ASTM F1430/F1430M-20

Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling Attachments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acoustic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within an APD under controlled loading. The resultant energy releases occur during intentional application of a controlled predetermined load. These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals.  
5.2 This test method permits testing of the major components of an aerial device under controlled loading. This test method utilizes objective criteria for evaluation and may be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of concern or prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure.  
5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emissions that may be defects or irregularities, or both, affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerial device.  
5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic emission test methods or other nondestructive techniques (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, etc.). Other nondestructive tests may be required to locate defects present in APDs.  
5.5 Defective areas found in aerial devices by this test method should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for acoustic emission (AE) testing of aerial personnel devices (APDs) with supplemental load handling attachments.  
1.1.1 Equipment Covered—This test method covers the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial personnel devices with supplemental load handling attachments:
1.1.1.1 Extensible-boom APDs,
1.1.1.2 Articulating-boom APDs, and
1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2.  
1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered—This test method does not cover any of the following equipment:
1.1.2.1 Aerial personnel devices without supplemental load handling attachments,
1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform,
1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform, and
1.1.2.4 Aerial devices with load-lifting capabilities located anywhere other than adjacent to the platform.
Note 1: This test method is not intended to be a stand-alone NDT method for the verification of the structural integrity of an aerial device. Other NDT methods should be used to supplement the results.  
1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locate emission sources. Verification of emission sources may require the use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such as radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and visual inspection. (Warning—This test method requires that external loads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test. During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failure or instability of the vehicle or components.)  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jul-2020
• ICS: 17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
• Technical Committee: F18 - Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers
• Drafting Committee: F18.55 - Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for Aerial Devices

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F1430/F1430M-18 - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling Attachments
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2020
• Refers: ASTM E1316-24 - Standard Terminology for <?Pub Dtl?>Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM E750-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM E1316-19b - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM E1316-19 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM E1316-18 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM E1316-17a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2017
• Refers: ASTM E1316-17 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2017
• Refers: ASTM E1316-16a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2016
• Refers: ASTM E1444/E1444M-16 - Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2016
• Refers: ASTM E1316-16 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2016
• Refers: ASTM E750-15 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015
• Refers: ASTM E1316-15a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015
• Refers: ASTM E1316-15 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM F2174-02(2015) - Standard Practice for Verifying Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015

Overview

ASTM F1430/F1430M-20 is the Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling Attachments. Published by ASTM International, this standard outlines procedures to detect and evaluate acoustic emissions (AEs) from vehicle-mounted aerial personnel devices (APDs) equipped with load handling features, such as extensible or articulating booms.

Acoustic Emission (AE) testing helps in identifying potential defects, irregularities, or changes in structural integrity under controlled loading conditions. AE signals released during test loading can indicate active flaws, helping prevent structural failures and ensuring safe operational use of these critical devices.

Key Topics

• Scope of Equipment: This method applies to APDs with supplemental load handling attachments, including extensible-boom, articulating-boom, and combinations thereof. Devices without such attachments, digger-derricks, cranes with platforms, or devices with remote load-lifting capabilities are excluded.
• Testing Process:
  • Controlled loading is applied to APD components.
  • Sensors sensitive to AE signals are strategically positioned to monitor possible sources of emission (e.g., cracks in metal, delamination in fiberglass).
  • The AE test provides objective criteria for evaluation; testing may pause for investigation if faults are detected.
• Significance and Use:
  • Detects and locates emission sources during loading.
  • Monitored emissions reveal possible structural defects or usage-related concerns.
  • AE findings often require confirmation through other nondestructive testing (NDT) methods like ultrasonics, radiography, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, or visual inspection.
• Personnel Qualifications: Only qualified individuals should perform the test, in accordance with relevant written programs such as ASNT SNT-TC-1A.
• Objective Evaluation: The method uses repeatable, documented criteria and stresses the importance of safety and thorough documentation throughout the test process.

Applications

The ASTM F1430/F1430M-20 standard is essential for:

• Fleet Inspections and Maintenance: Utility companies, contractors, and inspection agencies use this standard to assess the ongoing safety and reliability of aerial lifts and associated lifting attachments.
• Manufacturing Quality Assurance: Manufacturers of APDs apply this standard to verify the mechanical integrity of new units before delivery.
• Regulatory and Insurance Compliance: Conformance to this standard demonstrates a strong commitment to safety and risk management, supporting regulatory and insurance requirements.
• Defect Detection and Lifecycle Management: AE testing is a cost-effective tool for early detection of structural issues, minimizing the risk of in-service failures and guiding maintenance or repair strategies.

