ASTM D333-01(2007)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Clear and Pigmented Lacquers
Standard Guide for Clear and Pigmented Lacquers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are intended to compile as well as provide screening tests in evaluating clear and pigmented lacquers as used in different coating operations.
Each coating system may contain from a simple one coat operation to a multicoat finishing system.
The substrates may be varied, ferrous and non ferrous, plastic or wood which can affect the performance of a given coating system.
Substrate cleaning, chemically or physically, is an essential and critical aspect to the performance of the coating system.
Results from the various tests are not necessarily all useful in evaluating the performance of the different types of coating systems used on the many varied substrates.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing lacquers and lacquer coatings. The test methods included are listed in Table 1.
Note 1 - In accordance with Terminology D 16, a lacquer is defined as a coating composition that is based on synthetic thermoplastic filmforming material dissolved in organic solvent(s) and that dries primarily by solvent evaporation. Typical lacquers include those based on nitrocellulose, other cellulose derivatives, vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.
Note 2 - Lacquers may be applied under such diverse conditions, to so many different surfaces, and their dried films may be subjected to so many kinds of wear and exposure that it is not possible to assure desired performance from a single selection of test methods and numerical results therefrom. Those skilled in lacquer technology may find partial assurance of obtaining desired qualities in various types of lacquers through careful selection of the methods covered herein and intelligent interpretation of results therefrom.
Note 3 - It is intended ultimately to remove all experimental procedures from Test Methods D 333 and to establish them as a guide to the selection of test methods for lacquer and perhaps to interpretation of results therefrom. Temporarily there remain in Test Methods D 333 a few tests that are too short or otherwise presently unsuitable for establishment under separate ASTM designations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D333 − 01 (Reapproved2007)
Standard Guide for
Clear and Pigmented Lacquers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D333; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverproceduresfortestinglacquers
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
and lacquer coatings. The test methods included are listed in
Closed Cup Tester
Table 1.
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
NOTE 1—In accordance with Terminology D16, a lacquer is defined as
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
acoatingcompositionthatisbasedonsyntheticthermoplasticfilmforming
ity)
materialdissolvedinorganicsolvent(s)andthatdriesprimarily by solvent
D522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached
evaporation. Typical lacquers include those based on nitrocellulose, other
Organic Coatings
cellulose derivatives, vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.
NOTE 2—Lacquers may be applied under such diverse conditions, to so
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
manydifferentsurfaces,andtheirdriedfilmsmaybesubjectedtosomany
D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
kinds of wear and exposure that it is not possible to assure desired
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
performance from a single selection of test methods and numerical results
Related Coating Products
therefrom. Those skilled in lacquer technology may find partial assurance
D610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted
of obtaining desired qualities in various types of lacquers through careful
selection of the methods covered herein and intelligent interpretation of
Steel Surfaces
results therefrom.
D658 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
NOTE 3—It is intended ultimately to remove all experimental proce-
Coatings by Air Blast Abrasive (Withdrawn 1996)
dures from Test Methods D333 and to establish them as a guide to the
D659 MethodforEvaluatingDegreeofChalkingofExterior
selection of test methods for lacquer and perhaps to interpretation of
results therefrom. Temporarily there remain in Test Methods D333 a few Paints (Withdrawn 1990)
tests that are too short or otherwise presently unsuitable for establishment
D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
under separate ASTM designations.
Exterior Paints
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Exterior Paints
only.
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
Exterior Paints
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Paints
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ing) of Exterior Paints
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
2. Referenced Documents
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
D870 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Using Water Immersion
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
Coatings by Falling Abrasive
Applications
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of D1014 Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of
Subcommittee D01.55 on Factory Applied Coatings on Preformed Products.
Paints and Coatings on Metal Substrates
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2007.PublishedJuly2007.Originallyapproved
D1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of
in 1931. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D333 – 01. DOI: 10.1520/
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
D0333-01R07.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D333 − 01 (2007)
TABLE 1 List of Test Methods
a Ferrous Base (Withdrawn 2006)
D1200 Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup ASTM
Test Method Section
Method
D1209 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-
General Requirements 4 .
