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ASTM A456/A456M-24

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings

Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft<brk/> Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.  
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:  
1.2.1 Class 1.  
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification).  
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).  
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M); however, Specification A986/A986M may be used for this purpose.
Note 1: Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2024
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A456/A456M-08(2023) - Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft<brk/> Forgings
Effective Date
01-May-2024

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A456/A456M − 24
Standard Specification for
Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft
1
Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A456/A456M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic
particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main
2. Referenced Documents
bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
diameter.
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of
Steel Forgings
increasing severity:
A668/A668M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and
1.2.1 Class 1.
Alloy, for General Industrial Use
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
specification).
quirements
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Require-
A966/A966M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
ment S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).
Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current
A983/A983M Specification for Continuous Grain Flow
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous
grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M); Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium
Speed Diesel Engines
however, Specification A986/A986M may be used for this
purpose. A986/A986M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examina-
tion of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft Forgings
NOTE 1—Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in
E1417/E1417M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the
crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical
3. Terminology
forging.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to
Specification A788/A788M and Terminology E1316.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
4. Classification of Indications
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard. 4.1 Magnetic particle indications on the surface of the
crankshaft shall be classified as follows:
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-
4.1.1 Open cracks, flake, or pipe.
tion designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch
4.1.2 Nonmetallic inclusions or stringers occurring in a
units.
longitudinal direction.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1.3 Twist cracks or nonmetallic inclusions usually occur-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ring at 45° to 70° from the axis of the journal.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.2 They shall also be classified as follows:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.2.1 Open indications are visible after removal of the
magnetic particles or can be detected by the use of contrast dye
penetrant, as described in Type II of Practice E1417/E1417M.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2024. Published May 2024. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as A456/A456M – 08 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
(2023). DOI: 10.1520/A0456_A0456M-24. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A456/A456M − 24
1
4.2.1.1 Pinpoint indications are open indications ⁄16 in. 7.1.2 The critical areas of any main bearing journal shall be
[1.5 mm] in max
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A456/A456M − 08 (Reapproved 2023) A456/A456M − 24
Standard Specification for
Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft
1
Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A456/A456M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing
journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:
1.2.1 Class 1.
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification).
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M); however,
Specification A986/A986M may be used for this purpose.
NOTE 1—Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order
to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved March 15, 2023May 1, 2024. Published April 2023May 2024. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20182023 as
A456/A456M – 08 (2018).(2023). DOI: 10.1520/A0456_A0456M-08R23.10.1520/A0456_A0456M-24.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A456/A456M − 24
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
A668/A668M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
A966/A966M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current
A983/A983M Specification for Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel
Engines
A986/A986M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft Forgings
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1417/E1417M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Specification A788/A788M and Terminology E1316.
4. Classification of Indications
4.1 Magnetic particle indications on the surface of the crankshaft shall be classified as follows:
4.1.1 Open cracks, flake, or pipe.
4.1.2 Nonmetallic inclusions or stringers occurring in a longitudinal direction.
4.1.3 Twist cracks or nonmetallic inclusions usually occurring at 4545° to 70° from the axis of the journal.
4.2 They shall also be classified as follows:
4.2.1 Open indications are visible after removal of the magnetic particles or can be detected by the use of contrast dye penetrant,
as described in Type II of Practice E1417/E1417M.
1
4.2.1.1 Pinpoint indications are open indications ⁄16 in. [1.5 mm] in maximum dimension, as detected by application of Type II
of Practice E1417/E1417M.
4.2.2 Non-open ind
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
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ABSTRACT
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This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
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Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A388/A388M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.  
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M may be specified when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A788/A788M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless covered by the individual product specification in another ASTM document, applies to steel forgings for general use. Materials shall be produced primarily by either electric-furnace, basic oxygen, vacuum-induction (VIM), or open-hearth melting process. The primary melting may incorporate separate degassing or refining and may be followed by secondary melting, using electro slag (ESR) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Steel shall be forged by any of these three classes based on forging temperature: cold-worked forging, hot-cold-worked forging, or hot-worked forging. After forging, specimens shall be allowed to cool prior to reheating for heat treatment. Details of heat and product analyses for the evaluation of chemical composition are thoroughly discussed. Tension and hardness tests shall be conducted to evaluate mechanical properties such as percentage of elongation and reduction of area. Repair welding shall not be allowed unless permitted by the product specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers a group of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the individual product specification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of the following specifications issued by ASTM:    
ASTM Designation  
Title  
A266/A266M  
Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A288  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators    
A289/A289M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for Generators  
A290/A290M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears  
A291/A291M  
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears, and Shafts for Reduction Gears    
A336/A336M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts    
A372/A372M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels    
A469/A469M  
Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors  
A470/A470M  
Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts    
A471/A471M  
Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels    
A473  
Stainless Steel Forgings  
A504/A504M  
Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels  
A508/A508M  
Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels  
A541/A541M  
Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A579/A579M  
Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings  
A592/A592M  
High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure Vessels  
A646/A646M  
Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings  
A649/A649M  
Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper Machinery    
A668/A668M  
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use  
A705/A705M  
Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings  
A711/A711M  
Steel Forging Stock  
A723/A723M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component Application  
A729/A729M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Axles, Heat Treated, for Mass Transit and Electric Railway Service  
A765/A765M  
Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Mandatory Toughness Requirements  
A837/A837M  
Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applications  
A859/A859M  
Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A891/A891M  
Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels    
A909/A909M  
Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use  
A965/A965M  
Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts  
A982/A982M  
Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils  
A983/A983M  
Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines  
A986/A986M  
Magnetic Particle Examination of Cont...

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