ASTM D6763-16(2022)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents
Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents
ABSTRACT
This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains. The different conditions that affect coatings are presented in details. The balance of properties must be considered when establishing the requirements and selecting the tests. The different test methods in determining the liquid coating properties are enumerated and discussed. The different methods in determining the coating application and film formation are presented and discussed in details. The different test methods of determining the appearance of dry films are presented. The different test method of determining the dry coating properties are presented in details. The different test methods and practices in performing the chemical analysis of exterior woods are presented in details. Although many of the recommended test methods attempt to simulate conditions under which coatings are applied and used, it is not possible to duplicate accurately all possible conditions. Testing materials, including appropriate controls, under field conditions is recommended for the final evaluation of suitability.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains and clear water repellents. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains and clear water repellents. The properties that can be examined or, in some cases, the relevant test procedures are listed in 2.1 and 2.2.
Note 1: The term “opaque stain” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that obscures the grain and color of the wood, but not its surface texture; also called solid color or solid hide.
Note 2: The term “semitransparent” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not fully obscure the grain or the texture of the wood.
Note 3: The term “clear” is defined as a transparent composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not obscure the grain or texture of the wood.
1.1.1 Discussion—When applied to woods that differ in color, there is a color difference between stained substrates.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Nov-2022
- Technical Committee
- D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
- Drafting Committee
- D01.42 - Architectural Coatings
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2024
- Refers
ASTM D4287-00(2023) - Standard Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer - Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Refers
ASTM D4214-23 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films - Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Aug-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Aug-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2019
- Refers
ASTM D661-93(2019) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior Paints - Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2019
- Refers
ASTM D660-93(2019) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of Exterior Paints - Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2019
- Refers
ASTM D4287-00(2019) - Standard Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer - Effective Date
- 01-May-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2019
Overview
ASTM D6763-16(2022): Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents provides comprehensive guidance on selecting and using appropriate test procedures for exterior wood stains and clear water repellents. Developed by ASTM International, this guide applies to both water-borne and solvent-borne semitransparent, opaque stains, as well as clear water repellent finishes. The document covers the various conditions affecting coatings, ensures thorough evaluation of performance, and addresses the importance of both laboratory and field testing. The standard is essential for manufacturers, quality control professionals, and industry stakeholders who seek reliable methods for analyzing the properties and effectiveness of exterior wood protection products.
Key Topics
Coating Types
- Semitransparent Stains: Pigmented to allow some wood grain and texture visibility.
- Opaque Stains: Solid color compositions that obscure the grain and color but not the texture.
- Clear Water Repellents: Transparent coatings aimed at preserving the natural wood appearance.
Testing Conditions
- Moisture effects on wood and coatings
- Influence of substrate type and preparation
- Significance of application temperature and humidity
- Impact of prior coatings, surface condition, and environmental exposure
Test Properties Evaluated
- Liquid Coating Properties: Including skinning tendencies, density, dispersion, odor, pH, dilution and package stability, and microorganism resistance.
- Application & Film Formation: Assessment of brush and spray application, touch-up and lap sheen uniformity, rheological properties (viscosity, leveling, sag resistance), and drying time.
- Appearance: Visual color comparison, instrumental color measurements, gloss (sheen), hiding power, transparency, and yellowness index.
- Dry Film Characteristics: Abrasion resistance, adhesion, dirt pickup, flexibility, blister and weathering resistance.
Test Method Selection
- Appropriate test methods are selected based on a balance of required properties and the specific use case.
- Both standardized laboratory procedures and field tests under actual exposure conditions are recommended for comprehensive evaluation.
Applications
This ASTM standard guide is widely applicable in the construction materials, architectural coatings, and wood protection industries. Below are common use cases:
- Product Development: Enables manufacturers to design and formulate stains and repellents that meet targeted durability, appearance, and application criteria.
- Quality Control: Facilitates consistent verification of batch-to-batch product performance for exterior wood coatings.
