ASTM D2156-94(1999)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kerosine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating equipment.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only. Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2156 – 94 (Reapproved 1999) An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-
exchanger fouling.
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density
5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this test
in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended
method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to
primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kero-
home-heating application. It is more sensitive to small amounts
sine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the
of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the
field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating
following comparison:
equipment.
Smoke Spot Icham, percent Ringelman
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Number Transmission Smoke Number
standard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa-
0 100 0
tion only. Arbitrary and relative units are also used. 295 0
480 0
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
654 0
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
818 0
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
90 0
9 0 0to5
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Sampling Device—A suitable device providing a total
2. Referenced Documents
flue gas sample volume of 36 900 6 1650 cm at 16°C, 1 atm
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3 2 2
(2250 6 100 in. at 60°F, 1 atm) for each 6.45 cm (1 in. )
E 97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-
effective surface area of filter paper shall be employed. The
deg 0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter
sampling device and connections shall be of such construction
Reflectometry
that the total travel of flue gas sample from flue to filter paper
shall not exceed 410 mm (16 in.). The device shall provide for
3. Terminology
cooling the sample below the charring temperature for the filter
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
paper but not below the dew point of the sample. Suitable
3.1.1 smoke spot number—the number of the spot on the
laboratory and portable field service equipment is illustrated in
standard scale most closely matching the color (or shade) of the
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
test spot.
6.2 Smoke Scale—The smoke scale required consists of ten
4. Summary of Test Method spots numbered consecutively from 0 to 9, ranging in equal
photometric steps from white through neutral shades of gray to
4.1 A test smoke spot is obtained by pulling a fixed volume
black, imprinted or otherwise processed on white paper or
of flue gas through a fixed area of standard filter paper. The
plastic stock having a surface reflectance of between 82.5 and
color (or shade) of the spot thus produced is visually matched
87.5 % 45°, 0° daylight luminous directional reflectance in
with a standard scale, and the smoke density is expressed as a
accordance with Test Method E 97. The smoke scale spot
“smoke spot number.”
number is defined as the reduction (due to smoke) in reflected
5. Significance and Use incident light divided by 10. Thus, the first spot, which is the
color of the unimprinted scale, will be No. 0, since in the case
5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smoke
of this spot there will be no reduction in reflected incident light
production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level.
directed thereon. The last spot, however, is very dark, reflecting
only 10% of the incident light directed thereon; thus in this
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum
case the reduction in reflected incident light is 90 %, which
Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of subcommittee D.02.E on
gives to this darkest spot the No. 9. Intermediate spot numbers
Burner, Diesel and Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1994. Published April 1994. Originally
are similarly established. Limits of permissible reflectance
e1
published as D 2166 – 63T. Last previous edition D 2156 – 80 (1988) .
variation of any smoke scale spot shall not exceed 63%
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2156
FIG. 1 Laboratory Type Smoke Meter
relative reflectance (Note 1 and Note 2). 8.2 Use a clean, dry, sampling device. If a hand sampler is
used, warm it above room temperature to prevent condensation
NOTE 1—Such smoke scales are sufficiently accurate for field use and
on the filter paper. (This can usually be done conveniently by
for many laboratory smoke testing applications. However, specially
placing the sampler on the boiler or furnace to be tested.)
calibrated scales (known as certified smoke scales) will sometimes be
required. A certified smoke scale is obtained by individually calibrating 8.3 Insert filter paper in the sampler and tighten the filter
each smoke spot of a normal smoke scale.
paper holder. Connect the sampling device to the flue gas
NOTE 2—Where the smoke scale is protected with a plastic or trans-
probe. When taking smoke measurements in the flue pipe,
parent cover the construction employed shall be such that when the smoke
position the end of the sampling probe at the center line of the
spot on the filter paper is viewed
...
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