ASTM D5031/D5031M-13(2018)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of Paint and Related Coatings
Standard Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of Paint and Related Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration of its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light, heat, and water can be very significant for many applications. This practice is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure.
4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when different operating conditions are used. Therefore, no reference to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained according to this practice.
Note 2: Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.
4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an enclosed carbon arc is significantly different from that produced in light and water exposure devices using other carbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The type and rate of degradation and the performance rankings produced by exposures to enclosed carbon arcs can be much different from those produced by exposures to other types of laboratory light sources.
4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all laboratories use the same type of carbon arc, filters, and exposure conditions.
4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to a control.4,5 Therefore, exposure of a similar material of known performance ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for accelerated exposure testing of coatings and related products in enclosed carbon arc devices operated according to Practices G151 and G153. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the evaluation of test results. Table 1 describes commonly used test conditions.
1.2 This practice does not cover filtered open-flame carbon-arc exposures of paints and related coatings, which is described in Practice D822/D822M. Another procedure for exposing these products is covered by Practice D3361/D3361M, in which the specimens are subjected to radiation from an unfiltered open-flame carbon arc that produces shorter wavelengths and higher levels of short wavelength radiation than filtered open flame or enclosed carbon arcs.
Note 1: Practice D3361/D3361M requires use of open-flame carbon-arc apparatus with automatic humidity control.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5031/D5031M − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of Paint and Related
Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5031/D5031M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
acceleratedexposuretestingofcoatingsandrelatedproductsin D358 Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels in
enclosed carbon arc devices operated according to Practices Weathering Tests of Coatings (Withdrawn 2014)
G151 and G153. This practice also covers the preparation of D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
test specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
evaluationoftestresults.Table1describescommonlyusedtest for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
conditions. Related Coating Products
D610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted
1.2 This practice does not cover filtered open-flame carbon-
Steel Surfaces
arcexposuresofpaintsandrelatedcoatings,whichisdescribed
D659 Method for Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior
in Practice D822/D822M. Another procedure for exposing
Paints (Withdrawn 1990)
these products is covered by Practice D3361/D3361M,in
D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
which the specimens are subjected to radiation from an
Exterior Paints
unfiltered open-flame carbon arc that produces shorter wave-
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
lengths and higher levels of short wavelength radiation than
Exterior Paints
filtered open flame or enclosed carbon arcs.
D714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
NOTE 1—Practice D3361/D3361M requires use of open-flame carbon-
Paints
arc apparatus with automatic humidity control.
D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
ing) of Exterior Paints
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D822/D822M Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
with the standard.
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
a Ferrous Base (Withdrawn 2006)
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D1400 TestMethodforNondestructiveMeasurementofDry
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D5031/D5031M – 13. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D5031_D5031M-13R18. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5031/D5031M − 13 (2018)
A
TABLE 1 Test Cycles Commonly Used for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Testing of Paints and Related Coatings
Uninsulated Black
B,C,D
Panel Temperature
B,C E
Cycle Number Cycle Description °C °F Typical Uses
F
1 Continuous light 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 General coatings and historical convention
102 min light only at 50 ± 10 % RH
G
18 min light and water spray
Repeated continuously
2 18 h continuous light using: 63±2.5 145±5 General coatings
102 min light only at 50 ± 10 % RH 24±1.5 75±3
G
18 min light and water spray
6 h dark using:
95 % relative humidity (no water spray)
Repeated continuously
3 48 min light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Coatings used in original equipment manufacturing
12 min light and water spray
Repeated continuously
4 4 h light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Exterior pigmented stains
4 h dark with water spray
Repeated continuously
5 12 h light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Exterior wood stains and clears
12 h dark water spray
Repeated continuously
6 8 h light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Marine enamels
10 h light and water spray
6 h dark with water spray
Repeated continuously
A
The cycles described are not listed in any order indicating importance, and are not necessarily recommended for the applications listed.
B
Unless otherwise specified, operate the device so that the allowable deviations about the set points given in Table 1 are within the specified limits specified in the
corresponding entry. If the actual operating conditions do not agree with the machine settings after the equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test and correct the cause
of the disagreement before continuing.
