ASTM D3171-06
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A constituent content of a composite material must be known in order to analytically model the material properties (mechanical, physical, thermal, or electrical) of the composite which are affected by the reinforcement or matrix. Also, knowledge of the constituent content is required for evaluation of the quality of a fabricated material and the processes used during fabrication.
The void volume of a composite material may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void volumes usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to moisture penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. Knowledge of the void volume of a composite material is desirable as an indication of the quality of a composite.
Reinforcement content may be used to normalize mechanical properties affected by amount of reinforcement in the coupon.
SCOPE
DESIG: D3171 06 ^TITLE: Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials ^SCOPE:1. Scope
1.1 These test methods determine the constituent content of composite materials by one of two approaches. Method I physically removes the matrix by digestion or ignition by one of seven procedures, leaving the reinforcement essentially unaffected and thus allowing calculation of reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume) as well as percent void volume. Method II, applicable only to laminate materials of known fiber areal weight, calculates reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume), and the cured ply thickness, based on the measured thickness of the laminate. Method II is not applicable to the measurement of void volume.
1.1.1 These test methods are primarily intended for two-part composite material systems. However, special provisions can be made to extend these test methods to filled material systems with more than two constituents, though not all test results can be determined in every case.
1.1.2 The procedures contained within have been designed to be particularly effective for certain classes of polymer or metal matrices. The suggested applications are discussed in Section , as well as at the start of each procedure.
1.1.3 Method I assumes that the reinforcement is essentially unaffected by the digestion or ignition medium. A procedure for correction of the results for minor changes in the reinforcement is included. Procedures A through F are based on chemical removal of the matrix while Procedure G removes the matrix by igniting the matrix in a furnace.
1.1.4 Method II assumes that the fiber areal weight of the reinforcement material form is known or controlled to an acceptable tolerance. The presence of voids is not measured. Eqn. 1 assume zero void content to perform the calculation.
1.2 The SI units shown are considered standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section for additional information.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D3171–06
Standard Test Methods for
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Constituent Content of Composite Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for
additional information.
1.1 These test methods determine the constituent content of
composite materials by one of two approaches. Method I
2. Referenced Documents
physically removes the matrix by digestion or ignition by one
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
of seven procedures, leaving the reinforcement essentially
D 792 TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-
unaffected and thus allowing calculation of reinforcement or
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
matrix content (by weight or volume) as well as percent void
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
volume. Method II, applicable only to laminate materials of
D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
known fiber areal weight, calculates reinforcement or matrix
Gradient Technique
content (by weight or volume), and the cured ply thickness,
D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
based on the measured thickness of the laminate. Method II is
D 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
not applicable to the measurement of void volume.
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
1.1.1 Thesetestmethodsareprimarilyintendedfortwo-part
trix Composite Materials
composite material systems. However, special provisions can
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
be made to extend these test methods to filled material systems
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of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
with more than two constituents, though not all test results can
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
be determined in every case.
ASTM Test Methods
1.1.2 The procedures contained within have been designed
E 1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
to be particularly effective for certain classes of polymer or
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
metal matrices. The suggested applications are discussed in
Section 4, as well as at the start of each procedure.
3. Terminology
1.1.3 Method I assumes that the reinforcement is essentially
3.1 Definitions—TerminologyD 3878definestermsrelating
unaffected by the digestion or ignition medium. A procedure
to composite materials. Terminology D 883 defines terms
for correction of the results for minor changes in the reinforce-
relating to plastics. Terminology E 12 defines terms relating to
ment is included. Procedures A through F are based on
specific gravity. Practice E 177 defines terms relating to
chemicalremovalofthematrixwhileProcedureGremovesthe
statistics.Intheeventofaconflictbetweenterms,Terminology
matrix by igniting the matrix in a furnace.
D 3878 shall have precedence over other documents.
1.1.4 Method II assumes that the fiber areal weight of the
3.1.1 fiber content, n—the amount of fiber present in a
reinforcement material form is known or controlled to an
composite or prepreg expressed either as percent by weight or
acceptable tolerance. The presence of voids is not measured.
percent by volume.This is sometimes stated as a fraction. If no
Eq 9 and 10 assume zero void content to perform the
fillers exist, this is equivalent to reinforcement content.
calculation.
D3878
1.2 The SI units shown are considered standard.
3.1.2 matrix content, n—the amount of matrix present in a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
composite or prepreg expressed either as percent by weight or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
percentbyvolume.Forpolymermatrixcompositesthisisresin
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
content. D3878
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Composite Materials and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Published April 2006. Originally the ASTM website.
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approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 3171 – 99 (2004). Withdrawn.
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