ASTM E345-93(2013)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Foil
Standard Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Foil
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tension tests provide information on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This information may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy development, quality control, and design.
4.2 The results of tension tests from selected portions of a part or material may not totally represent the strength and ductility of the entire end product of its in-service behavior in different environments.
4.3 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, since the methods have been used extensively for these purposes.
4.4 Tension tests provide a means to determine the ductility of materials through the measurement of elongation or reduction of area. However, as specimen thickness is reduced, tension tests may become less useful for determining ductility. For these purposes Test Method E796 is an alternative procedure for measuring ductility.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic foil at room temperature in thicknesses less than 0.006 in. (0.150 mm). Note 1—Exception to these methods may be necessary in individual specifications or test methods for a particular material.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E345 − 93(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Methods of
Tension Testing of Metallic Foil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E345; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in May 2014.
1. Scope E796Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foil
(Withdrawn 2009)
1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic
foil at room temperature in thicknesses less than 0.006 in.
3. Terminology
(0.150 mm).
3.1 The definitions of terms relating to tension testing
appearing in Terminology E6 apply to the terms used in these
NOTE 1—Exception to these methods may be necessary in individual
specifications or test methods for a particular material.
methods of tension testing.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
4. Significance and Use
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
4.1 Tension tests provide information on the strength and
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This
information only and are not considered standard.
information may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
development, quality control, and design.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 The results of tension tests from selected portions of a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
part or material may not totally represent the strength and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ductility of the entire end product of its in-service behavior in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
different environments.
4.3 These test methods are considered satisfactory for ac-
2. Referenced Documents
ceptance testing of commercial shipments, since the methods
2.1 ASTM Standards:
have been used extensively for these purposes.
B193Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor
4.4 Tension tests provide a means to determine the ductility
Materials
of materials through the measurement of elongation or reduc-
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
tion of area. However, as specimen thickness is reduced,
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
tension tests may become less useful for determining ductility.
E8/E8MTest Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
For these purposes Test Method E796 is an alternative proce-
terials
dure for measuring ductility.
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
5. Apparatus
E252Test Method for Thickness of Foil, Thin Sheet, and
5.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for tension testing
Film by Mass Measurement
shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4. The forces
used in determining tensile strength, yield strength, and yield
point shall be within the verified loading range of the testing
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
machine as defined in Practices E4.
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
Uniaxial Testing.
5.2 Gripping Devices:
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published May 2014. Originally
5.2.1 General—Various types of gripping devices may be
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E345–93(2008).
used to transmit the measured force applied by the testing
DOI: 10.1520/E0345-93R13.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E345 − 93 (2013)
machine to the test specimen. To ensure axial tensile stress width of the grip ends should be only slightly larger than the
within the gauge length, the axis of the test specimen must width of the reduced section, or both; and the reduced section
coincide with the center line of the heads of the testing should be at least 20% longer than the gauge length.
machine. Any departure from this center line may introduce
6.3 Type B Specimens—Type B specimens shall be in
bending stresses that are not included in the usual stress
accordance with the ⁄2-in. (12.5-mm) wide parallel sided
computation (force divided by cross-sectional area).
specimen shown in Fig. 1.
5.2.2 Wedge Grips—Testing machines usually are equipped
with wedge grips. These wedge grips generally furnish a
7. Procedures
satisfactory means of gripping long specimens of ductile
7.1 Type A Specimen Preparation—The specimens can be
materials in the thicker foil gauges. If, for any reason, one grip
machined in packs by use of a milling-type cutter. The
ofapairadvancesfartherthantheotherasthegripstighten,an
machined specimens shall be examined under about 20×
undesirable bending stress may be introduced.When liners are
magnification to determine that the edges are smooth and that
used behind the wedges, they must be of the same thickness
there are no surface scratches or creases. Specimens showing
andtheirfacesmustbeflatandparallel.Forpropergripping,it
discernible scratches, creases, or edge discontinuities shall be
is desirable that the entire length of the serrated face of each
rejected.Themilling-typecuttershallbesharpenedorrenewed
wedge be in contact with the specimen.Abuffer material such
when necessary. When machining some thicknesses and tem-
as 320-grit silicon carbide paper may be inserted between the
pers of material it may be necessary to interleave the samples
specimen and serrated faces to minimize tearing of specimens.
with hard aluminum sheet, a plastic, or other suitable material.
5.2.3 Smooth Face Grips—For foils less than 0.003 in.
For some materials it may be desirable to polish the edges of
(0.076 mm) thickness, it may be desirable that the grips have
the specimens, either mechanically or by electropolishing.
smooth faces and that the gripping pressure be about 100 psi
7.2 Type B Specimen Preparation—The specimens, particu-
(0.7 MPa) for each 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) of specimen thick-
larly of soft and of thin hard metals, may be prepared by
ness.
shearing, for example, by use of a double-bladed cutter (Fig.
6. Test Specimen
2) or by slitting. The cutting edges should be lubricated, if
necessary with a material such as stearic acid in alcohol or
6.1 General—Test specimens shall be prescribed in the
another suitable material. The finished specimens shall be
product specification for the material being tested. If a TypeA
examined under about 20× magnification to determine that the
specimen is used, all specimen dimensions, test procedures,
and calculations shall comply with those shown in Test
Methods E8/E8M.
ThesolesourceofsupplyoftheThwing-AlbertJDC-50precisioncutterknown
to the committee at this time isThwing-Albert Instrument Co., 14W. CollingsAve.
6.2 Type A Specimen—TypeAspecimens shall be in accor-
WestBerlin,NJ08091.Ifyouareawareofalternativesuppliers,pleaseprovidethis
dancewiththe ⁄2-in.(12.5-mm)sheet-typespecimenshownin
information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
Fig. 1.To avoid lateral buckling in tests of some materials, the
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
minimum radius of the fillet should be ⁄4 in. (19 mm), or the you may attend.
Dimensions
Specimen
Type A Type B
in. mm in. mm
G—Gauge length 2.000 ± 0.005 50.0 ± 0.1 5 125
W—Width 0.500 ± 0.010 12.50 ± 0.25 0.500 12.5
T—Thickness thickness of foil thickness of foil
R—Radius of fillet, min ⁄4 19 . .
L—Overall Length, min 8 200 9 230
A—Length of reduced section, min 2 ⁄4 60 . .
B—Length of grip section, min 2 50 . .
C—Width of grip section, approx. ⁄4 20 0.500 12.5
NOTE1—ForTypeAspecimens,theendsofthereducedsectionshallnotdifferinwidthbymorethan0.002in.(0.05mm).Also,theremaybeagradual
decrease in width from the ends to the center, but the width at either end shall not be more than 0.005 in. (0.10 mm) larger than the width at the center.
NOTE 2—The dimension T is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable material specifications.
FIG. 1 Foil Tension Test Specimen
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E345 − 93 (2013)
FIG. 2 Double-Bladed Cutter for Making Type B Specimens
edgesaresmoothandtherearenosurfacescratchesorcreases. abovethispointshallbewithinthelimitsspecified.Ifdifferent
Specimens showing discernible surface scratches, creases, or speed limitations are required in determining yield strength,
edge discontinuities shall be rejected. yield point, tensile strength, and elongation, they should be
stated in the product specification. In the absence of any
7.3 Specimen Measurement:
specified limitations on the speed of testing the following
7.3.1 Thickness:
general rules shal
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