- Performance Testing: Supports accurate assessment of long-term resistance to weathering, wear, and environmental exposure-crucial for outdoor structures, decking, siding, and architectural wood components.
- Specification and Procurement: Assists architects, builders, and procurement specialists in specifying products that comply with recognized standards and performance expectations.
- Regulatory Compliance: Ensures adherence to industry practices for safety, health, and environmental regulations during testing and product evaluation.
Related Standards
Several ASTM and U.S. Federal standards are referenced within ASTM D6763-16(2022) to support specific test methods and property evaluations, including but not limited to:
- ASTM D16: Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
- ASTM D1475: Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings
- ASTM D1849: Test Method for Package Stability of Paint
- ASTM D522 / D2370: Methods for testing flexibility and elongation of coatings
- ASTM D2197 / D3359: Adhesion tests for organic coatings
- ASTM D2243: Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Water-Borne Coatings
- ASTM D523: Measurement of gloss
- ASTM D968 / D4060: Abrasion Resistance test methods
Consult the full standard and referenced documents for detailed procedures and guidance specific to exterior wood stain and clear water repellent testing. For additional information, the ASTM website and associated technical resources offer the most up-to-date and comprehensive expertise on these industry standards.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D6763-16(2022) is a guide published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents". This standard covers: ABSTRACT This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains. The different conditions that affect coatings are presented in details. The balance of properties must be considered when establishing the requirements and selecting the tests. The different test methods in determining the liquid coating properties are enumerated and discussed. The different methods in determining the coating application and film formation are presented and discussed in details. The different test methods of determining the appearance of dry films are presented. The different test method of determining the dry coating properties are presented in details. The different test methods and practices in performing the chemical analysis of exterior woods are presented in details. Although many of the recommended test methods attempt to simulate conditions under which coatings are applied and used, it is not possible to duplicate accurately all possible conditions. Testing materials, including appropriate controls, under field conditions is recommended for the final evaluation of suitability. SCOPE 1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains and clear water repellents. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains and clear water repellents. The properties that can be examined or, in some cases, the relevant test procedures are listed in 2.1 and 2.2. Note 1: The term “opaque stain” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that obscures the grain and color of the wood, but not its surface texture; also called solid color or solid hide. Note 2: The term “semitransparent” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not fully obscure the grain or the texture of the wood. Note 3: The term “clear” is defined as a transparent composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not obscure the grain or texture of the wood. 1.1.1 Discussion—When applied to woods that differ in color, there is a color difference between stained substrates. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ABSTRACT This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains. The different conditions that affect coatings are presented in details. The balance of properties must be considered when establishing the requirements and selecting the tests. The different test methods in determining the liquid coating properties are enumerated and discussed. The different methods in determining the coating application and film formation are presented and discussed in details. The different test methods of determining the appearance of dry films are presented. The different test method of determining the dry coating properties are presented in details. The different test methods and practices in performing the chemical analysis of exterior woods are presented in details. Although many of the recommended test methods attempt to simulate conditions under which coatings are applied and used, it is not possible to duplicate accurately all possible conditions. Testing materials, including appropriate controls, under field conditions is recommended for the final evaluation of suitability. SCOPE 1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains and clear water repellents. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains and clear water repellents. The properties that can be examined or, in some cases, the relevant test procedures are listed in 2.1 and 2.2. Note 1: The term “opaque stain” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that obscures the grain and color of the wood, but not its surface texture; also called solid color or solid hide. Note 2: The term “semitransparent” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not fully obscure the grain or the texture of the wood. Note 3: The term “clear” is defined as a transparent composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not obscure the grain or texture of the wood. 1.1.1 Discussion—When applied to woods that differ in color, there is a color difference between stained substrates. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D6763-16(2022) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D6763-16(2022) has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D2369-24, ASTM D4958-24, ASTM E70-24, ASTM D16-24, ASTM D4287-00(2023), ASTM D4214-23, ASTM D93-20, ASTM D2574-16(2020)e1, ASTM E1347-06(2020), ASTM D2371-19, ASTM D661-93(2019), ASTM D660-93(2019), ASTM D662-93(2019), ASTM D4287-00(2019), ASTM D1849-95(2019). Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D6763-16(2022) is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6763 − 16 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6763; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
for testing exterior wood stains and clear water repellents.This
Applications
includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
and opaque stains and clear water repellents. The properties
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
that can be examined or, in some cases, the relevant test
Closed Cup Tester
procedures are listed in 2.1 and 2.2.