C
Set points and operational fluctuations are listed as set point ± operational fluctuation in Table 1. They are sometimes listed in separate columns. The set point is the
target condition for the sensor used at the operational control point as programmed by the user. Operational fluctuations are deviations from the indicated set point at the
control point indicated by the readout of the calibrated control sensor during equilibrium operation and do not include measurement uncertainty. At the operational control
point, the operational fluctuation can exceed no more than the listed value at equilibrium. Therefore, when a standard calls for a particular set point, the user programs
that exact number. The operational fluctuations specified with the set point do not imply that the user is allowed to program a set point higher or lower than the exact set
point specified.
D
Unless otherwise indicated, black panel temperatures apply during the light-only portion of the cycle. The equilibrium black panel temperature is obtained without a spray
period. For light intervals less than 30 min, the black panel temperature might not reach equilibrium.
E
Typical uses do not imply that results from exposures of these materials according to the cycle described will correlate to those from actual use conditions.
F
Historical convention has established this as a very commonly used test cycle. This cycle may not adequately simulate the effects of outdoor exposure.
G
Unless otherwise specified, water spray refers to water sprayed on the exposed surfaces of the test specimens.
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and G153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
Coordinates G169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ- Weathering Tests
ence With a Gray Scale
D3361/D3361M Practice for Unfiltered Open-Flame 3. Terminology
Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
3.1 The definitions given in Terminology G113 are appli-
D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking
cable to this practice.
of Exterior Paint Films
D5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index of
4. Significance and Use
Plastics
4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration of
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light,
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
heat, and water can be very significant for many applications.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
This practice is intended to induce property changes associated
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight,
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural andArtificial Weath-
moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not
ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing
weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological
of Nonmetallic Materials
attack, and saltwater exposure.
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-
lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests 4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials inAccel- different operating conditions are used.Therefore, no reference
erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by
G152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the
Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for
D5031/D5031M − 13 (2018)
detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results 6.3 Carbon residue and ash are known respiratory irritants.
obtained according to this practice. Wearanappropriatehigh-efficiencydustrespirator,gloves,and
safety glasses when handling or changing carbon rods. Make
NOTE 2—Additional information on sources of variability and on
sure to wash any carbon residue from hands or arms prior to
strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data
eating or drinking.
analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.
4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an
7. Test Specimens
enclosed carbon arc is significantly different from that pro-
duced in light and water exposure devices using other carbon-
7.1 Apply the coating to flat (plane) panels with the
arc configurations or other light sources. The type and rate of
substrate, method of preparation, method of application, coat-
degradation and the performance rankings produced by expo-
ing system, film thickness, and method of drying consistent
sures to enclosed carbon arcs can be much different from those
with the anticipated end use, or as mutually agreed upon
produced by exposures to other types of laboratory light
between the producer and user.
sources.
7.2 Panel specifications and methods of preparation include
4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all
but are not limited to Practices D609 or D1730, or Specifica-
laboratories use the same type of carbon arc, filters, and
tion D358. Select panel sizes suitable for use with the exposure
exposure conditions.
apparatus.
4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has
7.3 CoattestpanelsinaccordancewithPracticesD823,then
been shown to be good when the stability of materials is
measure the film thickness in accordance with an appropriate
evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other
4,5 procedure selected from Test Methods D1005, D1186,or
materials or to a control. Therefore, exposure of a similar
D1400. Nondestructive methods are preferred because panels
material of known performance (a control) at the same time as
so measured need not be repaired.
the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended
that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to 7.4 Prior to exposing coated panels in the apparatus, condi-
allow for statistical evaluation of results. tion them at 23 6 2°C [73 6 3°F] and 50 6 10 % relative
humidity for one of the following periods in accordance with
4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to
the type of coating:
operate the equipment according to Practice G153. Significant
Baked coatings 24 h
factors include regulation of line voltage, freedom from salt or
Radiation-cured coatings 24 h
other deposits from water, temperature and humidity control,
All other coatings 7 days
and conditions of the electrodes.
