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ASTM D4060-10

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser

Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Coating on substrates can be damaged by abrasion during manufacturing and service. This test method has been useful in evaluating the abrasion resistance of attached coatings. Ratings produced by this test method have correlated well with ratings produced by the falling abrasive values in Test Methods D968.
For some materials, abrasion tests utilizing the Taber Abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the abrasive characteristics of the wheel during testing. Depending on abradant type and test specimen, the wheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to the pick-up of coating or other materials from test specimens and must be refaced at more frequent intervals as agreed upon by the interested parties. To determine if more frequent refacing is required, plot the total weight loss every 50 cycles. If a significant negative change in slope is observed prior to 500 cycles, the point at which the slope changes determines the refacing frequency.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of organic coatings to abrasion produced by the Taber Abraser on coatings applied to a plane, rigid surface, such as a metal panel.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, with the exception of mils when determining coating thickness. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 7784–2.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2010
ICS
25.220.60 - Organic coatings
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.23 - Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4060-07 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2924-14(2020) - Standard Practice for Intumescent Coatings
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010
Referred By
ASTM D3451-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010
Referred By
ASTM D1044-19 - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion by the Taber Abraser
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010
Referred By
ASTM C1803-20 - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Mortar Surfaces Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010
Referred By
ASTM D8157-19 - Standard Guide for Qualification Testing of Coatings Used in Coating Service Level I in Nuclear Power Plants
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010
Referred By
ASTM B1023-22 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Hard Anodic Coatings by a Taber-Type Abraser
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010
Referred By
ASTM D6037-21 - Standard Test Methods for Dry Abrasion Mar Resistance of High Gloss Coatings
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010
Referred By
ASTM C286-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010
Referred By
ASTM D8380-21 - Standard Test Method for Dry Abrasion Resistance of Hydrophobic and Omniphobic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010
Referred By
ASTM A775/A775M-22 - Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars
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01-Feb-2010
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ASTM E3105-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Permanent Coatings Used to Mitigate Spread of Radioactive Contamination
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01-Feb-2010
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ASTM E3104-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Strippable and Removable Coatings to Mitigate Spread of Radioactive Contamination
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ASTM D4060-10 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber AbraserASTM D4060-10 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
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REDLINE ASTM D4060-10 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber AbraserREDLINE ASTM D4060-10 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4060 − 10
StandardTest Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber
1
Abraser
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
tance of organic coatings to abrasion produced by the Taber
2.2 Other Standards:
Abraser on coatings applied to a plane, rigid surface, such as a
ISO 7784–2 Paints and varnishes—Determination of resis-
metal panel.
tance to abrasion—Part 2: Rotating abrasive rubber wheel
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3
method
standard, with the exception of mils when determining coating
thickness. The values given in parentheses are for information
3. Terminology
only.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 This standard is similar in content (but not technically
3.1.1 Abrasion resistance can be expressed as one or more
equivalent) to ISO 7784–2.
of the following terms:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 wear index, n—1000 times the loss in weight in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
milligrams per cycle.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 weight loss, n—the loss in weight in milligrams,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
determined at a specified number of cycles.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 wear cycles per mil, n—the number of cycles of
abrasionrequiredtowearafilmthroughtothesubstratepermil
2. Referenced Documents
of film thickness.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
4. Summary of Test Method
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
4.1 The organic coating is applied at uniform thickness to a
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
plane, rigid panel and, after curing, the surface is abraded by
Coatings by Falling Abrasive
rotating the panel under weighted abrasive wheels.
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
4.2 Abrasion resistance is calculated as loss in weight at a
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard- specified number of abrasion cycles, as loss in weight per
ness
cycle, or as number of cycles required to remove a unit amount
D3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning and of coating thickness.
Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials
5. Significance and Use
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
5.1 Coating on substrates can be damaged by abrasion
during manufacturing and service. This test method has been
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
useful in evaluating the abrasion resistance of attached coat-
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
ings.Ratingsproducedbythistestmethodhavecorrelatedwell
Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.
with ratings produced by the falling abrasive values in Test
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4060 – 07. DOI:
Methods D968.
10.1520/D4060–10.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4060 − 10
5.2 For some materials, abrasion tests utilizing the Taber 7. Test Specimens
Abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the
7.1 Apply a uniform coating of the material to be tested to
abrasive characteristics of the wheel during testing. Depending
a rigid panel having both surfaces substantially plane and
on abradant type and test specimen, the wheel surface may
parallel. Specimens shall be a disk or a square plate with a 6.5
change (that i
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4060–07 Designation:D4060–10
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber
1
Abraser
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of organic coatings to abrasion produced by the Taber Abraser
on coatings applied to a plane, rigid surface, such as a metal panel.