D154 Guide for Testing of Varnishes (Withdrawn 2018)
D185 Test Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments
NOTE 1—The term “opaque stain” is defined as a pigmented composi-
D215 Practice for the Chemical Analysis of White Linseed
tion intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that
obscures the grain and color of the wood, but not its surface texture; also
Oil Paints (Withdrawn 2005)
called solid color or solid hide.
D344 Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by
NOTE 2—The term “semitransparent” is defined as a pigmented
the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts (Withdrawn 2018)
composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform
D358 Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels in
finish that does not fully obscure the grain or the texture of the wood. 3
Weathering Tests of Coatings (Withdrawn 2014)
NOTE 3—The term “clear” is defined as a transparent composition
D522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached
intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does
Organic Coatings
not obscure the grain or texture of the wood.
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
1.1.1 Discussion—When applied to woods that differ in
D562 Test Method for Consistency of Paints Measuring
color, there is a color difference between stained substrates.
KrebsUnit(KU)ViscosityUsingaStormer-TypeViscom-
eter
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Exterior Paints
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
D661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of
and are not considered standard.
Exterior Paints
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Exterior Paints
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Paints
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ing) of Exterior Paints
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
D869 TestMethodforEvaluatingDegreeofSettlingofPaint
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Coatings by Falling Abrasive
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D1006 Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Hand and Factory Applied Paints on Wood and Wood
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Composite Materials
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D6763 – 16. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D6763-16R22. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6763 − 16 (2022)
D1038 TerminologyRelatingtoVeneer,Plywood,andWood D3723 Test Method for Pigment Content ofWater-Emulsion
Structural Panels Paints by Low-Temperature Ashing
D3793 Test Method for Low-Temperature Coalescence of
D1210 Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-
Latex Paint Films by Porosity Measurement (Withdrawn
Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage
2012)
D1296 Test Method for Odor of Volatile Solvents and
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
Diluents (Withdrawn 2021)
Pigmented Coatings
D1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
D3928 Test Method for Evaluation of Gloss or Sheen
and Related Products
Uniformity
D1554 Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Par-
D3960 PracticeforDeterminingVolatileOrganicCompound
ticle Panel Materials
(VOC) Content of Paints and Related Coatings
D1640 Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation
D4017 Test Method for Water in Paints and Paint Materials
of Organic Coatings
by Karl Fischer Method
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
Coatings by the Taber Abraser
D1849 Test Method for Package Stability of Paint
D4062 Test Method for Leveling of Paints by Draw-Down
D2196 Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-
Method
Newtonian Materials by Rotational Viscometer
D4141 Practice for Conducting Black Box and Solar Con-
D2197 Test Method for Adhesion of Organic Coatings by
centrating Exposures of Coatings
Scrape Adhesion
D4212 Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity
D2243 Test Method for Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Water-
Cups
Borne Coatings
D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
of Exterior Paint Films
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
D4287 Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/
Coordinates
Plate Viscometer
D2245 Test Method for Identification of Oils and Oil Acids
D4400 Test Method for Sag Resistance of Paints Using a
in Solvent-Reducible Paints (Withdrawn 2016)
Multinotch Applicator
D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
D4446 Test Method for Anti-Swelling Effectiveness of
D2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coat-
Water-Repellent Formulations and Differential Swelling
