ASTM D1475-98(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
Standard Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Density is weight per unit volume. It is a key property in the identification, characterization, and quality control of a wide range of materials. Density measurements in terms of weight per gallon are commonly used to check paint quality. If the density is not within specification, there is a good chance that there was a mischarge or other serious problem.
This test method is suitable for the determination of density of paint and related products and components when in liquid form. It is particularly applicable when the fluid has too high a viscosity or when a component is too volatile for a density balance determination.
This test method provides for the maximum accuracy required for hiding power determinations. It is equally suitable for work in which less accuracy is required, by ignoring the directions for recalibration and consideration of temperature differentials, and using as the container a “weight-per-gallon” cup.
Automatic equipment for measuring density is available (see Test Method D 4052) from several manufacturers. Such apparatus has been used for resins and latices as well as for oils and solvents. Before such equipment is used for a given product, results must be checked very carefully. Particularly with paints, inks, and resins, there are possibilities of gumming, fouling, and other interferences with operation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of density of paints, inks, varnishes, lacquers, and components thereof, other than pigments, when in fluid form.
1.2 For higher precision when working with nonpigmented materials (drying oils, varnishes, resins and related materials), Test Method D 1963 can be used to determine specific gravity and, thence, density.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only,
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precaution statement is given in 8.1.1.1.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1475 − 98 (Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Method For
Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1475; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of density of
3. Terminology
paints,inks,varnishes,lacquers,andcomponentsthereof,other
3.1 Definitions:
than pigments, when in fluid form.
3.1.1 density, n—the mass of a unit volume of a material at
1.2 For higher precision when working with nonpigmented
a specified temperature. In this method, it is expressed as the
materials (drying oils, varnishes, resins and related materials),
weight in grams per millilitre, or as the weight in pounds
Test Method D1963 can be used to determine specific gravity
avoirdupois of one U. S. gallon, of the liquid at the specified
and, thence, density.
temperature; in the absence of other temperature specification,
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the 25°C is assumed.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.2 specific gravity (relative density), n—the ratio of the
only,
mass of a unit volume of a material at a stated temperature to
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the the mass of the same volume of distilled water at the same
temperature.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precau- 4.1 Theaccuratelyknownabsolutedensityofdistilledwater
tion statement is given in 8.1.1.1. at various temperatures (Table 1) is used to calibrate the
volume of a container. The weight of the paint liquid contents
2. Referenced Documents
of the same container at the standard temperature (25°C) or at
an agreed-upon temperature is then determined and density of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the contents calculated in terms of grams per millilitre, or
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
pounds per gallon at the specified temperature.
D1963 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Drying Oils,
Varnishes, Resins, and Related Materials at 25/25°C
5. Significance and Use
(Withdrawn 2004)
5.1 Densityisweightperunitvolume.Itisakeypropertyin
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
the identification, characterization, and quality control of a
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
wide range of materials. Density measurements in terms of
E180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
weight per gallon are commonly used to check paint quality. If
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
the density is not within specification, there is a good chance
cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)
that there was a mischarge or other serious problem.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5.2 This test method is suitable for the determination of
density of paint and related products and components when in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
liquid form. It is particularly applicable when the fluid has too
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
high a viscosity or when a component is too volatile for a
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials.
density balance determination.
Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originally
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D1475 – 98 (2003).
5.3 This test method provides for the maximum accuracy
DOI: 10.1520/D1475-98R08.
required for hiding power determinations. It is equally suitable
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
for work in which less accuracy is required, by ignoring the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
directions for recalibration and consideration of temperature
the ASTM website.
differentials, and using as the container a “weight-per-gallon”
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. cup.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1475 − 98 (2008)
TABLE 1 Absolute Density of Water, g/mL
8.1.1 Clean and dry the container and bring it to constant
°C Density weight. Chromic acid (see 8.1.1.1) or other effective glass
15 0.999127
cleaner and nonresidual solvents may be used with glass
16 0.998971
containers and solvents with metal containers. For maximum
17 0.998772
accuracy, continue rinsing, drying, and weighing until the
18 0.998623
19 0.998433
difference between two successive weighings does not exceed
20 0.998231
0.001 % of the weight of the container. Fingerprints on the
21 0.998020
22 0.997798
container will change the weight and must be avoided. Record
23 0.997566
the weight, M, in grams.
24 0.997324
25 0.997072
8.1.1.1 Warning—Chromic acid cleaning solution is corro-
26 0.996811
sivetoskin,eyesandmucousmembranesandcancausesevere
27 0.996540
burns. Avoid contact with eyes, skin or clothing. In making
28 0.996260
29 0.995972
dilute solution, always add acid to water with care. Chromic
30 0.995684
acid cleaning solution is a strong oxidizer. Avoid contact with
organic or reducing substances as a fire could results. See
supplier’s Material Safety Data Sheet for further information.
Other cleaners are much safer and may be equally effective.
5.4 Automatic equipment for measuring density is available
(see Test Method D4052) from several manufacturers. Such
8.1.2 Fill the container with reagent water conforming to
apparatushasbeenusedforresinsandlaticesaswellasforoils
Type II of Specification D1193 at a temperature somewhat
and solvents. Before such equipment is used for a given
below that specified. Cap the container, leaving the overflow
product, results must be checked very carefully. Particularly
orifice open. Immediately remove excess overflowed water or
with paints, inks, and resins, there are possibilities of gum-
water held in depressions by wiping dry with absorbent
ming, fouling, and other interferences with operation.
material. Avoid occluding air bubbles in the container.
8.1.3 Bring the container and contents to the specified
6. Interferences
temperature using the constant-temperature bath or room if
6.1 Highly viscous materials may entrap air and give
necessary. This will cause further slight flow of water from the
erroneous low density values.
overflow orifice due to the expansion of the water with the rise
6.2 Paint or ink liquids may be trapped in the ground glass
of the temperature.
or metal joints of the pieces of apparatus and give erroneous,
8.1.4 Remove the excess overflow by wiping carefully with
high density values.
absorbent material, avoiding wicking of water out of orifice,
and immediately cap the overflow tube where such has been
7. Apparatus
provided. Dry the outside of the container, if necessary, by
7.1 Cup or Pycnometer—Any metal weight-per-gallon cup
wiping with absorbent material. Do not remove overflow that
orglasspycnometermaybeused,providedthatitmaybefilled
occurs subsequent to the first wiping after attainment of the
readilywithaviscousliquid,adjustedtoexactvolume,covered
desired temperature (Note 3). Immediately weigh the filled
to exclude loss of volatile matter, and readily cleaned.
container to the nearest 0.001 % of its weight (Note 4). Record
NOTE 1—For materials that contain solvents that evaporate rapidly, a this weight, N, in grams.
glass pycnometer of the weld type, with a narrow stopper and a cover
should be used. NOTE 3—Handling the container with bare hands will increase the
temperature and cause more overflow from the overflow orifice, and will
7.2 Thermometers, graduated in 0.1°C, such as are supplied
also leave fingerprints; hence, handling only with tongs and with hands
with glass pycnometers.
protected by clean, dry, absorbent material is recommended.
7.3 Constant-Temperature Bath, held at 25 6 0.1°C is NOTE 4—Immediate and rapid weighing of the filled container is
recommended here to minimize loss of weight due to evaporation of the
desirable.
water through orifices, and from overflow subsequent to the first wipi
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