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ASTM E1226-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for Combustible Dusts

Standard Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for Combustible Dusts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended for use in determining the sample size required to estimate, with specified precision, a measure of quality of a lot or process. The practice applies when quality is expressed as either the lot average for a given property, or as the lot fraction not conforming to prescribed standards. The level of a characteristic may often be taken as an indication of the quality of a material. If so, an estimate of the average value of that characteristic or of the fraction of the observed values that do not conform to a specification for that characteristic becomes a measure of quality with respect to that characteristic. This practice is intended for use in determining the sample size required to estimate, with specified precision, such a measure of the quality of a lot or process either as an average value or as a fraction not conforming to a specified value.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to determine the deflagration parameters of a combustible dust-air mixture within a near-spherical closed vessel of 20 L or greater volume. The parameters measured are the maximum pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise.
1.2 Data obtained from this test method provide a relative measure of deflagration characteristics. The data have also been shown to be applicable to the design of protective measures, such as deflagration venting ().
1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use. The evaluation of the deflagration parameters of maximum pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise can also be done using a 1.2-L Hartmann Apparatus. Test Method E 789, has been published regarding this application; however, the use of these data in the design of deflagration venting and containment systems is not recommended.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Sep-2005
ICS
13.230 - Explosion protection
17.100 - Measurement of force, weight and pressure
Technical Committee
E27 - Hazard Potential of Chemicals
Drafting Committee
E27.05 - Explosibility and Ignitability of Dust Clouds
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1226-00e1 - Standard Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for Combustible Dusts
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005
Replaced By
ASTM E1226-09 - Standard Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for Combustible Dusts
Effective Date
15-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM E1445-08(2015) - Standard Terminology Relating to Hazard Potential of Chemicals
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2019-03(2019) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Ignition Energy of a Dust Cloud in Air
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2931-13(2019) - Standard Test Method for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration of Combustible Dust Clouds
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1515-14(2022) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Explosible Concentration of Combustible Dusts
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1491-06(2019) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Autoignition Temperature of Dust Clouds
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005

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ASTM E1226-05 - Standard Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for Combustible DustsASTM E1226-05 - Standard Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for Combustible Dusts
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ASTM E1226-05 - Standard Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for Combustible Dusts
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E1226 – 05
Standard Test Method for
1
Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for Combustible Dusts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1226; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The primary objective for the laboratory determination of the dust deflagration index, K , the
St
maximumpressure,P ,andthemaximumrateofpressurerise,(dP/dt) ,istheuseofthesevalues
max max
for the design of protection systems. These parameters provide a measure of the potential severity of
adeflagrationofacombustibledust-airmixture.Theseparametersareafunctionofmanyfactors,such
as the turbulence, concentration, and homogeneity of the dust-air mixture; the type, energy, and
locationoftheignitionsource;thegeometryofthetestvessel;theparticlesizedistributionofthedust;
and the initial temperature and pressure of the tested mixture. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a
standard laboratory test method, the data from which can be referenced against data from large-scale
testing. For information on the sizing of deflagration vents, see NFPA68.
This test method describes procedures for explosibility testing of dusts in laboratory chambers that
have volumes of 20 Lor greater. It is the purpose of this test method to provide information that can
be used to predict the effects of an industrial scale deflagration of a dust-air mixture without requiring
large-scale tests.
NOTE 1—The evaluation of the deflagration parameters of maximum
1. Scope
pressureandmaximumrateofpressurerisecanalsobedoneusinga1.2-L
1.1 This test method is designed to determine the deflagra-
Hartmann Apparatus. Test Method E789, has been published regarding
tion parameters of a combustible dust-air mixture within a
this application; however, the use of these data in the design of
near-spherical closed vessel of 20 L or greater volume. The
deflagration venting and containment systems is not recommended.
parameters measured are the maximum pressure and the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
maximum rate of pressure rise.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 Data obtained from this test method provide a relative
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
measure of deflagration characteristics. The data have also
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
been shown to be applicable to the design of protective
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
measures, such as deflagration venting (1).