ings of Untreated Wood When Exposed to Liquid Water
D2371 Test Method for Pigment Content of Solvent- Environments
Reducible Paints D4585 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
D2372 Practice for Separation of Vehicle From Solvent- Using Controlled Condensation
D4587 Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Expo-
Reducible Paints
sures of Paint and Related Coatings
D2486 Test Methods for Scrub Resistance of Wall Paints
D4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of
D2574 Test Method for Resistance of Emulsion Paints in the
Latex Paints
Container to Attack by Microorganisms
D5326 Test Method for Color Development in Tinted Latex
D2621 Test Method for Infrared Identification of Vehicle
Paints
Solids From Solvent-Reducible Paints
D5401 Test Method for Evaluating Clear Water Repellent
D2697 Test Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear
Coatings on Wood
or Pigmented Coatings
D6686 Test Method for Evaluation of Tannin Stain Resis-
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
tance of Coatings
tometry
D6695 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposures of Paint and
D3168 Practice for Qualitative Identification of Polymers in
Related Coatings
Emulsion Paints
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the
D3273 TestMethodforResistancetoGrowthofMoldonthe
Glass Electrode
Surface of Interior Coatings in an Environmental Cham-
E105 Guide for Probability Sampling of Materials
ber
E313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness
D3274 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Surface Dis-
Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
figurement of Paint Films by Fungal or Algal Growth, or
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
Soil and Dirt Accumulation
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
D3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small
G90 Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weather-
Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus
ing of Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
D3456 Practice for Determining by Exterior Exposure Tests
theSusceptibilityofPaintFilmstoMicrobiologicalAttack
D3719 Test Method for Quantifying Dirt Collection on
Coated Exterior Panels (Withdrawn 2009)
D6763 − 16 (2022)
2.2 U.S. Federal Standards: 4.5.1 For Water Reducible—As these materials contain
U. S. Federal Test Method Standard No. 141 C water, surfaces do not have to be completely dry before
2131 Application of Sprayed Films application. However, application and surface temperatures
2141 Application of Brushed Films lower than 50 °F may cause poor film formation.
3011 Condition in Container 4.5.2 For Solvent Reducible—Surface dampness may ad-
4203 Reducibility and Dilution Stability versely effect film uniformity, wetting, and adhesion. Humidity
4421 Absorption Test and low temperature have relatively little effect except for
4541 Working Properties and Appearance of Dried Film slowing the drying.
6301 Wet Adhesion (Tape Test)
4.6 Substrate Weathering—Weathering of wood before
2.3 Other Documents:
staining will adversely affect the performance of exterior
Paint/Coatings Dictionary of the Federation of Societies for
coatings.
Coatings Technology
4.6.1 Substrate Aspects of the Building—If construction
Paint and Coatings Testing Manual
defects or defects due to age are such that excessive moisture
from the inside or the outside makes its way through the
3. Terminology
substrate or if the substrate is in direct contact with damp
3.1 For definitions of terms in this guide refer to Terminol-
ground, blistering flaking or peeling may result.
ogy D16, D1038, and D1554 and to the FSCT Stain/Coatings
4.6.2 Environmental conditions after application, both gen-
Dictionary.
eral for the area and specific, such as under eaves, behind
shrubbery, north side and south side exposure are significant
4. Conditions Affecting Coatings
weathering factors.
4.1 Moisture—Wood is porous and will absorb moisture,
5. Selection of Tests
causing it to swell. As it dries, it will shrink. It is this cycle of
shrinking and swelling that causes warping and cracking in the
5.1 Because the conditions to which a coating is subjected
wood substrate. This dimensional instability stresses a coating,
vary with (1) the surface type: deck, siding, species of wood
affecting its durability. Many semitransparent, opaque, or solid
and (2) the service environment; sheltered, exposed, and
color exterior stains are formulated to repel water to protect
horizontal, specialized types of solvent-borne and water-borne
wood from ingress of moisture, thereby reducing the tendency
coatings have been developed for the different locations.
of the wood to warp and crack.
