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ASTM D4860-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Mid-Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical Rating)

Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Mid-Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical Rating)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test provides a field test to evaluate visually a fuel sample for particulate matter and free water similar to Test Method D 4176 plus a numerical rating for free water. High numerical ratings indicate that the fuel is relatively free of free water. The degree of water and particulate contamination can be measured using other methods such as Test Methods D 1744, D 2276, and D 2709.
The color of the sample does not affect the measurement. Limited laboratory evaluations of samples have determined the degree of free water can be rated in fuels with dark opaque color having a darker rating than five in Test Method D 1500.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a rapid, portable means for field and laboratory use to inspect visually for particulate matter and numerically rate free water in aviation turbine and distillate fuels.
1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 11.2.3 and Annex A1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2007
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.14 - Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4860-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Mid-Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical Rating)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D4860-08 - Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical Rating)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4176-22 - Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2068-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining Filter Blocking Tendency
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6426-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Filterability of Middle Distillate Fuel Oils
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8386-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining Enhanced Filter Blocking Tendency (EFBT)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6824-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining Filterability of Aviation Turbine Fuel
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6469-20 - Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7261-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Diesel Fuels by Portable Separometer
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007

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ASTM D4860-07 - Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Mid-Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical Rating)ASTM D4860-07 - Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Mid-Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical Rating)
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ASTM D4860-07 - Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Mid-Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical Rating)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D4860–07
Standard Test Method for
Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Mid-Distillate
1
Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical Rating)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4860; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.1.1 clear-and-bright (also termed clean-and-bright)—a
condition in which the fuel contains no visible water drops or
1.1 This test method covers a rapid, portable means for field
particulates and is free of haze or cloudiness.
and laboratory use to inspect visually for particulate matter and
3.1.2 free water—water in excess of that soluble in the fuel
numerically rate free water in aviation turbine and distillate
atthetemperatureofthetestandappearinginthefuelasahaze
fuels.
or cloudiness, or as droplets.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.3 Micro-Separometer clear-and-bright (MSEP–C&B)—
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
a numerical rating indicating the presence and ease of removal
only.
of free water and particulate contamination by filtration.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 solid particulates—small solid or semi-solid particles,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sometimes referred to as silt or sediment, present in fuel as a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
result of contamination by air-blown dusts, corrosion by-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
products, fuel instability, or protective-coating deterioration.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
warning statements, see 11.2.3 and Annex A1.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 Visual inspection of the fuel sample for free water and
2 particulate matter is performed immediately when the sample
2.1 ASTM Standards:
is taken. A glass container is used to view for water haze, and
D 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-
the fuel sample is swirled to create a vortex to detect the
ucts (ASTM Color Scale)
presence of particulate matter.
D 1744 Test Method for Water in Liquid Petroleum Prod-
3
4.2 Anumerical rating for free water is obtained by filtering
ucts by Karl Fischer Reagent
a portion of the fuel sample at a programmed rate (50 mL/45
D 2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Avia-
s)throughastandardfiberglasscoalescer/filter.Aportionofthe
tion Fuel by Line Sampling
effluent is used to establish a reference (100) level by a light
D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
transmittance measurement. Another portion of the unproc-
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
essed (unfiltered) fuel sample is then compared to the 100
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
reference level. The results are reported on a 50 to 100 scale to
Petroleum Products
the nearest whole number. A test can be performed in 5 to 10
D 4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Con-
min.
tamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Proce-
dures)
NOTE 1—Thestandardfiberglasscoalescer/filterconsistsofaprecision-
machined aluminum housing containing fiber-glass material that has been
3. Terminology
selected to specific air flow characteristics. These criteria have a direct
bearing on the test results.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5. Significance and Use
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
5.1 The test provides a field test to evaluate visually a fuel
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
sample for particulate matter and free water similar to Test
D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid FuelsStability and Cleanliness of
Method D 4176 plus a numerical rating for free water. High
Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originally
numerical ratings indicate that the fuel is relatively free of free
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 4860–91(2005).
water. The degree of water and particulate contamination can
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
be measured using other methods such as Test Methods
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on D 1744, D 2276, and D 2709.
the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
...

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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
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1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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    English language
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