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ASTM D5541-94(1998)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Developing a Stage-Discharge Relation for Open Channel Flow

Standard Practice for Developing a Stage-Discharge Relation for Open Channel Flow

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the development of a curve relating stage (elevation) to discharge. Standard test methods have been documented for measuring discharge and for measuring stage (see Practice D3858, and Test Methods D5129, D5130, D5243, D5388, and D5413). This practice takes the discharge and stage determined by each respective test method and shows a relation between them using a curved line. This curved line is called a stage-discharge relation or rating curve.  
1.2 The procedures described in this practice are used commonly by those responsible for investigations of streamflow, for example, the U.S. Geological Survey, Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S Agriculture Research Service. For the most part, these procedures are adapted from reports of the U.S. Geological Survey. 2,3  
1.3 The procedures described in this practice apply only to simple freely flowing open-channel flow. Ratings for complex hydraulic conditions of extremely low slope channels using multiple-stage inputs, channels affected by man-induced regulation, or tidal conditions are not described. These types of ratings are described in detail in Refs (2) and (3).  
1.4 This practice uses the results of current-meter discharge measurements or indirect discharge measurements and the corresponding measured stage to define as much of the stage-discharge relation curve as possible. A theoretical curve is developed for the full range of stage and discharge to shape the curve.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-1998
ICS
17.120.20 - Flow in open channels
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.07 - Sediments, Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5541-94(2003) - Standard Practice for Developing a Stage-Discharge Relation for Open Channel Flow
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003

