ASTM C242-00
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology pertains to the terminology used in ceramic whitewares and related products.
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are peculiar to this industry. Double words, hyphenated words, or phrases are listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important words are cross-referenced.
1.3 For definitions of terms relating to surface imperfections on ceramics, refer to Terminology F109.
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Designation: C 242 – 00
Standard Terminology of
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope immersion procedure, to the weight of the dry specimen.
(2) the capacity of a substance to take up a substance,
1.1 This terminology pertains to the terminology used in
usually a liquid or gas, with the formation of an apparently
ceramic whitewares and related products.
homogeneous mixture.
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are
adsorption—the capacity of a substance to accept and retain
not included. Included are words that are peculiar to this
on its surface a layer of another substance, usually a gas or
industry. Double words, hyphenated words, or phrases are
a liquid.
listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important
agglomerate—a jumbled mass or collection of two or more
words are cross-referenced.
particles or aggregates, or a combination thereof, held
1.3 For definitions of terms relating to surface imperfec-
together by relatively weak cohesive forces caused by weak
tions on ceramics, refer to Terminology F 109.
chemical bonding or an electrostatic surface charge gener-
2. Referenced Documents ated by handling or processing.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
DISCUSSION—Common usage in powder technology (and British
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
Standard 2955) has the terms “aggregate” and “agglomerate” inter-
E 180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM changed in meaning from the definitions presented here, and care must
be taken to determine in context which definition is in use.
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial Chemicals
F 109 Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on
aggregate—a dense mass of particles held together by strong
Ceramics
intermolecular or atomic cohesive forces that is stable to
F 465 Practice for Developing Precision and Accuracy Data
normal mixing techniques, including high-speed stirring and
on ASTM Methods for the Analysis of Meat and Meat
ultrasonics.
Products
alumina porcelain—See alumina porcelain under porcelain.
2.2 British Standard:
alumina whiteware—See alumina whiteware under ceramic
BS 2955 Glossary of Terms Relating to Powders
whiteware.
andalusite—a polymorph, along with sillimanite and kyanite,
3. Terminology
of composition Al O ·SiO which on firing dissociates to
2 3 2
absolute or true density—See absolute or true density under
yield principally mullite.
density.
apparent or pycnometric density—See apparent or pycnomet-
absorbance—the logarithm of that fraction of an incident light
ric density under density.
beam that is dissipated in the sample, being neither trans-
apparent porosity—See apparent porosity under porosity.
mitted nor reflected.
average particle size—a single value representing the entire
absorbed moisture—water held mechanically in the material
particle-size distribution.
and having physical properties not substantially different
DISCUSSION—It is essential to specify the basis under which the
from ordinary water at the same temperature and pressure.
average is obtained.
absorption—(1) the relationship of the weight of the water
ball clay—a secondary clay, commonly characterized by the
absorbed by a ceramic specimen, subjected to prescribed
presence of organic matter, high plasticity, high dry strength,
long vitrification range, and a light color when fired.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-21 on
ball milling—a method of grinding and mixing material, with
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee C21.01 on Nomenclature. or without liquid, in a rotating cylinder or conical mill
Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published August 2000. Originally
partially filled with grinding media such as balls or pebbles.
published as C 242 – 50 T. Last previous edition C 242 – 99a.
basalt ware—a black unglazed vitreous ceramic ware having
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
the appearance of basalt rock.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
Belleek china—a highly translucent whiteware composed of a
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.07.
body containing a significant amount of frit and normally
Available from British Standards Institute, 2 Park St., London, England
having a luster glaze.