Cobalt Scale)
Liquid Materials:
D1210 Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-
Color of Clear Lacquers:
Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage Gardner Color Scale 9 D1544
Platinum-Cobalt Scale 9 D1209
D1211 Test Method for Temperature-Change Resistance of
Flash Point:
Clear Nitrocellulose Lacquer Films Applied to Wood
Tag Closed Cup 11 D56,
(Withdrawn 2006) D93,
D3278
D1308 Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on
Homogeneity:
Clear and Pigmented Organic Finishes
Clarity and Cleanness 8 D2090
Fineness of Pigment Grind 8 D1210
D1400 TestMethodforNondestructiveMeasurementofDry
Nonvolatile Matter 7 D1644
Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a
Sample Preparation 5 .
Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)
Viscosity:
Ford Cup (Efflux) 10 D1200
D1474 Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic
Kinematic High Precision 10 D445
Coatings
Weight per Gallon (Density) 6 D1475
D1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
Dried Films:
Abrasion Resistance:
and Related Products
Air Blast Abrasion Tester 19 D658
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
Falling Sand Method 19 D968
D1544 Test Method for Color ofTransparent Liquids (Gard-
Chip Resistance: 30 D3170
Color-Pigmented Coatings:
ner Color Scale)
Spectrophotometric Method 15 E308
D1644 Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Varnishes
Munsell Color System 15 D1535
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
Color Difference-Pigmented Coatings:
Visual Method 16 D1729
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
Instrumental Evaluation of Color
D1733 Method for Preparation of Aluminum Alloy Panels
Differences of Opaque Materials 16 D2244
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products
Elongation:
Conical Mandrel 17 D522
(Withdrawn 1979)
Cylindrical Mandrel 17 D1737
D1735 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
Film Thickness:
Using Water Fog Apparatus Nondestructive Magnetic Base 13 D1186
Nondestructive Nonmagnetic Metallic Base 13 D1400
D1737 Method of Test for Elongation of Attached Organic
Penetration Thickness Gage 13 D1400
Coatings with Cylindrical MandrelApparatus (Withdrawn
Dial Comparator 13 D1005
1988) Gloss:
Specular Gloss 14 D523
D2090 Test Method for Clarity and Cleanness of Paint and
Hardness Indentation Method 18 D1474
Ink Liquids (Withdrawn 2007)
Hiding Power 27 D2805
D2091 Test Method for Print Resistance of Lacquers
Household Chemical Resistance 21 D1308
Light Stability 31 D2620
D2199 Test Method for Measurement of Plasticizer Migra-
Outdoor Exposure:
tion From Vinyl Fabrics to Lacquers
Preparation of Coated Panels:
D2204 Method of Test for Perspiration Resistance of Or- Aluminum Alloy Panels 22 D1733
Steel Panels 22 D609
ganic Coatings (Withdrawn 1976)
Test Procedures:
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
Exposure Tests Using Steel Panels 22 D1014
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Evaluating Blistering 22 D714
Evaluating Chalking 22 D659
Coordinates
Evaluating Checking 22 D660
D2620 Test Method for Light Stability of Clear Coatings
Evaluating Cracking 22 D661
Evaluating Rusting 22 D610
(Withdrawn 2001)
Evaluating Erosion 22 D662
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
Evaluating Flaking 22 D772
tometry
Panel Preparation:
Manual Spraying Method 12 .
D3170 Test Method for Chipping Resistance of Coatings
Automatic Application 12 D823
D3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small
Perspiration Resistance 28 D2204
Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus
Plasticizer Migration 29 D2199
Print Test 20 D2091
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
Salt Fog 24 B117
the CIE System
Temperature-Change Resistance 23 D1211
Water Fog Testing 25 D1735
Water Immersion Test 26 D870
3. Significance and Use
3.1 These test methods are intended to compile as well as
provide screening tests in evaluating clear and pigmented
lacquers as used in different coating operations.
3.3 The substrates may be varied, ferrous and non ferrous,
3.2 Each coating system may contain from a simple one plastic or wood which can affect the performance of a given
coat operation to a multicoat finishing system. coating system.
D333 − 01 (2007)
3.4 Substrate cleaning, chemically or physically, is an es- color may bleach and another color may appear under certain
sential and critical aspect to the performance of the coating conditions of exposure.
system.
9.2 Determine the color of clear lacquers as described in
3.5 Results from the various tests are not necessarily all
Test Method D1544. This method gives a comparison of the
useful in evaluating the performance of the different types of
color of the sample with that of a color reference standard.
coating systems used on the many varied substrates.