Selection of the referenced methods to be followed must be
governed by experience and the requirements in each indi-
4.2 Substrate Type—The substrate to be coated can affect
vidual case, together with agreement between the purchaser
not only the application properties of a coating, such as gloss
and the seller.
and uniformity, but is also a factor in determining the type of
coating to use. For instance, a primer may be required for
5.2 The purchaser should first determine which properties
previously coated wood that will receive opaque stain; or a
are the most important. After establishing the requirements or
primer-sealer on previously uncoated wood. Other factors
specifications, select the test methods that measure or evaluate
include the type and quality of wood or wood composite
those properties. The balance of properties must be considered
(plywood, particle board or hardboard) or pressure treated
when establishing the requirements and selecting the tests.The
wood.
significance of the tests and the normal range of values are
presented in the different sections, in most cases.
4.3 Substrate Conditions—Conditions such as species of
wood, porosity, degree of weathering, and previous coatings
6. Sampling
determine the kind of coating that can be applied. The
6.1 Prior to sampling, the condition of the container should
performance of coatings on uncoated new wood can be
becheckedsincedamagetoitmaycauseevaporation,skinning
influenced by the presence of mill glaze and wood grain
or other undesirable effects on the coatings.
orientation.Theconditionofpreviouslystainedsubstratessuch
as degree of chalk, presence of dirt, mold, and water-soluble or 6.2 Sample in accordance with Practice D3925. Determine
thedensityinpoundspergallon(kilograms/litre)inaccordance
oily contaminants, extractives, film adhesion, and porosity also
influence the performance of coatings. Smoothness of the with Test Method D1475. Continue sampling and determining
density until successive results agree within 0.1 lb (45 g) or as
substrate affects the spreading rate, final appearance, and
texture. agreed upon between the purchaser and seller. Then take
samples for testing.
4.4 Preparationofpreviouslycoatedorweatheredsubstrates
6.3 Specifytheamountrequiredforarepresentativesample,
including cleaning, sanitizing, and sanding.
the package sizes, and an identification code. A 1-US gal (or
4.5 The application properties are affected by temperature
4-L)sampleisusuallysufficientfortherecommendedtests,but
and humidity at the time of application and during drying.
for guidance in selecting a sampling plan consult Practice
E105.
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
7. Liquid Coating Properties
www.access.gpo.gov.
7.1 Skinning—Coatings that contain a binder that dries by
Available from Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology (FSCT), 492
Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350, http://www.coatingstech.org. oxidation may be subject to skin formation in a partially-filled
D6763 − 16 (2022)
can. Since skins are insoluble in the material they must be bustion. This temperature is known as the flash point and is
removed before use. The referenced test in a partially-filled often used for danger classification in shipping by common
container indicates the tendency of the material to skin. A carrier. It is also used to determine conditions of storage to
typical minimum time for skinning in accordance with this meet fire regulations and the safety requirements of the US
method is 48 h. Examine the original sample for skins, both on Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). Suitable meth-
and below the surface. Using a well-mixed skin-free portion of ods include Test Methods D56, D93, Part B, or D3278.
the sample, perform a skinning test in accordance with Guide
7.7 Odor—Some solvent combinations produce obnoxious
D154.
odors. Although not specifically designed for liquid coatings
7.2 Condition in Container—Thickening, settling, and sepa-
Test Method D1296 may be used with the solvent-reducible
ration are undesirable and objectionable if material that has
type. One of the advantages of latex coatings is that they
been stored cannot be readily reconditioned and made suitable
contain little if any organic solvent. Thus latex stains do not
for application with a reasonable amount of stirring. The
have odors characteristic of solvent-borne coatings. However,
referenced method covers procedures for determining changes
other ingredients that may be used, such as ammonia, might
in properties after storage and lists characteristics that are
also be objectionable.Although there is no specificASTM test
undesirable and objectionable in a stored stain. Determine
method for evaluating odor of water-borne coatings, the
condition in the container in accordance with Method 3011 of
industry does attempt to measure this property. Determine
U. S. Federal Test Method Standard No. 141. (See also 7.12,
whether the stain has an unpleasant or irritating odor as agreed
Package Stability).
upon between the purchaser and seller, taking adequate pre-
cautions to ensure the safety of the operator.