W1A 2B5.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 242
bentonite—a distinct type of fine-grained clay containing not ceramic article—an article having a glazed or unglazed body
less than 85 % montmorillionite clay having the formula of crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or of glass,
(OH) Si Al O nH O and composed of units made up of which body is produced from essentially inorganic, nonme-
4 8 4 20 2
two silica tetrahedral sheets with a central alumina octahe- tallic substances and either is formed from a molten mass
dral sheet. which solidifies on cooling, or is formed and simultaneously
beryllium oxide (beryllia) (BeO)—an inorganic material of or subsequently matured by the action of the heat.
exceptionally high thermal conductivity which is toxic in the ceramic mosaic tile—an unglazed tile formed by either the
1 3
powder form. dust-pressed or plastic method, usually ⁄4 to ⁄8 in. (6.4 to 9.5
bias—a constant or systematic error, as opposed to a random mm) thick, and having a facial area of less than 6 in. (39
error, manifesting itself as a persistent positive or negative cm ) and which is usually mounted on sheets approximately
deviation of the method average from the accepted reference 1 by 2 ft (0.3 by 0.6 m) to facilitate setting.
value. E 180; F 465
DISCUSSION—Ceramic mosaic tile may be of either porcelain or
binder—a cementing medium; either a material added to the
natural clay composition and may be either plain or with an abrasive
mixture to increase the green or dry strength as compacted,
mixture throughout.
and which may be expelled during sintering or calcining, or
ceramic paste—a French term synonymous with “ceramic
a material added to a mixture for the purpose of cementing
body.”
together particles.
ceramic process—the production of articles or coatings from
DISCUSSION—A binder may be either a permanent addition, or a
essentially inorganic, nonmetallic materials, the article or
temporary additive to a ceramic product.
coating being made permanent and suitable for utilitarian
and decorative purposes by the action of heat at temperatures
bisque fire—See bisque fire under firing.
sufficient to cause sintering, solid-state reactions, bonding,
blackbody—the ideal, perfect emitter and absorber of thermal
or conversion partially or wholly to the glassy state.
radiation which emits radiant energy at the maximum rate
ceramics—a general term applied to the art or technique of
possible, as a consequence of its temperature, and absorbs all
producing articles by a ceramic process, or to the articles so
incident radiation.
produced.
blistering—the development during firing of enclosed or
ceramic whiteware—a fired ware consisting of a glazed or
broken macroscopic vesicles or bubbles in a body, or in a
unglazed ceramic body which is commonly white and of fine
glaze or other coating.
texture, designating such product classifications as tile,
bloating—substantial swelling produced by a heat treatment
china, porcelain, semivitreous ware and earthenware.
that causes the formation of a vesicular structure.
alumina whiteware— any ceramic whiteware in which
blunging—the wet process of blending, or suspending ceramic
alumina (Al O ) is an essential crystalline phase.
material in liquid by agitation. 2 3
cordierite whiteware—any ceramic whiteware in which
body—the structural portion of a ceramic article, or the
cordierite (2MgO·2Al O ·5SiO ) is the essential crystalline
material or mixture from which it is made. 2 3 2
phase.
bone ash—calcined bone consisting essentially of calcium
forsterite whiteware—any ceramic whiteware in which for-
phosphate.
sterite (2MgO·SiO ) is the essential crystalline phase.
bone china—a translucent china made from a ceramic whitew-
steatite whiteware—any ceramic whiteware in which mag-
are body composition containing a minimum of 25 % bone
nesium metasilicate (MgO·SiO ) is the essential crystalline
ash.
phase.
bright glaze—See bright glaze under glaze.
titania whiteware—any ceramic whiteware in which titania
calcine—a ceramic material or mixture fired to less than fusion
(TiO ) is the essential crystalline phase.
for use as a constituent in a ceramic composition.
zircon whiteware—any ceramic whiteware in which zircon
capillary action—the phenomenon of intrusion of a liquid into
(ZrO ·SiO ) is the essential crystalline phase.
interconnected small voids, pores, and channels in a solid,
2 2
chemical porcelain—See chemical porcelain under porcelain.
resulting from surface tension.
china—a glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic whiteware made
cassiterite (SnO )—an inorganic mineral of the tetragonal
by the china process and used for nontechnical purposes,
form used as a source of tin and tin oxide.
designating such products as dinnerware, sanitary ware, and
casting—a process for forming ceramic ware by introducing a
artware when they are vitreous. (See also bone china.)
body slip into a porous mold which absorbs sufficient water
china clay—See kaolin.