1.3 Thistestmethodshouldbeusedtomeasureanddescribe
2. Referenced Documents
the properties of materials in response to heat and flame under
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to
D3173 Test Method for Moisture in theAnalysis Sample of
describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials,
Coal and Coke
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However,
D3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis
results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk
Sample of Coal and Coke
assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are
E789 TestMethodforDustExplosionsina1.2-LitreClosed
pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end
4
Cylindrical Vessel
use.
E1515 TestMethodforMinimumExplosibleConcentration
of Combustible Dusts
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E27 on Hazard
Potential of Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E27.05 on
3
Explosibility and Ignitability of Dust Clouds. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2005. Published November 2005. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
´1
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E1226–00 . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1226-05. the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
this test method. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1226 – 05
2.2 NFPA Publication:
5
NFPA 68 Guide for Deflagration Venting
2.3 VDI Standard:
6
VDI-3673 Pressure Release of Dust Explosions
2.4 ISO Standard:
ISO 6184/1 Explosion Protection Systems, Part 1, Determi-
7
nation of Explosion Indices of Combustibl
...

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ASTM E1226-19(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to evaluate deflagration parameters of dusts.  
5.2 The data developed by this test method may be used for the purpose of sizing deflagration vents in conjunction with the nomographs and equations published in NFPA 68, ISO 6184/1, or VDI 3673.  
5.3 The values obtained by this testing technique are specific to the sample tested and the method used and are not to be considered intrinsic material constants.  
5.4 For dusts with low KSt values, discrepancies have been observed between tests in 20-L and 1-m3 chambers. A strong ignitor may overdrive a 20-L chamber, as discussed in Test Method E1515 and Refs (1-4).8 Conversely, more recent testing has shown that some metal dusts can be prone to underdriving in the 20-L chamber, exhibiting significantly lower KSt values than in a 1-m3 chamber (5). Ref (6) provides supporting calculations showing that a test vessel of at least 1-m3 of volume is necessary to obtain the maximum explosibility index for a burning dust cloud having an abnormally high flame temperature. In these two overdriving and underdriving scenarios described above, it is therefore recommended to perform tests in 1-m3 or larger calibrated test vessels in order to measure dusts explosibility parameters accurately.
Note 5: Ref (2) concluded that dusts with KSt values below 45 bar m/s when measured in a 20-L chamber with a 10 000-J ignitor, may not be explosible when tested in a 1-m3 chamber with a 10 000-J ignitor. Ref (2) and unpublished testing has also shown that in some cases the KSt values measured in the 20-L chamber can be lower than those measured in the 1-m3 chamber. Refs (1) and (3) found that for some dusts, it was necessary to use lower ignition energy in the 20-L chamber in order to match MEC or MIC test data in a 1-m3 chamber. If a dust has measurable (nonzero) Pmax and KSt values with a 5000 or 10 000-J ignitor when tested in a 20-L chamber but no measurable Pmax and ...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this test method is to provide standard test methods for characterizing the “explosibility” of dust clouds in two ways, first by determining if a dust is “explosible,” meaning a cloud of dust dispersed in air is capable of propagating a deflagration, which could cause a flash fire or explosion; or, if explosible, determining the degree of “explosibility,” meaning the potential explosion hazard of a dust cloud as characterized by the dust explosibility parameters, maximum explosion pressure, Pmax; maximum rate of pressure rise, (dP/dt)max; and explosibility index, KSt.  
1.2 Limitations. Results obtained by the application of the methods of this standard pertain only to certain combustion characteristics of dispersed dust clouds. No inference should be drawn from such results relating to the combustion characteristics of dusts in other forms or conditions (for example, ignition temperature or spark ignition energy of dust clouds, ignition properties of dust layers on hot surfaces, ignition of bulk dust in heated environments, etc.)  
1.3 Use. It is intended that results obtained by application of this test be used as elements of a dust hazard analysis (DHA) that takes into account other pertinent risk factors; and in the specification of explosion prevention systems (see, for example NFPA 68, NFPA 69, and NFPA 652) when used in conjunction with approved or recognized design methods by those skilled in the art.