7.3 Coarse Particles and Foreign Matter—Liquid coatings
must be free of coarse particles and foreign matter to be able to
7.8 Penetration—On porous surfaces, binder penetration
form uniform films of good appearance, a typical maximum
can result in pigment volume concentration changes as the film
being 0.5 weight % of the total material. The referenced
dries. This may cause appearance to vary. The referenced
method with a 325-mesh (45 µm) screen gives the percent of
method provides a rough measure of the wetting and penetrat-
these particles. Determine content of coarse particles and
ing properties of the binder on a porous surface. Determine the
foreign matter in accordance with Test Methods D185.
absorption in accordance with Method 4421 of U. S. Federal
Test Method Standard No. 141. Stains are formulated to
7.4 Density or Weight per Gallon—The density measured in
penetrate into the wood substrate in order to help protect the
pounds per gallon (kilograms per litre = g/mL) is used to
wood. Test methods for penetration are not yet available.
ensure product uniformity from batch to batch, provides a
check against the theoretical weight calculated from the
7.9 Colorant Acceptance—Tintability of white bases with
formula, and is useful for determining the similarity of two
colorants of standardized tinting strength is a trade require-
samples. The reference method gives a procedure for measur-
ment. If tinting colors are not adequately compatible with tint
ing the density of the coating at a specified temperature. Most
bases, lighter, darker, or nonuniform shades of colors are
stains have densities of about 8 lb⁄gal to 11 lb/gal (1.2 kg⁄L to
produced.Test Method D5326 may be used.Test methods may
1.4 kg/L). Determine density in accordance with Test Method
be agreed upon between the purchaser and seller.
D1475, using a calibrated weight per gallon cup.
7.10 pH—Latex stains with low (acidic) pH may corrode
7.5 Fineness of Dispersion—Generally, the more finely a
metal containers. To avoid this problem, the pH is normally
pigment is dispersed, the more efficiently it is being utilized.
stabilized within the range from about 5 to 10, depending upon
Onemethodformeasuringthedegreeofdispersion(commonly
thetypeoflatexusedandthegeneralformulation.ThepHdoes
referred to as “fineness of grind”) is to draw the liquid coating
notnecessarilydeterminethequalityofalatexstainandshould
down a calibrated tapered groove varying in depth from 4 mils
be used primarily to ensure product uniformity. The pH of a
to 0 mils (100 µm to 0 µm) (0-8 Hegman units). The depth at
stain can also effect package stability and in-can corrosion.
which continuous groupings of particles or agglomerates, or
ChangeinpHduringstoragemayindicatepoorstabilityandan
both, protrude through the surface of the wet film is taken as
unacceptable change in the properties of a latex stain. Deter-
the fineness of dispersion value. Higher readings in Hegman
mine pH in accordance with Test Method E70.
units or lower readings in mils or micrometers indicate finer
7.11 Dilution Stability—Dilution with a specified thinner
dispersion. Low sheen finishes may have a dispersion value of
shows whether the materials are compatible and whether the
2 mils (50 µm or 4 Hegman). Determine fineness of dispersion
reduced coating is stable. Consequently the suggested diluents
and cleanliness in accordance with Test Method D1210.
should be readily incorporated into the coating without exces-
7.5.1 The referenced method was designed primarily for
sive stirring or shaking. The referenced method evaluates the
coatings with good fineness of dispersion, such as high gloss
stability of the material that has been reduced by a given
finishes. Some exterior stains, which are typically flat finishes,
amount or to a specified viscosity. Determine dilution stability
may contain pigments so coarse that it is impractical to
in accordance with Method 4203 of U. S. Federal Test Method
measure the fineness with a grind gauge because the agglom-
Standard No. 141.
erates are carried along by the scraper. The best stains for
appearance do not have Hegman readings below 2.
