ASTM C482-02(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement Paste
Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement Paste
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of determining whether or not tile of the types indicated in 1.1 can be bonded with adequate strength to portland cement paste. Tile specifications can refer to this test method in order to establish minimum bond strength limits appropriate to the service conditions that are anticipated.
5.2 Separation between bond coat and setting bed, or breakage of the setting bed itself shall not be considered failures of tile bond.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ability of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry tile, and pavers to be bonded to portland cement paste. This test method includes both face-mounted and back-mounted tile.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C482 − 02 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement Paste
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C482; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.2 After proper cure of the test assembly, a load is applied
to one edge of the tile and the load increased at a definite rate
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ability
until the bond between tile and bond coat is broken.
ofglazedceramicwalltile,ceramicmosaictile,quarrytile,and
pavers to be bonded to portland cement paste.This test method
4.3 Because the laboratory method of applying shear stress
includes both face-mounted and back-mounted tile.
rapidly loads both tile and setting bed in compression, a
stronger than normal setting bed for the test specimens is
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
specified. This avoids failure of the setting bed before the
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
desired failure at the tile-bond coat interface occurs. In real tile
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
installations with portland cement paste an entirely different
and are not considered standard.
loading mechanism, usually generated primarily by shrinking
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of the setting bed or structural backing, results in mild tension
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in setting bed and mild compression in the tile, but the same
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
type of shear stress occurs between tile and bond coat as does
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
in response to the laboratory loading method.The finding of an
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
adequate bond strength under the conditions of this test method
can be taken as proof that the tested tile could be permanently
2. Referenced Documents
bonded in a properly installed conventional installation using
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the lean, low-shrinkage mortars customarily specified for this
C150 Specification for Portland Cement
particular purpose.
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
4.4 To maintain practical sample size and limit maximum
Mortar
breaking load, tile larger than nominal 4 ⁄4 in. (108 mm) on a
C207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-
side must be cut to 4 in. (102 mm).
poses
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
Products 5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a means of determining
3. Terminology
whether or not tile of the types indicated in 1.1 can be bonded
3.1 Definitions:
with adequate strength to portland cement paste. Tile specifi-
3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in 1.1, refer to
cations can refer to this test method in order to establish
Terminology C242.
minimum bond strength limits appropriate to the service
conditions that are anticipated.
4. Summary of Test Method
5.2 Separation between bond coat and setting bed, or
4.1 This test method consists of bonding tile under con-
breakage of the setting bed itself shall not be considered
trolled conditions to a pure portland cement paste bond coat,
failures of tile bond.
supported by a cement mortar bed.
6. Apparatus
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic
Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
6.1 Molds—Five frame-type molds having inside dimen-
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
sions 6 by 4 ⁄2 by 2 in. (152 by 114 by 51 mm) in depth. The
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
molds shall be made of ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) thick rigid material
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C482 – 02 (2009).
DOI: 10.1520/C0482-02R14.
such as brass, and the inside faces of the molds shall present a
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
smooth surface. They shall be constructed in such a manner
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
that they can be taken apart without damage to the molded
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. cement block. Diagrams of suitable molds are shown in Fig. 1.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C482 − 02 (2014)
Metric Equivalents
Letter in. mm
A ⁄16 4.8
B ⁄8 9.5
C 6 152
D6 ⁄4 171
E4 ⁄2 114
F5 ⁄4 133
G1 ⁄4 32
H2 51
FIG. 1 Mold for Mortar Block (Five Required)
6.2 Compression Testing Machine—The testing machine 6.4 Keys—Differently sized keys, each for use with a
may be either a hydraulic or screw type, with an accuracy of different size range of tile, to be inserted between the edge of
61.0 %. It shall be capable of applying a uniformly distributed the bonded tile and the head of the compression testing
shearing load at a rate of 200 6 20 psi/min (1.4 6 0.1 machine.Their exact dimensions are shown in Fig. 3. Specially
MPa/min) to the tile being tested. To obtain the actual loading dimensioned keys may be required for unusual tile thicknesses.
rate in lbf/min (kgf/min) for a particular tile size, multiply the
7. Materials
bondedareaofthetileinsquareinchesby200 620(inpascals
7.1 Portland Cement—Type I of Specification C150.
by 1.4 6 0.1).