Related Standards

For a comprehensive approach to aerial device inspection and nondestructive testing, the following standards are often referenced alongside ASTM F1430/F1430M-20:

• ASTM F914 - Acoustic Emission Testing of APDs without Load Handling Attachments
• ASTM E569, E750, and E976 - Practices and guides for AE monitoring, sensor performance, and reproducibility verification
• ASTM E1417/E1417M - Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
• ASTM E1444/E1444M - Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
• ASTM E94 - Radiographic Examination
• ASTM E114 & E164 - Ultrasonic Testing Practices
• ANSI A92.2 - Standard for Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Aerial Devices
• ASNT SNT-TC-1A - Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing

By following ASTM F1430/F1430M-20 and these related standards, organizations improve safety, ensure compliance, and extend the life of vital aerial equipment through advanced nondestructive evaluation and risk-focused maintenance.

Keywords: acoustic emission testing, aerial personnel device, aerial lift, ASTM F1430, nondestructive testing, structural integrity, supplemental load, safety standard, APD inspection.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F1430/F1430M − 20
Standard Test Method for
Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated
Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling
Attachments
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF1430/F1430M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
used independently of the other, and values from the two
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for acoustic
systems shall not be combined.
emission (AE) testing of aerial personnel devices (APDs) with
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
supplemental load handling attachments.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1.1 Equipment Covered—This test method covers the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
following types of vehicle-mounted aerial personnel devices
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
with supplemental load handling attachments:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1.1.1 Extensible-boom APDs,
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.1.1.2 Articulating-boom APDs, and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered—This test method does not
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
cover any of the following equipment:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1.2.1 Aerial personnel devices without supplemental load
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
handling attachments,
1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform,
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform, and
1.1.2.4 Aerial devices with load-lifting capabilities located
2.1 ASTM Standards:
anywhere other than adjacent to the platform.
E94Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial
NOTE 1—This test method is not intended to be a stand-alone NDT
Radiographic Film
method for the verification of the structural integrity of an aerial device.
E114Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam
Other NDT methods should be used to supplement the results.
Contact Testing
1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locate
E164Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments
emissionsources.Verificationofemissionsourcesmayrequire
E569Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-
the use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such as
tures During Controlled Stimulation
radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant,
E650Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
and visual inspection. (Warning—This test method requires
Sensors
that external loads be applied to the superstructure of the
E750Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
vehicle under test. During the test, caution must be taken to
mentation
safeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failure
E976GuideforDeterminingtheReproducibilityofAcoustic
or instability of the vehicle or components.)
Emission Sensor Response
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
E1417/E1417MPractice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
E1444/E1444MPractice for Magnetic Particle Testing
eachsystemarenotnecessarilyexactequivalents;therefore,to
F914Test Method forAcoustic Emission forAerial Person-
nelDevicesWithoutSupplementalLoadHandlingAttach-
ments
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on
Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F18.55 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for Aerial
Devices. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2020. Published September 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as F1430/F1430M–18. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/F1430_F1430M-20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1430/F1430M − 20
F2174Practice for Verifying Acoustic Emission Sensor Re-
Acoustic Emission Reference Scale
dB Value Voltage At Voltage At Integral Preamp
sponse
Sensor Output Sensor Output (40-dB Gain)
0 1 µV 100 µV
2.2 Other Standards:
20 10 µV 1 mV
ANSI A92.2Standard for Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and
40 100 µV 10 mV
Rotating Aerial Devices
60 1 mV 100 mV
80 10 mV 1 V
ASNT SNT-TC-1ARecommended Practice for Personnel
100 100 mV 10 V
Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
3.1.10 insulated aerial personnel device (IAPD)—any de-
vice (extensible or articulating) which is designed primarily to
3. Terminology