7.12 Package Stability—Since stains cannot normally be
7.6 Flash Point—Organic solvents used in these coatings used immediately after manufacture, they must remain stable
have characteristic temperatures at which they support com- in the can for some time. At normal temperatures most stains
D6763 − 16 (2022)
can be stored for over a year with little change in properties. 8.1.1 Brush Application—Stains are primarily brush ap-
Althoughindicationsoflongtermpackagestabilitycanusually plied. Even when sprayed, it is recommended to back brush to
be obtained in several days or weeks at an elevated increase penetration into the wood substrate and to improve
temperature, such as 125 °F (50 °C) or 140 °F (60 °C), occa- color uniformity. Brushed films should be smooth and free of
sionally the results of the accelerated test do not agree with seeds and on vertical surfaces should show no sagging, color
those at prolonged normal storage conditions. The referenced streaking, or excessive brush marks. Brush drag should not be
method predicts the change in consistency and certain other excessive although some degree of drag may be desirable for
propertiesofpackagedstainwhenstoredattemperaturesabove adequate film thickness applications. Siding finishes are tested
freezing. Determine package stability in accordance with Test on vertical surfaces and floor or deck coatings on horizontal
Method D1849. surfaces, although evaluation of the later on vertical surfaces
may be included when appropriate. The referenced method
7.13 Heat Stability—Exposure to high temperatures can be
coversameansforthedeterminationofthebrushingproperties
used to test for the stability of a packaged coating that
of a coating. Even though the test is subjective, someone
frequently encounters such conditions in service, or as an
experienced in the art can produce quite consistent results,
accelerated test to predict stability when stored at temperatures
particularly in the evaluation of drag qualities. Determine the
above freezing. Although an indication of long term package
brushing properties in accordance with Method 2141 of U. S.
stability can usually be obtained in several days or weeks at an
Federal Test Method Standard No. 141. Brush drag for latex
elevated temperature, such as 125 °F (50 °C) for 1 month or
paints Test Method D4958 can be performed.
140 °F (60 °C) for 2 weeks. Occasionally the results of the
8.1.2 Spray Application—Architectural coatings are some-
accelerated test do not agree with those at prolonged normal
times applied by spray. Both air and airless spray are used on
storage conditions. In the referenced method the changes in
commercial work. Determine the spray application properties
consistencyandcertainotherpropertiesoftheacceleratedaged
in accordance with Method 2131 of Federal Test Method
material are compared to those occurring in a control kept at
Standard No. 141. Manual application is very subjective and
normal temperatures for a longer period. When testing for heat
should be performed only by an individual skilled in the art of
stability, as such, changes in viscosity, flow, gloss, pH, foam
using spray equipment.
resistance, color uniformity, and wet adhesion are usually
checked. Determine heat stability in accordance with Test
8.2 Touch-Up Uniformity—After a stain has dried, areas
Method D1849.
where less material was applied sometimes become noticeable.
7.14 Freeze-Thaw Stability—Water-borne coatings may be
Ifthestainhassuitabletouch-upproperties,additionalmaterial
subjected to freezing conditions during shipping and storage.
can be applied to these areas only, instead of refinishing the
Suitably stabilized products can resist three to five cycles of
complete surface. The color, gloss, and leveling of the
freezing and thawing without showing deleterious changes
touched-up areas and the previously coated area should be
such as coagulation, graininess (seeding), or excessive viscos-
uniform. Differences in these properties are often caused by
ity increase. Many latex stains that increase in viscosity can
short wet-edge time, poor leveling on recoat, and pigment
still be considered usable, if other properties that may be
orientation or flotation during and after application. Determine
affectedbyahigherviscosity,suchaslevelingandbrushability,
touch-up properties in accordance with Test Method D3928.
are satisfactory. Determine freeze-thaw stability in accordance
8.2.1 Lap Sheen Uniformity—On large surfaces where a
with Test Method D2243.
coating must be applied in sections, an area of application may
7.15 Settling—Latex stains are generally resistant to hard extend over an adjacent area, where coating was applied
settling, but do at times show separation and soft settling. The previously. S
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