Note 1: Historically, the evaluation of the deflagration parameters of maximum pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise has been performed using a 1.2-L Hartmann Apparatus. Test Method E789, which describes this method, has been withdrawn. The use of data obtained from the test method in the design of explosion protection systems is not recommended.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM E1226-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Explosibility of Dust Clouds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to evaluate deflagration parameters of dusts.  
5.2 The data developed by this test method may be used for the purpose of sizing deflagration vents in conjunction with the nomographs and equations published in NFPA 68, ISO 6184/1, or VDI 3673.  
5.3 The values obtained by this testing technique are specific to the sample tested and the method used and are not to be considered intrinsic material constants.  
5.4 For dusts with low KSt values, discrepancies have been observed between tests in 20-L and 1-m3 chambers. A strong ignitor may overdrive a 20-L chamber, as discussed in Test Method E1515 and Refs (1-4).8 Conversely, more recent testing has shown that some metal dusts can be prone to underdriving in the 20-L chamber, exhibiting significantly lower KSt values than in a 1-m3 chamber (5). Ref (6) provides supporting calculations showing that a test vessel of at least 1-m3 of volume is necessary to obtain the maximum explosibility index for a burning dust cloud having an abnormally high flame temperature. In these two overdriving and underdriving scenarios described above, it is therefore recommended to perform tests in 1-m3 or larger calibrated test vessels in order to measure dusts explosibility parameters accurately.
Note 5: Ref (2) concluded that dusts with KSt values below 45 bar m/s when measured in a 20-L chamber with a 10 000-J ignitor, may not be explosible when tested in a 1-m3 chamber with a 10 000-J ignitor. Ref (2) and unpublished testing has also shown that in some cases the KSt values measured in the 20-L chamber can be lower than those measured in the 1-m3 chamber. Refs (1) and (3) found that for some dusts, it was necessary to use lower ignition energy in the 20-L chamber in order to match MEC or MIC test data in a 1-m3 chamber. If a dust has measurable (nonzero) Pmax and KSt values with a 5000 or 10 000-J ignitor when tested in a 20-L chamber but no measurable Pmax and ...
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1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this test method is to provide standard test methods for characterizing the “explosibility” of dust clouds in two ways, first by determining if a dust is “explosible,” meaning a cloud of dust dispersed in air is capable of propagating a deflagration, which could cause a flash fire or explosion; or, if explosible, determining the degree of “explosibility,” meaning the potential explosion hazard of a dust cloud as characterized by the dust explosibility parameters, maximum explosion pressure, Pmax; maximum rate of pressure rise, (dP/dt)max; and explosibility index, KSt.  
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This specification covers UNS N06002, UNS N06030, UNS N06035, UNS N06022, UNS N06200, UNS N06230, UNS N06600, UNS N06617, UNS N06625, UNS N08020, UNS N08026, UNS N08024, UNS N08120, UNS N08926, UNS N08367, UNS N10242, UNS N10276, UNS N10665, UNS N10675, UNS N12160, UNS R20033, UNS N06059, UNS N06686, UNS N10629, UNS N08031, UNS N06045, UNS N06025, and UNS R30556 nickel alloy billets and bars for reforging. The products shall be hot worked from ingots by rolling, forging, extruding, hammering, or pressing. The material shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed by the reference material. The chemical composition of the material shall be determined by chemical analysis in accordance with test method E1473.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers UNS N06002, UNS N06030, UNS N06035, UNS N06022, UNS N06200, UNS N10362, UNS N06230, UNS N06600, UNS N06617, UNS N06625, UNS N08020, UNS N08026, UNS N08024, UNS N08120, UNS N08926, UNS N08367, UNS N10242, UNS N10276, UNS N10665, UNS N10675, UNS N12160, UNS R20033, UNS N06059, UNS N06686, UNS N10629, UNS N08031, UNS N06045, UNS N06025, UNS N06699, and UNS R305562 billets and bars for reforging.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
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  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off