position personnel and may be equipped with a supplemental
3.1 Definitions:
load handling attachment.
3.1.1 acoustic emission (AE)—the class of phenomena
3.1.11 event (acoustic emission event)—a local material
whereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of
change giving rise to acoustic emission.
energy from a localized source or sources within a material, or
3.1.12 event count (N )—the number obtained by counting
thetransientelasticwave(s)sogenerated.Acousticemissionis e
each discerned acoustic emission event once.
the recommended term for general use. Other terms that have
beenusedinAEliteratureinclude(1)stresswaveemission,(2)
3.1.13 extensible-boom aerial device—an aerial device, ex-
microseismic activity, and (3) emission or acoustic emission
cept the aerial ladder type, with a telescopic or extensible
with other qualifying modifiers.
boom.
3.1.2 amplitude (acoustic emission signal amplitude)—the
3.1.14 first-hit—a mode of operation of AE monitoring
peak voltage of the largest excursion attained by the signal equipment in which an event occurring on one channel will
waveform from an emission event. prevent all other channels from processing data for a specified
period of time. The channel with a sensor closest to the
3.1.3 amplitude distribution—a display of the number of
physical location of the emission source will then be the only
acoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitrary
channel processing data from that source.
amplitude as a function of amplitude.
3.1.15 insulated aerial device—an aerial device designed
3.1.4 articulating-boom aerial device—an aerial device
with dielectric components to meet a specific electrical insu-
with two or more hinged boom sections.
lation rating.
3.1.5 attenuation—the loss of energy per unit distance,
3.1.16 insulator—any part of an aerial device such as, but
typically measured as loss of signal peak amplitude with unit
not limited to, the upper boom, lower boom or supporting
distance from the source of emission.
structure, made of a material having a high dielectric strength,
usually FRP or the equivalent.
3.1.6 channel—an input to the main AE instrument that
accepts a preamplifier output.
3.1.17 noise—any undesired signal that tends to interfere
with the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.
3.1.7 commoned—two or more sensors interconnected such
that the sensor outputs are electronically processed by a single
3.1.18 non-destructive testing—the examination by various
channel without differentiation of sensor origin.
means of devices and their components without alteration of
the original components, so that they may function as before.
3.1.8 count also acoustic emission count,, n—the number of
times the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a preset 3.1.19 non-overcenter—the feature of an aerial device is
suchthattheupperboomcannottravelpastverticalorientation
threshold during any selected portion of a test.
with respect to the ground.
3.1.9 decibel (dB)—the logarithmic expression of a ratio of
3.1.20 overcenter—the feature of an aerial device is such
two single peak amplitudes. A reference scale expresses the
that the upper boom travels past vertical orientation with
logarithmicratioofasinglepeakamplitudetoafixedreference
respect to the ground.
amplitude.
Signalpeakamplitude dB 520log A /A 3.1.21 qualified personnel—personnel who, by possession
~ ! ~ !
10 1 0
of a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or
where:
skill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, have
A = 1 uV at the sensor output (before amplification), and
demonstrated the ability to deal with problems relating to the
A = peak voltage of the measured acoustic emission signal.
subject matter, the work, or the project.
3.1.22 rated boom capacity (RBC)—the maximum allow-
ablecapacityoftheboomwhichiscalculatedbycombiningthe
platform capcity and the capacity of the supplemental load
handling attachment at zero degrees and fully retracted.
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
3.1.23 signal (emission signal)—a signal obtained by detec-
AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org. tion of one or more acoustic emission events.
F1430/F1430M − 20
3.1.24 supplemental load—aloadwhichmaybeaffixedtoa 3.2.5 lower-boom cylinder—the hydraulic cylinder that ar-
supplemental load-handling attachment on an insulated aerial ticulates the lower boom.
personnel device.
3.2.6 lower-boom insulator—the part of the lower boom
3.1.25 supplemental load attachment capacity (SLAC)—the
made of high-dielectric strength material (usually fiberglass
maximum allowable load, as stated by the aerial device
reinforced plastic or equivalent).
manufacturer, which may be affixed to the supplemental
3.2.7 lower-boom pin—the horizontal pin about which the
load-handling attachment at specified positions of the attach-
lower boom is raised and lowered relative to the turntable.
ments.
3.2.8 outriggers—the structural members that, when prop-
3.1.26 For definitions of other terms in this test method,
erly extended or deployed on firm ground, assist in stabilizing
refer to Terminology E1316.
the vehicle on which the aerial device is mounted.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: (see Fig.
3.2.9 pedestal—the stationary base of the aerial device that
1 and Fig. 2):
supports the turntable.
3.2.1 elbow—thestructureconnectingtheupperboomtothe
lower boom, about which one boom articulates relative to the
3.2.10 platform—the personnel-carrying component of an
other.
aerial device, such as a bucket, basket, stand, or equivalent.
3.2.2 elbow pin—the horizontal pin about which the upper