1.2Because of the poor reproducibility of this test method, it should be restricted to testing in only one laboratory when
numerical abrasion resistance values are to be used. Interlaboratory agreement is improved significantly when rankings of coatings
are used in place of numerical values.
1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, with the exception of mils when determining coating
thickness. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4This standard is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 7784–2
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, with the exception of mils when determining coating
thickness. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 7784–2.
1.5
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by Falling Abrasive
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
D2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hardness
D3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals
and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
2.2 Other Standards:
3
ISO 7784–2 Paints and varnishes—Determination of resistance to abrasion—Part 2: Rotating abrasive rubber wheel method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 Abrasion resistance can be expressed as one or more of the following terms:
3.1.2 wear index, n—1000 times the loss in weight in milligrams per cycle.
3.1.3 weight loss, n—the loss in weight in milligrams, determined at a specified number of cycles.
3.1.4 wear cycles per mil, n—the number of cycles of abrasion required to wear a film through to the substrate per mil of film
thickness.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.
Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4060–01.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4060 – 07. DOI:
10.1520/D4060–10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. DOI: 10.1520/D4060-07.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4060–10
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Theorganiccoatingisappliedatuniformthicknesstoaplane,rigidpaneland,aftercuring,thesurfaceisabradedbyrotating
the panel under weighted abr
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pencil hardness measurements have been used by the coatings industry for many years to determine the hardness of clear and pigmented organic coating films. This test method has also been used to determine the cure of these coatings, especially when using forced dried heat.  
5.2 This test method is convenient in developmental work and in production control testing in a single laboratory. It should be recognized that the results obtained may vary between different laboratories when different manufacturer’s pencils as well as when different substrates are used. To improve test result reproducibility for a specific group of tests, it is recommended to utilize drawing leads or pencils made by the same manufacturer and from the same batch. If drawing leads or pencils from the same manufacturer and from the same batch are not available at the time of subsequent evaluations, it shall be noted on the test report.
Note 3: Using leads or pencils made by different manufacturers or from the same manufacturer but different production batches, may result in significant variation for leads within the same pencil hardness scale.  
5.3 This test method has been found to be useful in providing relative rankings for a series of coatings that exhibit significant differences in film hardness. Caution should be used when attempting to compare coatings of similar film hardness.  
5.4 This test method may not be appropriate for coatings applied to a wood or other softer substrate in which results may be more a function of substrate deformation than coating hardness.  
5.5 If this test method is used as a basis for purchase agreement, maximum precision will be achieved if a given set of referee pencils be agreed upon between the interested parties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for rapid, inexpensive determination of the film hardness of an organic coating on a metal or similarly hard substrate in terms of drawing leads or pencil leads of known hardness.  
1.2 This test method is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 15184.
Note 1: Other procedures are available to measure permanent deformation of organic coatings under the action of a single point (stylus tip) including but not limited to Test Methods D2197, D5178, and G171.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6991-17(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurements of Internal Stresses in Organic Coatings by Cantilever (Beam) Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stresses in coatings arise as a result of their shrinkage or expansion if expected movements are prevented by coating adhesion to its substrate.  
5.2 There are several causes leading to arrival of stresses in the coatings: film formation (cross-linking, solvent evaporation, etc.); differences in thermal expansion coefficients between coating and substrate; humidity and water absorption; environmental effects (ultraviolet radiation, temperature and humidity), and others.  
5.3 Knowledge of the internal stresses in coatings is very important because they may effect coating performance and service life. If the internal stress exceeds the tensile strength of the film, cracks are formed. If stress exceeds adhesion between coating and substrate, it will reduce adhesion and can lead to delamination of coatings. Quantitative information about stresses in coatings can be useful in coating formulation and recommendations for their application and use.  
5.4 This method has been found useful for air-dry industrial organic coatings but the applicability has not yet been assessed for thin coatings (thickness
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measurements of internal stresses in organic coatings by using the cantilever (beam) method.  
1.2 This method is appropriate for the coatings for which the modulus of elasticity of substrate (Es) is significantly greater than the modulus of elasticity of coating (Ec) and for which the thickness of substrate is significantly greater than thickness of coating (see Note 7 and Note 8).  
1.3 The stress values are limited by the adhesion values of coating to the substrate and by the tensile strength of the coating, or both.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2370-16(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tensile properties determined by this method are of value in studying the behavior of coatings subjected to environmental stresses, such as those produced by aging and weathering. (See Refs. (1-10).)4  
5.2 Tensile properties may vary with specimen thickness, method of preparation, gage length, rate of load application, tensile tester response, and type of grips used. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elongation, tensile strength, and stiffness (modulus of elasticity) of organic coatings when tested as free films.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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