7.2 Hydrated Lime—Type S of Specification C207.
6.3 Fixture,forholdingthespecimenassemblyinanupright
position to prevent tilting while the specimen assembly is 7.3 Standard Sand—Dry, Standard Ottawa sand con-
under load. The construction of such a fixture is shown in Fig. forming to the requirements given in Section 9 of Test Method
2. C185.
C482 − 02 (2014)
Metric Equivalents
Letter in. mm Letter in. mm
A ⁄8 9.5 H 9 229
3 1
B1 ⁄8 35 I ⁄4 6.4
3 1
C ⁄4 19 J ⁄8 3.2
D1 ⁄2 38 K 2 51
1 5
E ⁄2 13 L 1 ⁄16 33
F 7 178 M 2 ⁄16 59
G 8 203 N 4 ⁄2 114
FIG. 2 Fixture for Bond Strength Test
Metric Equivalents
Tile Size, in. (mm) A B C D E
1 3 1 3 1 3
1 ⁄16 (27) and smaller ⁄4 (19) 1 ⁄8 (29) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
1 9 1 1 3 1 3
1 ⁄8 (29) to 1 ⁄16 (40) 1 ⁄8 (29) 1 ⁄8 (29) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
5 1 5 3 3 1 3
2 ⁄8 (41) to 2 ⁄4 (57) 1 ⁄8 (41) 1 ⁄4 (44) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
5 1 1 3 3 1 3
2 ⁄16 (59) to 3 ⁄2 (88) 2 ⁄2 (64) 1 ⁄4 (44) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
9 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3
3 ⁄16 (90) to 4 ⁄4 (108) ( ⁄4 (6.4) to ⁄8 (9.5) 4 ⁄4 (108) 2 ⁄2 (76) ⁄4 (6.4) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
thick)
3 1 3 1 1 3 1 3
3 ⁄4 (94) to 4 ⁄4 (108) (over ⁄8 (9.5) thick) 4 ⁄4 (108) 2 ⁄2 (76) ⁄8 (9.5) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
FIG. 3 Key Detail for Fixture in Fig. 2
C482 − 02 (2014)
8. Test Sample across the mold to remove the excess mortar placed therein; do
not float, puddle, or trowel the surface. The prepared mortar
8.1 Size of Sample—Thenumberoftilecomprisingasample
beds must receive the tile not less than 1 h nor more than 1 ⁄2
varies according to the size of the tile (see Table 1).
h after screeding. Use a freshly prepared, smooth paste of one
8.2 Selection and Preparation:
part by weight of portland cement passing through a No. 200
8.2.1 Tile in the number specified in 8.1 shall be selected at
(75-µm) sieve and 0.36 part by weight of potable water as a
random from the lot to be tested.
uniform bond coat on the surface of the prepared tile intended
8.2.2 Mounted tile shall be separated from one another by
for bonding, in an amount sufficient to form a continuous layer
mechanical means,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C482 − 02 (Reapproved 2009) C482 − 02 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement Paste
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C482; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ability of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry tile, and
pavers to be bonded to portland cement paste. This test method includes both face-mounted and back-mounted tile.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C150 Specification for Portland Cement
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in 1.1, refer to Terminology C242.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method consists of bonding tile under controlled conditions to a pure portland cement paste bond coat, supported
by a cement mortar bed.
4.2 After proper cure of the test assembly, a load is applied to one edge of the tile and the load increased at a definite rate until
the bond between tile and bond coat is broken.
4.3 Because the laboratory method of applying shear stress rapidly loads both tile and setting bed in compression, a stronger
than normal setting bed for the test specimens is specified. This avoids failure of the setting bed before the desired failure at the
tile-bond coat interface occurs. In real tile installations with portland cement paste an entirely different loading mechanism, usually
generated primarily by shrinking of the setting bed or structural backing, results in mild tension in setting bed and mild
compression in the tile, but the same type of shear stress occurs between tile and bond coat as does in response to the laboratory
loading method. The finding of an adequate bond strength under the conditions of this test method can be taken as proof that the
tested tile could be permanently bonded in a properly installed conventional installation using the lean, low-shrinkage mortars
customarily specified for this particular purpose.
4.4 To maintain practical sample size and limit maximum breaking load, tile larger than nominal 4 ⁄4 in. (108 mm) on a side
must be cut to 4 in. (102 mm).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C21.06
on Ceramic Tile.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009Dec. 1, 2014. Published February 2009December 2014. Originally approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 20022009
as C482C482 – 02 (2009).–02. DOI: 10.1520/C0482-02R09.10.1520/C0482-02R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C482 − 02 (2014)
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a means of determining whether or not tile of the types indicated in 1.1 can be bonded with
adequate strength to portland cement paste. Tile specifications can refer to this test method in order to establish minimum bond
strength limits appropriate to the service conditions that are anticipated.