3.2.11 platform pin—the horizontal pin about which the
boom rotates relative to the lower boom.
platform rotates relative to the upper boom.
3.2.3 lift cylinder—thehydrauliccylinderthatliftsthelower
3.2.12 rated platform capacity (RPC)—the maximum load
boom and the extensible boom(s).
as stated by the manufacturer for which an aerial device is
3.2.4 lower boom—the structural member, attached to a designed to operate, consisting of the combined weight of the
turntable or base, that supports the upper boom. personnel and all items carried on or in the platform.
1. Upper Controls 8. Elbow 15. Pedestal
2. Platform 9. Elbow Pin 16. Lower Controls
3. Platform Pin 10. Lower Boom 17. Outriggers
4. Upper Boom Tip 11. Lower Boom Insulator 18. Outrigger Controls
5. Upper Boom 12. Lower Boom Cylinder 19. Stabilizers
6. Upper Boom Cylinder 13. Lower Boom Pin 20. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment Arm
7. Upper Boom Drive Mechanism 14. Turntable 21. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment Bracket
FIG. 1 Articulating-Boom APD Nomenclature Diagram
F1430/F1430M − 20
1. Upper Controls 10. Lift Cylinder
2. Platform 11. Turntable
3. Platform Pin 12. Pedestal
4. Upper Boom Tip 13. Lower Controls
5. Upper Boom 14. Outriggers
6. Intermediate Boom 15. Outrigger Controls
7. Lower Boom 16. Stabilizers
8. Extension Cylinder 17. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment Arm
9. Lower Boom Pin 18. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment Bracket
FIG. 2 Extensible-Boom APD Nomenclature Diagram
3.2.13 stabilizers—a means to assist in stabilizing the 3.2.20 upper-boom tip—theendoftheupperboomtowhich
vehicle, such as outriggers, torsion bars, and spring lockouts. the platform is attached.
3.2.14 supplemental load-handling attachment (Jib)—a de-
3.3 Abbreviations:
vice(s) affixed to the upper-boom tip area which is designed to
3.3.1 AE—Acoustic Emission
lift and or position materials.
3.3.2 APD—Aerial Personnel Device(s)
3.2.15 supplemental load-handling attachment bracket—the
3.3.3 FRP—Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic
apparatus which affixes the supplemental load handling attach-
3.3.4 Jib—Supplemental Load Handling Attachment
ment to the IAPD.
3.3.5 NDT—Nondestructive Testing
3.2.16 turntable—the rotating base of the aerial device that
3.3.6 RBC—Rated Boom Capacity
supports the boom(s).
3.3.7 RPC—Rated Platform Capacity
3.2.17 upper boom—the structural member, attached to the
lower boom, that supports the platform.
3.3.8 SLAC—Supplemental Load Attachment Capacity
3.2.18 upper-boom cylinder—the hydraulic cylinder that
4. Summary of Test Method
articulates the upper boom.
3.2.19 upper-boom drive mechanism—means, such as 4.1 This test method consists of applying a predetermined
linkage, cables, sheaves, and gears, used to produce upper- load to anAPD while it is being monitored by sensors that are
boom articulation. sensitive to acoustic emissions (AE) caused by active defects.
F1430/F1430M − 20
These acoustic emissions can be generated by, but are not mined by the attenuation characteristics of the aerial device in
limited to, the following: crack nucleation movement or order to provide coverage of those components identified in
propagation in the metal components; or matrix crazing, Table 1. A detailed description of instrumentation characteris-
delamination or fiber breakage of the fiberglass reinforced tics is included in Annex A1.
plastic (FRP) material; or both.
NOTE3—Useofaminimumoftenchannelsdoesnotnecessarilyimply
total coverage of the components identified in Table 1. The instrument
4.2 The APD is loaded at a uniform rate until a predeter-
should be capable of recording the following: time, events, counts,
mined load is reached, which is held for a period of time. The
amplitude, and load. Hard copy records shall be provided by the
load is removed and the cycle is repeated.Acoustic emissions
instrument or available through a direct interface.
are monitored during both cycles and the data is evaluated.
8. Test Preparation
5. Significance and Use
8.1 Prior to theAE test, perform a visual observation of the
5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acous-
aerial device to determine as far as practicable that the
tic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy from
components to be tested are free from any condition that may
localizedsourceswithinanAPDundercontrolledloading.The
prohibit the test or adversely affect test results.
resultant energy releases occur during intentional application
8.2 The components to be monitored in an APD shall
of a controlled predetermined load. These energy releases can
include but not be limited to those listed in Table 1.Additional
be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals.
channelsandsensorsmaybeusedtosupplementtheminimum
5.2 This test method permits testing of the major compo-
test requirements and improve location resolution.
nents of an aerial device under controlled loading. This test
8.3 Position the sensors on the FRP and metal portions of
method utilizes objective criteria for evaluation and may be
the components identified in Table 1. The extent of the
discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of
coverage is determined by the number of sensors used and the
concern or prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure.
attenuation characteristics of the individual components, and
5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic
can be verified by a simulated AE technique as indicated in
emissions that may be defects or irregularities, or both,
Guide E976. Record the amplitude of the simulatedAE source
affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerial
atadistanceof12in.(304mm)fromthesensorasareference.
device.
Continue to move the simulated AE source away from the
5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this test
sensor until the amplitude is no more than 15 dB less than the
method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic reference amplitude. This will establish the maximum area of
emission test methods or other nondestructive techniques
coverage of the sensor.
(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic
8.4 The mounting of sensors shall be in accordance with
particle, etc.). Other nondestructive tests may be required to
PracticesE569andE650.Thecouplantusedshallnotaffectthe
locate defects present in APDs.
performance of the aerial device.
5.5 Defective areas found in aerial devices by this test
NOTE4—Thecouplantshouldbecompatiblewiththeaerialdevice;not
method should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repair
a possible cause of contamination. The couplant should be completely
procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test
removable from the surface after testing, leaving the original surface
method. intact.
6. Personnel Qualifications
6.1 This test method shall be performed by qualified per-
TABLE 1 Aerial Device FRP Components That Shall Be Monitored
sonnel.Qualificationshallbeinaccordancewithanestablished
With Acoustic Emission
written program, consistent with the established format of
A
Component Articulated Extensible-
ASNTSNT-TC-1A for training, qualification, and certification
Aerial Device Aerial Device
of personnel for conducting AE testing.
B
Platform X X
Platform Attachment X X
NOTE 2—Personnel performing subsequent nondestructive evaluation
Upper Boom X X
(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, etc.)
Suppemental Load Attachment X X
on aerial devices should be certified in accordance with ASNT SNT-
Lower Boom Insulator X X
TC-1A guidelines.
Intermediate Boom X X
Lower Boom X X
6.2 Acoustic emission test personnel shall be familiar with
B
Upper and Lower Boom X X
the design, manufacture, and operation of aerial devices.
Attachment at Elbow
C
Relevant information is contained in ANSI A92.2 and manu- Upper and Lower Section of XNA
Lower Boom
facturers’ operating and service manuals.
Turntable X X
Pedestal X X
7. Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
A
Refer to Figs. 1 and 2 for illustration of components.
B
The use of the symbol “X” indicates the need to monitor this component with
7.1 The AE instrument shall be capable of data acquisition
acoustic emission.
from discrete channels within a frequency band of 20 to 200 C
The use of the symbol “NA” indicates that acoustic emission does not apply.
KHz. The number of AE instrument channels shall be deter-
F1430/F1430M − 20
9. Acoustic Emission (AE) Instrumentation System
Performance Check
9.1 Performance verification shall be made with an AE
simulator immediately prior to application of test load. This
simulator should be capable of producing a transient elastic
wave having an amplitude representative of the AE signals to
be recorded.
9.2 The AE simulator may be gas jet, pencil lead break
technique, or an electronically induced event or equivalent.
9.3 The detected peak amplitude of the simulated event at a
fixed distance, typically 6 to 9 in. [152 to 228 mm], from each
sensorshallnotvarymorethan6dBfromtheaverageofallthe
sensors on the same type material. The detected peak ampli-
tude of any sensor shall not exceed 90 dB to avoid saturation
of the preamplifier.
9.4 A sensor performance check should be performed peri-
odically in accordance with F2174.
10. System Calibration
10.1 Subject the AE system to a thorough calibration and
functional check to verify accurate performance in accordance
with the manufacturer’s specification, in conjunction with
Practice E750. Perform calibrat
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1430/F1430M − 18 F1430/F1430M − 20
Standard Test Method for
Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated
Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling
Attachments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1430/F1430M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for acoustic emission (AE) testing of aerial personnel devices (APDs) with
supplemental load handling attachments.
1.1.1 Equipment Covered—This test method covers the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial personnel devices with
supplemental load handling attachments:
1.1.1.1 Extensible-boom APDs,
1.1.1.2 Articulating-boom APDs, and
1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2.
1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered—This test method does not cover any of the following equipment:
1.1.2.1 Aerial personnel devices without supplemental load handling attachments,
1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform,
1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform, and
1.1.2.4 Aerial devices with load-lifting capabilities located anywhere other than adjacent to the platform.
NOTE 1—This test method is not intended to be a stand-alone NDT method for the verification of the structural integrity of an aerial device. Other NDT
methods should be used to supplement the results.
1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locate emission sources. Verification of emission sources may require the use
of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such as radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and visual
inspection. (Warning—This test method requires that external loads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test.