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ASTM D5541-94(1998) - Standard Practice for Developing a Stage-Discharge Relation for Open Channel FlowASTM D5541-94(1998) - Standard Practice for Developing a Stage-Discharge Relation for Open Channel Flow
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ASTM D5541-94(1998) - Standard Practice for Developing a Stage-Discharge Relation for Open Channel Flow
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact
ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 5541 – 94 (Reapproved 1998)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Practice for
Developing a Stage-Discharge Relation for Open Channel
Flow
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5541; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This practice covers the development of a curve relating
2. Referenced Documents
stage (elevation) to discharge. Standard test methods have been
2.1 ASTM Standards:
documented for measuring discharge and for measuring stage
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
(see Practice D 3858, and Test Methods D 5129, D 5130,
D 3858 Practice for Open-Channel Flow Measurement of
D 5243, D 5388, and D 5413). This practice takes the dis-
Water by Velocity-Area Method
charge and stage determined by each respective test method
D 5129 Test Method for Open Channel Flow Measurement
and shows a relation between them using a curved line. This
of Water Indirectly by Using Width Contractions
curved line is called a stage-discharge relation or rating curve.
D 5130 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement
1.2 The procedures described in this practice are used
of Water Indirectly by Slope-Area Method
commonly by those responsible for investigations of stream-
D 5243 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement
flow, for example, the U.S. Geological Survey, Army Corps of
of Water Indirectly at Culverts
Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S Agriculture Re-
D 5388 Test Method for Measurement of Discharge by
search Service. For the most part, these procedures are adapted
2,3 Step-Backwater Method
from reports of the U.S. Geological Survey.
D 5413 Test Methods for Measurement of Water Levels in
1.3 The procedures described in this practice apply only to
Open Water Bodies
simple freely flowing open-channel flow. Ratings for complex
2.2 ISO Standard:
hydraulic conditions of extremely low slope channels using
ISO 1100/2 Liquid Flow Measurement in Open Channels—
multiple-stage inputs, channels affected by man-induced regu-
Part 2, Determination of Stage-Discharge Relation
lation, or tidal conditions are not described. These types of
ratings are described in detail in the documents listed in
3. Terminology
Footnotes 2 and 3.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
1.4 This practice uses the results of current-meter discharge
tice, refer to Terminology D 1129.
measurements or indirect discharge measurements and the
3.2 Symbols:Symbols:
corresponding measured stage to define as much of the
GH 5 gage height or stage, ft (m).
stage-discharge relation curve as possible. A theoretical curve
3 3
Q 5 discharge, ft /s (m /s).
is developed for the full range of stage and discharge to shape
the curve.
4. Summary of Practice
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.1 The stage-discharge relation is developed by plotting
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
stage versus discharge from discharge measurements or other
information only.
determinations of flow, either manually or through the use of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
computer programs and fitting a curve to these points. The
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
stage should be determined at a single gage datum for the entire
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
range in stage. Stages determined in stilling wells, at outside
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
gages, and at bridge abutments can be significantly different
and should not be interchanged. Discharge measurements may
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-19 on Water and
not be available for the entire range in stage of the stage-
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology,
discharge relation. A theoretical rating curve should be devel-
and Open-Channel Flow.
oped for the entire range in stage using Test Method D 5388.
Current edition approved April 15, 1994. Published July 1994.
Kennedy, E. J., “Discharge Ratings at Gaging Stations: U.S. Geological
Survey,” Techniques of Water-Resource Investigations, Book 3, Chapt. A10, 1984,
p. 59.
3 4
Rantz, S. E., et al., Measurement and Computation of Streamflow: Vol 2, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Computation of Discharge, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 2175, Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd St., 13th
1982, p. 631. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
NOTICE:¬This¬standard¬has¬either¬been¬superceded¬and¬replaced¬by¬a¬new¬version¬or¬discontinued.¬
Contact¬ASTM¬International¬(www.astm.org)¬for¬the¬latest¬information.¬
D 5541
This theoretical curve is used as a guide to shape the stage- very limited parts of a stage-discharge relation and can usually
discharge relation at places where discharge measurements are be defined by plotting procedures. In particular, transition
not available. zones represent changes in the slope or shape of a stage-
discharge relation.
5. Significance and Use
6.2 Low flows are usually controlled by a section control,
5.1 This practice is particularly useful for determining the
whereas high flows are usually controlled by a channel control.
discharge at a gaging station or a location where discharge Medium flows may be controlled by either type of control. A
information is repeatedly needed.
combination of section and channel control may occur at some
5.2 This practice is applicable only for open-channel flow
stages. These are general rules, and exceptions can and do
conditions where channel hydraulics permit a stable relation
occur.
between stage and discharge.
7. Interferences
6. Channel Hydraulics
7.1 The stage-discharge relation may be affected by the
6.1 The stage-discharge relation for open-channel flow at a
deposition or removal of stream bed or bank material by
gaging station or other stage reference point is governed by
flowing water, usually at high flow conditions or manmade
channel conditions downstream from that point, referred to as
changes. Large changes may require a redefinition of the rating
a control. Knowledge of the channel features that control the
curve. Small, transitory changes may be facilitated by adjust-
stage-discharge relation is important. The development of
ments to the stage observations. An example of a temporary
stage-discharge curves where more than one control is effec-
shift would be a beaver dam on a section control or debris
tive, control features change, and the number of measurements
deposited on a dam or bridge piling that would be expected to
is limited usually requires judgment in interpolating between
be removed or eventually wash away.
measurements and in extrapolating beyond the highest or
7.2 Aquatic growth may develop in a stream during the
lowest measurements.
growing season. This growth would result in a temporary
6.1.1 Section Controls—A section control is a specific cross
backwater situation. Adjustments to stage observations would
section of the stream channel that controls the relation between
normally be made during these periods.
stage and discharge at that point in the channel. A section
7.3 Ice cover changes river hydraulics and alters the stage-
control can be a natural feature such as a rock ledge, sand bar,
discharge relation.
or severe constriction in the channel. A section control can
7.4 Hysteresis may affect the high flow stage-discharge
likewise be a manmade feature such as a small dam, weir,
relation when the water surface slope changes due to either
flume, or overflow spillway. Section controls c
...

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Standard Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement of Water with Thin-Plate Weirs

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thin-plate weirs are reliable and simple devices that have the potential for highly accurate flow measurements. With proper selection of the shape of the overflow section a wide range of discharges can be covered; the recommendations in this test method are based on experiments with flow rates from about 0.008 ft 3/s (0.00023 m  3/s) to about 50 ft 3/s (1.4 m 3/s).  
5.2 Thin-plate weirs are particularly suitable for use in water and wastewater without significant amounts of solids and in locations where a head loss is affordable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the volumetric flow rate of water and wastewater in channels with thin-plate weirs. Information related to this test method can be found in Rantz (1)2 and Ackers (2).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off