0.6-g specimens at
random from each laboratory sampling unit. Specimens of
slivershouldcontainacompletecrosssectionoftheentirecard
or comber web.
7.3.1 For specimens not in sliver form, hand draft each
specimen into a sliver to wi
...

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1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.  
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ASTM D2968-22(Test Method)
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5.1 Test Method D2968 for the determination of med and kemp fibers by microprojection may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised since only a few types of animal fibers have been subjected to interlaboratory tests to ascertain the precision of tests for med and kemp fibers by this test method. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
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5.2 Knowledge of the incidence of med fibers and kemp fibers in wool and other animal fibers is of importance to manufacturers of woven or knitted fabrics because of the apparent dye resistance and light reflectance qualities of these fibers. This is not to imply that all kemp fibers will resist dye and all med fibers will accept dye normally. In practice, a proportion of kemp fibers will appear normal after dyeing and a proportion of med fibers will appear chalky white after dyeing. From the perspective of visual and aesthetic problems, medullated fibers hav...
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Standard Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Method— 18 in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.  
5.2 Values obtained from flat bundle tenacity show a good correlation with values obtained from single fiber tests and require much less time.  
5.3 The basic differences between the procedures described in Test Method D2524 and those described in Test Method D1294 lie in the manner of clamping the bundles and the shorter gage length employed. The special clamps used in this method allow quicker and easier bundle preparation; however, for Test Method D1294 no special clamps are required. Closer agreement with single fiber tenacity is also obtained with Test Method D2524 than when using the procedure in Test Method D1294.  
5.4 As the observed tenacity of fibers depends in part on the type of tensile testing machine used and the time required to break the specimen, results obtained with the different types of machines which may be used in this method will not necessarily agree. The machines specifically designed for bundle testing are CRL testers which operate at a loading rate of 1 kgf/s and therefore reach the breaking force at variable times in the order of 5 s. CRE and CRT type machines would be expected to produce somewhat different results not only because of the inherent difference in operation but because CRE and CRT type machines are to be operated at a rate to ac...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking tenacity of wool fibers as a flat bundle with a 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) clamp separation.  
1.2 This test method is especially adapted to the fiber bundle clamps and strength testing instruments specified, but may be used on other tensile testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the prescribed clamps.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized fibers.  
Note 1: Other test methods for measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Methods D1294, D1445, and D540.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1574-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool and Other Animal Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
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5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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