(or other liquid) from the slip to produce a semirigid article.
china process—the method of producing glazed ware by
drain casting (hollow casting)—forming ceramic ware by
which the ceramic body is fired to maturity, following which
introducing a body slip into an open porous mold, and then
the glaze is applied and matured by firing at a lower
draining off the remaining slip when the case has reached the
temperature.
desired thickness.
china sanitary ware (sanitary plumbing fixtures)—glazed,
solid casting—forming ceramic ware by introducing a body
vitrified whiteware fixtures having a sanitary service func-
slip into a porous mold which usually consists of two major
tion.
sections, one section forming the contour of the outside and
clay—a natural mineral agglomerate, consisting essentially of
the other forming the contour of the inside of the ware and
hydrous aluminum silicates; plastic when sufficiently wetted,
allowing a solid cast to form between the two mold faces.
C 242
rigid when dried en masse, and vitrified when fired to a ceramic coatings as a result of tensile stresses. May also
sufficiently high temperature. occur in the surface portion of uncoated (unglazed) whitew-
clear glaze—See clear glaze under glaze. are bodies.
closed porosity—See closed porosity under porosity. crystalline glaze—See crystalline glaze under glaze.
coefficient of friction—the ratio of the parallel component of deagglomeration—the process of breaking down, usually by
force required to overcome or have a tendancy to overcome physical means, the masses of particles that are held together
the resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in physical by relatively weak cohesive forces resulting in a final system
contact one with another, but otherwise unconstrained, to the of aggregates or primary particles, or both.
normal component of the force—usually the force as a result deairing—the process of removing entrapped air, or absorbed
of gravity—applied through the object which tends to cause air from a mass or slurry, usually by application of a vacuum.
the friction. decorated—adorned, embellished, or made more attractive by
color difference—(1) the magnitude and character of the means of color or surface detail.
difference between two colors, described by such terms as decorating fire—See decorating fire under firing.
redder, bluer, lighter, darker, grayer, or cleaner. (2) the decoration:
magnitude and direction of the difference between a sample inglaze decoration—a ceramic decoration applied on the
and a standard, computed from tristimulus values, or chro- surface of an unfired glaze and matured with the glaze.
maticity coordinates and luminance factor, by means of a overglaze decoration—a ceramic or metallic decoration
specified set of color difference equations. applied and fired on the previously glazed surface of ceramic
color space—a three dimensional arrangement for represent- ware.
ing all possible colors; for example, in the color space polychrome decoration—a multicolor decoration.
defined by the color scales L, a, and b used to describe the underglaze decoration—a ceramic decoration applied di-
color of opaque specimens, scale L is a measure of lightness, rectly on the surface of ceramic ware and subsequently
a is a measure of redness (plus) or greenness (minus), and b covered with a transparent glaze.
is a measure of yellowness (plus) or blueness (minus). deflocculate—to separate agglomerates in a slurry by chemical
color standard—a plaque or other physical standard of estab- and physical means to achieve and maintain particle-to-
lished color value, against which standardization of an particle separation.
instrument is made.
DISCUSSION—A surface-active wetting agent (cationic, anionic, or
nonionic type) to coat the particle surface with like ionic charges to
DISCUSSION—It may be a reference standard at a calibration labora-
induce repulsion of the surfaces is usually effective.
tory, a transfer standard used to calibrate a particular instrument, or a
working standard for routine use.
deformation eutectic—See eutectic, deformation.
comminution—the act or process of reduction of particle size delft ware—a calcareous earthenware having an opaque white
with attendant increase in surface area and population of glaze and monochrome overglaze decorations. (Originated
particles, usually but not necessarily by grinding, milling, or in Delft, Holland.)
pulverizing. density:
conductive ceramic tile—tile made from special body com- absolute or true density—the weight divided by the volume
positions or by methods that result in specific properties of excluding open and closed pores.
electrical conductivity while retaining other normal physical apparent or pycnometric density—the weight divided by the
properties of ceramic tile. volume excluding open pores, but including closed pores.
connected porosity—See connected porosity under porosity. tap density—the apparent density of a powdered or granu-
cordierite porcelain—See cordierite porcelain under porce- lated material re
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