ASTM D5478-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Viscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer
Standard Test Methods for Viscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are applicable for measuring the rheological properties of varnishes and paints. In particular, the low to moderate shear rate measurements provide information related to sag resistance, leveling, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. These test methods are applicable to liquids having viscosities in the range from 5 × 10−4 to 103 Pa·s (0.5 to 106 cP). The shear rate range is dependent upon the needle used and viscosity of the liquid and may vary from 10−4 to 103 s−1.
1.2 The yield stress of liquids having this property may also be determined.
1.3 These test methods consist of determining liquid viscosities of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (clear or opaque) by measuring the steady-state (constant) or terminal velocities of cylindrical needles as they fall through the test liquid under the influence of gravity. Yield stresses of non-Newtonian liquids may be measured using the same procedure.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D5478 − 09
StandardTest Methods for
1
Viscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.1.1 dilatant or shear thickening fluid, n—fluid in which
the apparent viscosity increases with increasing shear rate.
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the
viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. These test
3.1.2 Newtonian fluid, n—fluid in which the dynamic vis-
methods are applicable to liquids having viscosities in the
cosity does not vary with shear rate but only with the
−4 3 6
range from 5×10 to 10 Pa·s (0.5 to 10 cP). The shear rate
temperature and pressure.
range is dependent upon the needle used and viscosity of the
3.1.3 Non-Newtonian fluid, n—fluid in which the dynamic
−4 3 −1
liquid and may vary from 10 to 10 s .
viscosity varies with shear rate over at least some shear rate
1.2 Theyieldstressofliquidshavingthispropertymayalso
range.
be determined.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—This viscosity is sometimes referred to
1.3 These test methods consist of determining liquid vis-
as the “apparent viscosity” since it is not a true property of the
cosities of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (clear or
fluid but a variable depending on the shear rate. The viscosity
opaque) by measuring the steady-state (constant) or terminal
of most non-Newtonian fluids fits a power law expression. A
velocities of cylindrical needles as they fall through the test
power law fluid is defined by the following equation:
liquid under the influence of gravity. Yield stresses of non-
n21
η 5 K dγ/dt (1)
~ !
a
Newtonianliquidsmaybemeasuredusingthesameprocedure.
where:
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2
η = apparentviscosity,Pa·s(ordyne·s/cm =P),mPa·s=
a
standard.
cP,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
n n 2
K = fluid consistency, Pa·s (or dyne·s /cm ),
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
dγ/dt = shear rate or velocity gradient, 1/s, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
n = flow behavior index, dimensionless.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4 pseudoplastic or shear thinning fluid, n—fluid in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
which the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear
rate.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.5 viscosity, n—the ratio between an applied shear stress
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to the resulting shear rate (velocity gradient) is defined as the
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
dynamic viscosity. It is a measure of the resistance to flow of
E2251Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids a fluid.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In the SI unit system, the units of
3. Terminology
viscosity are Pa·s. One mPa·s is equal to one centipoise (cP).
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.6 yield stress, n—some fluids when subjected to a shear
stress behave as deformable solids until a certain critical shear
stress (yield stress or yield value) is reached after which they
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
behave as fluids.
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Examples of such fluids include many
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and
paints and pigment pastes and certain food materials such as
Paint Materials.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally
ketchup.
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as published as
D5478–98(2003). DOI: 10.1520/D5478-09.
2 4. Summary of Test Methods
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 Test Method A consists of determining the viscosity of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Newtonian liquids.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D5478 − 09
3,4,5
6.1.1 Falling Needle Viscometer —A schematic of the
falling needle viscometer is shown in Fig. 1. The viscometer
consistsofaverticalcylindricaltestsectionofdiameter D.The
liquidspecimenisplacedinthetestsectionandthespecimen’s
temperature is maintained constant by means of a constant
temperature bath tha
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D5478–98(Reapproved2003) Designation: D 5478 – 09
Standard Test Methods for
1
Viscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. These test methods
−4 3 6
areapplicabletoliquidshavingviscositiesintherangefrom5 310 to10 Pa·s(0.5to10 cP).Theshearraterangeisdependent
−4 3 −1
upon the needle used and viscosity of the liquid and may vary from 10 to 10 s .
1.2 The yield stress of liquids having this property may also be determined.
1.3 These test methods consist of determining liquid viscosities of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (clear or opaque) by
measuring the steady-state (constant) or terminal velocities of cylindrical needles as they fall through the test liquid under the
influence of gravity. Yield stresses of non-Newtonian liquids may be measured using the same procedure.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 dilatant fluid (or or shear thickening fluid)fluid— one, n—fluid in which the apparent viscosity increases with increasing
shear rate.
3.1.2 Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluidsfluid, n—ANewtonian fluid is one —fluid in which the dynamic viscosity does not
vary with shear rate but only with the temperature and pressure. A non-Newtonian
3.1.3 Non-Newtonian fluid is one , n—fluid in which the dynamic viscosity varies with shear rate over at least some shear rate
range.
3.1.2.13.1.3.1 Discussion—This viscosity is sometimes referred to as the “apparent viscosity” since it is not a true property of
the fluid but a variable depending on the shear rate. The viscosity of most non-Newtonian fluids fits a power law expression. A
power law fluid is defined by the following equation:
n21
h 5K~g˙! (1)
a
n21
h 5 K~dg/dt! (1)
a
where:
2
apparent viscosity, Pa·s (or dyne·s/cm
h = apparent viscosity, dyne · s/cm =P=100 cP, =P), mPa·s = cP,
a
n n n 2
K = fluid consistency, dyne·s fluid consistency, Pa·s (or dyne·s /cm,),
g˙ = shear rate, 1/s, and shear rate or velocity gradient, 1/s, and
dg/dt
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and& Paint Materials.
Current edition approved Dec.Feb. 1, 2003.2009. Published December 2003.March 2009. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 19982003 as
published as D5478–98(2003).
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D5478–09
n = flow behavior index, dimensionless.
3.1.3pseudoplastic fluid (or shear thinning fluid)—one in which the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate.
3.1.4 viscosity—Theratiobetweenanappliedshearstresstotheresultingshearrate(velocitygradient)isdefinedasthedynamic
viscosity. It is a measure of the resistance to flow of a fluid.
3.1.4.1Discussion—IntheSIunitsystemtheunitsofviscosityarePa·s.OnemPa·sisequaltoonecentipoise(cP).pseudoplastic
or shear thinning fluid, n—fluid in which the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate.
3.1.5
...
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