During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failure or instability of the vehicle
or components.)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F18.55 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for Aerial Devices.
Current edition approved March 1, 2018Aug. 1, 2020. Published April 2018September 2020. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20152018
as F1430/F1430M–15.–18. DOI: 10.1520/F1430_F1430M-18.10.1520/F1430_F1430M-20.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1430/F1430M − 20
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system mayare not benecessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
standard.shall not be combined.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing
E164 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments
E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1417/E1417M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
E1444/E1444M Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
F914 Test Method for Acoustic Emission for Aerial Personnel Devices Without Supplemental Load Handling Attachments
F2174 Practice for Verifying Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
2.2 Other Standards:
ANSI A92.2 Standard for Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Aerial Devices
ASNT SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 acoustic emission (AE)—the class of phenomena whereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from
a localized source or sources within a material, or the transient elastic wave(s) so generated. Acoustic emission is the recommended
term for general use. Other terms that have been used in AE literature include (1) stress wave emission, (2) microseismic activity,
and (3) emission or acoustic emission with other qualifying modifiers.
3.1.2 amplitude (acoustic emission signal amplitude)—the peak voltage of the largest excursion attained by the signal waveform
from an emission event.
3.1.3 amplitude distribution—a display of the number of acoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitrary amplitude
as a function of amplitude.
3.1.4 articulating-boom aerial device—an aerial device with two or more hinged boom sections.
3.1.5 attenuation—the loss of energy per unit distance, typically measured as loss of signal peak amplitude with unit distance from
the source of emission.
3.1.6 channel—an input to the main AE instrument that accepts a preamplifier output.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
F1430/F1430M − 20
3.1.7 commoned—two or more sensors interconnected such that the sensor outputs are electronically processed by a single channel
without differentiation of sensor origin.
3.1.8 count alsoacoustic emission count,,n—the number of times the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a preset threshold
during any selected portion of a test.
3.1.9 decibel (dB)—the logarithmic expression of a ratio of two single peak amplitudes. A reference scale expresses the
logarithmic ratio of a single peak amplitude to a fixed reference amplitude.
Signal peak amplitude dB 5 20 log A /A
~ ! ~ !
10 1 0
where:
A = 1 uV at the sensor output (before amplification), and
A = peak voltage of the measured acoustic emission signal.
Acoustic Emission Reference Scale
dB Value Voltage At Voltage At Integral Preamp
Sensor Output Sensor Output (40-dB Gain)
0 1 μV 100 μV
20 10 μV 1 mV
40 100 μV 10 mV
60 1 mV 100 mV
80 10 mV 1 V
100 100 mV 10 V
3.1.10 insulated aerial personnel device (IAPD)—any device (extensible or articulating) which is designed primarily to position
personnel and may be equipped with a supplemental load handling attachment.
3.1.11 event (acoustic emission event)—a local material change giving rise to acoustic emission.
3.1.12 event count (N )—the number obtained by counting each discerned acoustic emission event once.
e
3.1.13 extensible-boom aerial device—an aerial device, except the aerial ladder type, with a telescopic or extensible boom.
3.1.14 first-hit—a mode of operation of AE monitoring equipment in which an event occurring on one channel will prevent all
other channels from processing data for a specified period of time. The channel with a sensor closest to the physical location of
the emission source will then be the only channel processing data from that source.
3.1.15 insulated aerial device—an aerial device designed with dielectric components to meet a specific electrical insulation rating.
3.1.16 insulator—any part of an aerial device such as, but not limited to, the upper boom, lower boom or supporting structure,
made of a material having a high dielectric strength, usually FRP or the equivalent.
3.1.17 noise—any undesired signal that tends to interfere with the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.
3.1.18 non-destructive testing—the examination by various means of devices and their components without alteration of the
original components, so that they may function as before.
3.1.19 non-overcenter—the feature of an aerial device is such that the upper boom cannot travel past vertical orientation with
respect to the ground.
3.1.20 overcenter—the feature of an aerial device is such that the upper boom travels past vertical orientation with respect to the
ground.
F1430/F1430M − 20
3.1.21 qualified personnel—personnel who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or skill, and
who, by knowledge, training, and experience, have demonstrated the ability to deal with problems relating to the subject matter,
the work, or the project.
3.1.22 rated boom capacity (RBC)—the maximum allowable capacity of the boom which is calculated by combining the platform
