ASTM D6938-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
Standard Test Method for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for in-place measurements of wet density and water content of soil and soil-aggregate and the determination of dry density.
The test method is used for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted soil and soil-aggregate mixtures as used in construction and also for research and development. The nondestructive nature allows repetitive measurements at a single test location and statistical analysis of the results.
Density—The fundamental assumptions inherent in the methods are that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the material is homogeneous.
Water Content—The fundamental assumptions inherent in the test method are that the hydrogen ions present in the soil or soil-aggregate are in the form of water as defined by the water content derived from Test Methods D 2216, and that the material is homogeneous. (See 5.2)
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring in-place density and moisture of soil and soil-aggregate by use of nuclear equipment. The density of the material may be measured by direct transmission, backscatter, or backscatter/air-gap ratio methods. Measurements for water (moisture) content are taken at the surface in backscatter mode regardless of the mode being used for density. It is the intent of this subcommittee that this standard replace D 2922 and D 3017.
1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences.
1.2 The total or wet density of soil and soil-aggregate is measured by the attenuation of gamma radiation where, in direct transmission, the source is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm (12 in.) and the detector (s) remains on the surface (some gauges may reverse this orientation); or in backscatter or backscatter/air-gap the source and detector(s) both remain on the surface.
1.2.1 The density of the test sample in mass per unit volume is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data.
1.2.2 The dry density of the test sample is obtained by subtracting the water mass per unit volume from the test sample wet density (Section 11). Most gauges display this value directly.
1.3 The gauge is calibrated to read the water mass per unit volume of soil or soil-aggregate. When divided by the density of water and then multiplied by 100, the water mass per unit volume is equivalent to the volumetric water content. The water mass per unit volume is determined by the thermalizing or slowing of fast neutrons by hydrogen, a component of water. The neutron source and the thermal neutron detector are both located at the surface of the material being tested. The water content most prevalent in engineering and construction activities is known as the gravimetric water content, w, and is the ratio of the mass of the water in pore spaces to the total mass of solids, expressed as a percentage.
1.4 Two alternative procedures are provided.
1.4.1 Procedure A
describes the direct transmission method in which the gamma source rod extends through the base of the gauge into a pre-formed hole to a desired depth. The direct transmission is the preferred method.
1.4.2 Procedure B
involves the use of a dedicated backscatter gauge or the source rod in the backscatter position. This places the gamma and neutron sources and the detectors ...
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Designation:D6938–08
Standard Test Method for
In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-
1
Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6938; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.4.1 Procedure A describes the direct transmission method
in which the gamma source rod extends through the base of the
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring
gauge into a pre-formed hole to a desired depth. The direct
in-place density and moisture of soil and soil-aggregate by use
transmission is the preferred method.
of nuclear equipment. The density of the material may be
1.4.2 Procedure B involves the use of a dedicated backscat-
measured by direct transmission, backscatter, or backscatter/
ter gauge or the source rod in the backscatter position. This
air-gap ratio methods. Measurements for water (moisture)
places the gamma and neutron sources and the detectors in the
content are taken at the surface in backscatter mode regardless
same plane.
of the mode being used for density. It is the intent of this
1.5 SI Units—The values stated in SI units are to be
subcommittee that this standard replace D 2922 and D 3017.
regarded as the standard. The values in inch-pound units (ft –
1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences.
lb units) are provided for information only.
1.2 The total or wet density of soil and soil-aggregate is
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
measured by the attenuation of gamma radiation where, in
guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
direct transmission, the source is placed at a known depth up to
D 6026.
300 mm (12 in.) and the detector (s) remains on the surface
1.6.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected,
(somegaugesmayreversethisorientation);orinbackscatteror
recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
backscatter/air-gap the source and detector(s) both remain on
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
the surface.
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
1.2.1 The density of the test sample in mass per unit volume
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radia-
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
tion with previously established calibration data.
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
1.2.2 The dry density of the test sample is obtained by
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
subtracting the water mass per unit volume from the test
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
sample wet density (Section 11). Most gauges display this
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
value directly.
methods for engineering design.
1.3 The gauge is calibrated to read the water mass per unit
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
volume of soil or soil-aggregate. When divided by the density
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of water and then multiplied by 100, the water mass per unit
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
volume is equivalent to the volumetric water content. The
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
water mass per unit volume is determined by the thermalizing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
orslowingoffastneutronsbyhydrogen,acomponentofwater.
The neutron source and the thermal neutron detector are both
2. Referenced Documents
located at the surface of the material being tested. The water
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
content most prevalent in engineering and construction activi-
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
ties is known as the gravimetric water content, w, and is the
Fluids
ratio of the mass of the water in pore spaces to the total mass
D 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
of solids, expressed as a percentage.
3
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
1.4 Two alternative procedures are provided.
3
kN-m/m ))
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
2
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 Special and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Construction Control Tests. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originally Standards volume information, re
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6938–08
Standard Test Method for
In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-
1
Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6938; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring in-place density and moisture of soil and soil-aggregate by use of
nuclear equipment. The density of the material may be measured by direct transmission, backscatter, or backscatter/air-gap ratio
methods. Measurements for water (moisture) content are taken at the surface in backscatter mode regardless of the mode being
used for density. It is the intent of this subcommittee that this standard replace D 2922 and D 3017.
1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences.
1.2 The total or wet density of soil and soil-aggregate is measured by the attenuation of gamma radiation where, in direct
transmission, the source is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm (12 in.) and the detector (s) remains on the surface (some gauges
may reverse this orientation); or in backscatter or backscatter/air-gap the source and detector(s) both remain on the surface.
1.2.1 The density of the test sample in mass per unit volume is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation
with previously established calibration data.
1.2.2 The dry density of the test sample is obtained by subtracting the water mass per unit volume from the test sample wet
density (Section 11). Most gauges display this value directly.
1.3 The gauge is calibrated to read the water mass per unit volume of soil or soil-aggregate. When divided by the density of
water and then multiplied by 100, the water mass per unit volume is equivalent to the volumetric water content. The water mass
per unit volume is determined by the thermalizing or slowing of fast neutrons by hydrogen, a component of water. The neutron
source and the thermal neutron detector are both located at the surface of the material being tested. The water content most
prevalent in engineering and construction activities is known as the gravimetric water content, w, and is the ratio of the mass of
the water in pore spaces to the total mass of solids, expressed as a percentage.
1.4 Two alternative procedures are provided.
1.4.1 Procedure A describes the direct transmission method in which the gamma source rod extends through the base of the
gauge into a pre-formed hole to a desired depth. The direct transmission is the preferred method.
1.4.2 Procedure B involves the use of a dedicated backscatter gauge or the source rod in the backscatter position. This places
the gamma and neutron sources and the detectors in the same plane.
1.5 SI Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in inch-pound units (ft – lb units) are
provided for information only.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D 6026.
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures
used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s
objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these
considerations.Itisbeyondthescopeofthisstandardtoconsidersignificantdigitsusedinanalysismethodsforengineeringdesign.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 Special and Construction
Control Tests.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 6938 – 07b.
2
For re
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