9.3 Determine the color of essentially water-white lacquers
in accordance with Test Method D1209. This method shall be
4. General Requirements
usedwherethecolor-producingbodiesinthelacquerhavevery
4.1 All tests shall be made in diffused light (not in direct
nearly the same light-absorption characteristics as those of the
sunlight), and at 23 6 2°C (73.5 6 3.5°F) and 50 6 5%
platinum-cobalt standards.
relative humidity, unless otherwise specified.
10. Viscosity
5. Preparation of Sample
10.1 Theviscosityofalacquerisapropertythatcanbeused
5.1 Many clear lacquers and all pigmented lacquers contain
as a guide in determining the ease with which a given lacquer
suspended solids that have a tendency to settle to the bottom of
may be applied. For example, lacquers designed for spray
the container. Stir any settled portion with a paddle or spatula
application may be low in viscosity whereas they are high for
and then shake vigorously for 10 min on a mechanical agitator.
doctor blade or roller application.
Since many lacquer solvents are extremely volatile, care
should be taken during sampling and testing to avoid loss of
10.2 Determine the viscosity of clear and pigmented fin-
significant amounts of volatile matter.
ishes designed for spray application as described in Test
Method D1200. This method is not recommended for lacquers
6. Weight Per Gallon
with viscosities requiring more than 100 s efflux time.
6.1 Determine the density as described in Test Method
10.3 For precise viscosity determinations in the range from
D1475. This method is particularly adaptable for high-
0.4 to 16 000 cSt proceed in accordance with Test Method
viscosity fluids or where a component is too volatile for a
D445.
specific gravity balance determination. If a weight per gallon
cup of 83.2-mL capacity is used, calculation of weight per
NOTE 4—Caution should be observed in that it is recognized that
changes in viscosity may occur in lacquers upon aging.
gallon is simplified.
7. Nonvolatile Matter
11. Flash Point
7.1 Nonvolatile matter determination is an indication of the
11.1 The organic solvents used in lacquers have character-
amount of permanent film-forming material contained in a
istic flash points. The flash point of a liquid is defined as the
lacquer.At ambient temperatures, drying of a lacquer film may
lowest temperature, corrected to 760 mmHg (101.3 kPa ) of
involve gradual loss of slowly volatile solvents, hence solids
pressure, of the sample at which application of an ignition
determinationsmaydifferfromthoseresultingfromanonvola-
source causes the vapor of the sample to ignite under specified
tile determination accelerated by a higher temperature.
conditions of test.
7.2 Determine the nonvolatile content of lacquers as de-
11.2 Determine the flash point by Test Method D56 or Test
scribed in Test Methods D1644.As an additional requirement,
Methods D93 for liquid storage regulations of Occupational
the specimen shall be reheated and reweighed until the weight
SafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)ofU.S.Department
is constant to within 1 mg. Test Method A of Test Methods
of Labor and for classification of hazardous liquids for ship-
D1644 is preferred since Method B is potentially dangerous
ments under the regulations of U. S. Department of Transpor-
when used with lacquers.
tation and bulk shipments by water.
11.2.1 Determine the flash point of lacquer or lacquer
8. Homogeneity
materials having a viscosity less than 9.5 cSt at 25°C (77°F) or
8.1 Good quality lacquers and their ingredients should be
45 SUS at 37.8°C (100°F) (Test Method D88) by Test Method
uniformly constituted and free from particles of foreign matter.
D56 and of lacquers having a viscosity of more than 9.5 cSt at
8.2 Determine the presence or absence of foreign matter in 25°C (77°F) or 45 SUS at 37.8°C (100°F) by MethodAofTest
nonpigmentedliquidsforuseinpaintsandlacquersorlacquers Methods D93. Use Method B of Test Methods D93 whenever
themselves as described in Test Method D2090. there is a question that the heat transfer within a viscous
lacquer is not sufficient to assure an accurate flash point. In
8.3 Determine the degree of dispersion (commonly referred
addition, use Method B when testing pigmented lacquers or
to as “fineness of grind”) of pigment, semiquantitatively, in
suspensions of solids and liquids which tend to skin under test
pigmented coating systems in accordance with Test Method
conditions.
D1210.
11.3 Test Methods D3278, which give comparable results to
9. Color
Test Method D56 and Test Methods D93 while requiring a
9.1 The color of a clear lacquer is only a preliminary smaller specimen and less time to run, may be used as an
indication of the color of a dried film of lacquer. The initial alternative method.
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