capcity and the capacity of the supplemental load handling attachment at zero degrees and fully retracted.
3.1.23 signal (emission signal)—a signal obtained by detection of one or more acoustic emission events.
3.1.24 supplemental load—a load which may be affixed to a supplemental load-handling attachment on an insulated aerial
personnel device.
3.1.25 supplemental load attachment capacity (SLAC)—the maximum allowable load, as stated by the aerial device manufacturer,
which may be affixed to the supplemental load-handling attachment at specified positions of the attachments.
3.1.26 For definitions of other terms in this test method, refer to Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2):
3.2.1 elbow—the structure connecting the upper boom to the lower boom, about which one boom articulates relative to the other.
1. Upper Controls 8. Elbow 15. Pedestal
2. Platform 9. Elbow Pin 16. Lower Controls
3. Platform Pin 10. Lower Boom 17. Outriggers
4. Upper Boom Tip 11. Lower Boom Insulator 18. Outrigger Controls
5. Upper Boom 12. Lower Boom Cylinder 19. Stabilizers
6. Upper Boom Cylinder 13. Lower Boom Pin 20. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment Arm
7. Upper Boom Drive Mechanism 14. Turntable 21. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment Bracket
FIG. 1 Articulating-Boom APD Nomenclature Diagram
F1430/F1430M − 20
1. Upper Controls 10. Lift Cylinder
2. Platform 11. Turntable
3. Platform Pin 12. Pedestal
4. Upper Boom Tip 13. Lower Controls
5. Upper Boom 14. Outriggers
6. Intermediate Boom 15. Outrigger Controls
7. Lower Boom 16. Stabilizers
8. Extension Cylinder 17. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment Arm
9. Lower Boom Pin 18. Supplemental Load Handling Attachment Bracket
FIG. 2 Extensible-Boom APD Nomenclature Diagram
3.2.2 elbow pin—the horizontal pin about which the upper boom rotates relative to the lower boom.
3.2.3 lift cylinder—the hydraulic cylinder that lifts the lower boom and the extensible boom(s).
3.2.4 lower boom—the structural member, attached to a turntable or base, that supports the upper boom.
3.2.5 lower-boom cylinder—the hydraulic cylinder that articulates the lower boom.
3.2.6 lower-boom insulator—the part of the lower boom made of high-dielectric strength material (usually fiberglass reinforced
plastic or equivalent).
3.2.7 lower-boom pin—the horizontal pin about which the lower boom is raised and lowered relative to the turntable.
3.2.8 outriggers—the structural members that, when properly extended or deployed on firm ground, assist in stabilizing the vehicle
on which the aerial device is mounted.
F1430/F1430M − 20
3.2.9 pedestal—the stationary base of the aerial device that supports the turntable.
3.2.10 platform—the personnel-carrying component of an aerial device, such as a bucket, basket, stand, or equivalent.
3.2.11 platform pin—the horizontal pin about which the platform rotates relative to the upper boom.
3.2.12 rated platform capacity (RPC)—the maximum load as stated by the manufacturer for which an aerial device is designed
to operate, consisting of the combined weight of the personnel and all items carried on or in the platform.
3.2.13 stabilizers—a means to assist in stabilizing the vehicle, such as outriggers, torsion bars, and spring lockouts.
3.2.14 supplemental load-handling attachment (Jib)—a device(s) affixed to the upper-boom tip area which is designed to lift and
or position materials.
3.2.15 supplemental load-handling attachment bracket—the apparatus which affixes the supplemental load handling attachment
to the IAPD.
3.2.16 turntable—the rotating base of the aerial device that supports the boom(s).
3.2.17 upper boom—the structural member, attached to the lower boom, that supports the platform.
3.2.18 upper-boom cylinder—the hydraulic cylinder that articulates the upper boom.
3.2.19 upper-boom drive mechanism—means, such as linkage, cables, sheaves, and gears, used to produce upper-boom
articulation.
3.2.20 upper-boom tip—the end of the upper boom to which the platform is attached.
3.3 Abbreviations:
3.3.1 AE—Acoustic Emission
3.3.2 APD—Aerial Personnel Device(s)
3.3.3 FRP—Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic
3.3.4 Jib—Supplemental Load Handling Attachment
3.3.5 NDT—Nondestructive Testing
3.3.6 RBC—Rated Boom Capacity
3.3.7 RPC—Rated Platform Capacity
3.3.8 SLAC—Supplemental Load Attachment Capacity
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method consists of applying a predetermined load to an APD while it is being monitored by sensors that are sensitive
to acoustic emissions (AE) caused by active defects. These acoustic emissions can be generated by, but are not limited to, the
following: crack nucleation movement or propagation in the metal components; or matrix crazing, delamination or fiber breakage
of the fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) material; or both.
F1430/F1430M − 20
4.2 The APD is loaded at a uniform rate until a predetermined load is reached, which is held for a period of time. The load is
removed and the cycle is repeated. Acoustic emissions are monitored during both cycles and the data is evaluated.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acoustic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy from localized
sources within an APD under controlled loading. The resultant energy releases occur during intentional application of a controlled
predetermined load. These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals.
5.2 This test method permits testing of the major components of an aerial device under controlled loading. This test method utilizes