5.2 Separation between bond coat and setting bed, or breakage of the setting bed itself shall not be considered failures of tile
bond.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Molds—Five frame-type molds having inside dimensions 6 by 4 ⁄2 by 2 in. (152 by 114 by 51 mm) in depth. The molds shall
be made of ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) thick rigid material such as brass, and the inside faces of the molds shall present a smooth surface.
They shall be constructed in such a manner that they can be taken apart without damage to the molded cement block. Diagrams
of suitable molds are shown in Fig. 1.
Metric Equivalents
Letter in. mm
A ⁄16 4.8
B ⁄8 9.5
C 6 152
D 6 ⁄4 171
E 4 ⁄2 114
F 5 ⁄4 133
G 1 ⁄4 32
H 2 51
FIG. 1 Mold for Mortar Block (Five Required)
C482 − 02 (2014)
6.2 Compression Testing Machine—The testing machine may be either a hydraulic or screw type, with an accuracy of 61.0 %.
It shall be capable of applying a uniformly distributed shearing load at a rate of 200 6 20 psi/min (1.4 6 0.1 MPa/min) to the
tile being tested. To obtain the actual loading rate in lbf/min (kgf/min) for a particular tile size, multiply the bonded area of the
tile in square inches by 200 6 20 (in pascals by 1.4 6 0.1).
6.3 Fixture, for holding the specimen assembly in an upright position to prevent tilting while the specimen assembly is under
load. The construction of such a fixture is shown in Fig. 2.
6.4 Keys—Differently sized keys, each for use with a different size range of tile, to be inserted between the edge of the bonded
tile and the head of the compression testing machine. Their exact dimensions are shown in Fig. 3. Specially dimensioned keys may
be required for unusual tile thicknesses.
7. Materials
7.1 Portland Cement—Type I of Specification C150.
7.2 Hydrated Lime—Type S of Specification C207.
7.3 Standard Sand—Dry, Standard Ottawa sand con-forming to the requirements given in Section 9 of Test Method C185.
8. Test Sample
8.1 Size of Sample—The number of tile comprising a sample varies according to the size of the tile (see Table 1).
8.2 Selection and Preparation:
8.2.1 Tile in the number specified in 8.1 shall be selected at random from the lot to be tested.
8.2.2 Mounted tile shall be separated from one another by mechanical means, but water or other solvent shall not be used to
remove the mounting media, except as directed in 8.2.4. (It is not necessary to remove mounting media completely, provided it
does not interfere with the methods prescribed in either 8.2.4 or Section 9.)
Metric Equivalents
Letter in. mm Letter in. mm
A ⁄8 9.5 H 9 229
3 1
B 1 ⁄8 35 I ⁄4 6.4
3 1
C ⁄4 19 J ⁄8 3.2
D 1 ⁄2 38 K 2 51
1 5
E ⁄2 13 L 1 ⁄16 33
F 7 178 M 2 ⁄16 59
G 8 203 N 4 ⁄2 114
FIG. 2 Fixture for Bond Strength Test
C482 − 02 (2014)
Metric Equivalents
Tile Size, in. (mm) A B C D E
1 3 1 3 1 3
1 ⁄16 (27) and smaller ⁄4 (19) 1 ⁄8 (29) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
1 9 1 1 3 1 3
1 ⁄8 (29) to 1 ⁄16 (40) 1 ⁄8 (29) 1 ⁄8 (29) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
5 1 5 3 3 1 3
2 ⁄8 (41) to 2 ⁄4 (57) 1 ⁄8 (41) 1 ⁄4 (44) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
5 1 1 3 3 1 3
2 ⁄16 (59) to 3 ⁄2 (88) 2 ⁄2 (64) 1 ⁄4 (44) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
9 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3
3 ⁄16 (90) to 4 ⁄4 (108) ( ⁄4 (6.4) to ⁄8 (9.5) 4 ⁄4 (108) 2 ⁄2 (76) ⁄4 (6.4) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
thick)
3 1 3 1 1 3 1 3
3 ⁄4 (94) to 4 ⁄4 (108) (over ⁄8 (9.5) thick) 4 ⁄4 (108) 2 ⁄2 (76) ⁄8 (9.5) ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄8 (9.5)
FIG. 3 Key Detail for Fixture in Fig. 2
TABLE 1 Number of Tile per Sample
Facial Dimensions of Tile
...
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