ASTM E953/E953M-16
(Practice)Standard Practice for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
Standard Practice for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF to use in determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.
4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data are too often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the RDF, and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash behavior more than the ash fusibility characteristics determined by the laboratory test. Furthermore, conditions existing during applied combustion of RDF are so complex that they are impossible to duplicate completely in a small-scale laboratory test. Therefore, the analysis should be considered an empirical one and the data, at best, only qualitative.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly-reducing, and oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E953/E953M − 16
Standard Practice for
1
Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E953/E953M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions and Symbols—The critical temperature
1.1 This practice covers the observation of the temperatures
points to be observed are as follows, denoting the atmosphere
at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash
attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when used:
heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly-reducing, and
3.2 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature at
oxidizing atmospheres.
which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
Shrinking or warping of the cone is ignored if the tip remains
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
second cone, IT, is a typical cone at the initial deformation
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
stage.
concordant results.
3.3 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which the
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height is
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
equal to the width at the base as shown by the third cone, ST,
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
in Fig. 1.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.4 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
with the standard.
which point the height is one half the width of the base as
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.5 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1
maximum height of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown in the fifth cone,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
FT, in Fig. 1.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.6 For definitions of additional terms used in this test
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
method, refer to Terminology D5681.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Significance and Use
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 4.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF
to use in determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: are too often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire
E829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the
Laboratory Samples for Analysis
RDF, and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash
behaviormorethantheashfusibilitycharacteristicsdetermined
by the laboratory test. Furthermore, conditions existing during
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
applied combustion of RDF are so complex that they are
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,
impossible to duplicate completely in a small-scale laboratory
Recovery and Reuse.
test. Therefore, the analysis should be considered an empirical
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E953/E953M – 08.
one and the data, at best, only qualitative.
DOI: 10.1520/E0953_E0953M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5. Apparatus
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 Furnace—Any gas-fired or electric furnace conforming
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. to the following r
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E953/E953M − 08 E953/E953M − 16
Standard Test Method Practice for
1
Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E953/E953M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash
attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly-reducing, and oxidizing
atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible
temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for additional hazard information.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
E180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Specialty Chemicals
3
(Withdrawn 2009)
E829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Laboratory Samples for Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions and Symbols—The critical temperature points to be observed are as follows, denoting the atmosphere used:
3.2 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs. Shrinking
or warping of the cone is ignored if the tip remains sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the second cone, IT,
is a typical cone at the initial deformation stage.
3.3 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height is
equal to the width at the base as shown by the third cone, ST, in Fig. 1.
3.4 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which point
the height is one half the width of the base as shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
3.5 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum height
1
of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown in the fifth cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
3.6 For definitions of additional terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D5681.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF to use in determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.02D34.03
on MunicipalTreatment, Recovery and Reuse (Disbanded 06/09).
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008Nov. 15, 2016. Published November 2008November 2016. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20042008
as E953 – 88 (2004).E953/E953M – 08. DOI: 10.1520/E0953_E0953M-08.10.1520/E0953_E0953M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E953/E953M − 16
FIG. 1 Critical Temperature Points
4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data are too often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning
equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the RDF,
and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash behavior more than the ash fusibility characteristics determined by the laborator
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E953/E953M − 16
Standard Practice for
1
Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E953/E953M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions and Symbols—The critical temperature
1.1 This practice covers the observation of the temperatures
at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash points to be observed are as follows, denoting the atmosphere
used:
attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when
heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly-reducing, and
3.2 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature at
oxidizing atmospheres.
which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
Shrinking or warping of the cone is ignored if the tip remains
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
second cone, IT, is a typical cone at the initial deformation
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
stage.
concordant results.
3.3 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which the
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height is
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
equal to the width at the base as shown by the third cone, ST,
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
in Fig. 1.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.4 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
with the standard.
which point the height is one half the width of the base as
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.5 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1
maximum height of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown in the fifth cone,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
FT, in Fig. 1.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.6 For definitions of additional terms used in this test
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
method, refer to Terminology D5681.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Significance and Use
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
to use in determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
are too often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire
E829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the
Laboratory Samples for Analysis RDF, and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash
behavior more than the ash fusibility characteristics determined
by the laboratory test. Furthermore, conditions existing during
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
applied combustion of RDF are so complex that they are
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,
impossible to duplicate completely in a small-scale laboratory
Recovery and Reuse.
test. Therefore, the analysis should be considered an empirical
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E953/E953M – 08.
one and the data, at best, only qualitative.
DOI: 10.1520/E0953_E0953M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5. Apparatus
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 Furnace—Any gas-fired or electric furnace conforming
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. to the following requirements may be used.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St
...
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