objective criteria for evaluation and may be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of concern or prevent a fault
from continuing to ultimate failure.
5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emissions that may be defects or irregularities, or both, affecting the
structural integrity or intended use of the aerial device.
5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic emission test
methods or other nondestructive techniques (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, etc.). Other
nondestructive tests may be required to locate defects present in APDs.
5.5 Defective areas found in aerial devices by this test method should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repair procedure
recommendations are outside the scope of this test method.
6. Personnel Qualifications
6.1 This test method shall be performed by qualified personnel. Qualification shall be in accordance with an established written
program, consistent with the established format of ASNT SNT-TC-1A for training, qualification, and certification of personnel for
conducting AE testing.
NOTE 2—Personnel performing subsequent nondestructive evaluation (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, etc.) on aerial
devices should be certified in accordance with ASNT SNT-TC-1A guidelines.
6.2 Acoustic emission test personnel shall be familiar with the design, manufacture, and operation of aerial devices. Relevant
information is contained in ANSI A92.2 and manufacturers’ operating and service manuals.
7. Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
7.1 The AE instrument shall be capable of data acquisition from discrete channels within a frequency band of 20 to 200 KHz. The
number of AE instrument channels shall be determined by the attenuation characteristics of the aerial device in order to provide
coverage of those components identified in Table 1. A detailed description of instrumentation characteristics is included in Annex
A1.
NOTE 3—Use of a minimum of 8ten channels does not necessarily imply total coverage of the components identified in Table 1. The instrument should
be capable of recording the following: time, events, counts, amplitude, and load. Hard copy records shall be provided by the instrument or available
through a direct interface.
8. Test Preparation
8.1 Prior to the AE test, perform a visual observation of the aerial device to determine as far as practicable that the components
to be tested are free from any condition that may prohibit the test or adversely affect test results.
8.2 The components to be monitored in an APD shall include but not be limited to those listed in Table 1. Additional channels
and sensors may be used to supplement the minimum test requirements and improve location resolution.
8.3 Position the sensors on the FRP and metal portions of the components identified in Table 1. The extent of the coverage is
F1430/F1430M − 20
TABLE 1 Aerial Device FRP Components That Shall Be Monitored
With Acoustic Emission
A
Component Articulated Extensible-
Aerial Device Aerial Device
B
Platform X X
Platform Attachment X X
Upper Boom X X
Suppemental Load Attachment X X
Lower Boom Insulator X X
Intermediate Boom X X
Lower Boom X X
B
Upper and Lower Boom X X
Attachment at Elbow
C
Upper and Lower Section of X NA
Lower Boom
Turntable X X
Pedestal X X
A
Refer to Figs. 1 and 2 for illustration of components.
B
The use of the symbol “X” indicates the need to monitor this component with
acoustic emission.
C
The use of the symbol “NA” indicates that acoustic emission does not apply.
determined by the number of sensors used and the attenuation characteristics of the individual components, and can be verified
by a simulated AE technique as indicated in Guide E976. Record the amplitude of the simulated AE source at a distance of 12 in.
(304 mm) from the sensor as a reference. Continue to move the simulated AE source away from the sensor until the amplitude
is no more than 15 dB less than the reference amplitude. This will establish the maximum area of coverage of the sensor.
8.4 The mounting of sensors shall be in accordance with Practices E569 and E650. The couplant used shall not affect the
performance of the aerial device.
NOTE 4—The couplant should be compatible with the aerial device; not a possible cause of contamination. The couplant should be completely removable
from the surface after testing, leaving the original surface intact.
9. Acoustic Emission (AE) Instrumentation System Performance Check
9.1 Performance verification shall be made with an AE simulator immediately prior to application of test load. This simulator
should be capable of producing a transient elastic wave having an amplitude representative of the AE signals to be recorded.
9.2 The AE simulator may be gas jet, pencil lead break technique, or an electronically induced event or equivalent.
9.3 The detected peak amplitude of the simulated event at a fixed distance, typically 6 to 9 in. [152 to 228 mm], from each sensor
shall not vary more than 6 dB from the average of all the sensors on the same type material. The detected peak amplitude of any
sensor shall not exceed 90 dB to avoid saturation of the preamplifier.
9.4 A sensor performance check should be performed periodically in accordance with F2174.
10. System Calibration
10.1 Subject the AE system to a thorough calibration and functional check to verify accurate performance in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specification, in conjunction with Practice E750. Perform calibration annually as a minimum in accordance with
a written calib
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