7.4.1 Other procedures for preparation of test specimens
4.5 All references to exposures in accordance with this
may be used if agreed upon by all interested parties.
practice must include a complete description of the test cycle
7.5 Mount specimens in holders so that only the minimum
used.
specimen area required for support by the holder is covered.
Do not use this covered area of the specimen as part of the test
5. Apparatus
area.
5.1 Use enclosed carbon-arc apparatus that conforms to the
requirements defined in Practices G151 and G153. 7.6 Unless otherwise specified, expose at least three repli-
cate specimens of each test and control material.
5.2 Unless otherwise specified, the spectral power distribu-
tion of the enclosed carbon arc shall conform to the require-
7.7 Follow the procedures described in Practice G147 for
ments in Practice G153 for the enclosed carbon arc.
identification and conditioning and handling of specimens of
test, control, and reference materials prior to, during, and after
6. Hazards
exposure.
6.1 Warning—In addition to other precautions, never look
7.8 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose of
directly at the carbon arc because UVradiation can damage the
showing on one panel the effects of various exposure times.
eye. Most carbon-arc machines are equipped with door safety
Misleading results may be
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5031/D5031M − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of Paint and Related
Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5031/D5031M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
accelerated exposure testing of coatings and related products in D358 Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels in
enclosed carbon arc devices operated according to Practices Weathering Tests of Coatings (Withdrawn 2014)
G151 and G153. This practice also covers the preparation of D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
test specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
evaluation of test results. Table 1 describes commonly used test for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
conditions. Related Coating Products
D610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted
1.2 This practice does not cover filtered open-flame carbon-
Steel Surfaces
arc exposures of paints and related coatings, which is described
D659 Method for Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior
in Practice D822/D822M. Another procedure for exposing
Paints (Withdrawn 1990)
these products is covered by Practice D3361/D3361M, in
D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
which the specimens are subjected to radiation from an
Exterior Paints
unfiltered open-flame carbon arc that produces shorter wave-
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
lengths and higher levels of short wavelength radiation than
Exterior Paints
filtered open flame or enclosed carbon arcs.
D714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
NOTE 1—Practice D3361/D3361M requires use of open-flame carbon-
Paints
arc apparatus with automatic humidity control.
D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
ing) of Exterior Paints
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D822/D822M Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
with the standard.
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
a Ferrous Base (Withdrawn 2006)
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D5031/D5031M – 13. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D5031_D5031M-13R18. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5031/D5031M − 13 (2018)
A
TABLE 1 Test Cycles Commonly Used for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Testing of Paints and Related Coatings
Uninsulated Black
B,C,D
Panel Temperature
B,C E
Cycle Number Cycle Description °C °F Typical Uses
F
1 Continuous light 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 General coatings and historical convention
102 min light only at 50 ± 10 % RH
G
18 min light and water spray
Repeated continuously
2 18 h continuous light using: 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 General coatings
102 min light only at 50 ± 10 % RH 24 ± 1.5 75 ± 3
G
18 min light and water spray
6 h dark using:
95 % relative humidity (no water spray)
Repeated continuously
3 48 min light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Coatings used in original equipment manufacturing
12 min light and water spray
Repeated continuously
4 4 h light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Exterior pigmented stains
4 h dark with water spray
Repeated continuously
5 12 h light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Exterior wood stains and clears
12 h dark water spray
Repeated continuously
6 8 h light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Marine enamels
10 h light and water spray
6 h dark with water spray
Repeated continuously
A
The cycles described are not listed in any order indicating importance, and are not necessarily recommended for the applications listed.
B
Unless otherwise specified, operate the device so that the allowable deviations about the set points given in Table 1 are within the specified limits specified in the
corresponding entry. If the actual operating conditions do not agree with the machine settings after the equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test and correct the cause
of the disagreement before continuing.
C
Set points and operational fluctuations are listed as set point ± operational fluctuation in Table 1. They are sometimes listed in separate columns. The set point is the
target condition for the sensor used at the operational control point as programmed by the user. Operational fluctuations are deviations from the indicated set point at the
control point indicated by the readout of the calibrated control sensor during equilibrium operation and do not include measurement uncertainty. At the operational control
point, the operational fluctuation can exceed no more than the listed value at equilibrium. Therefore, when a standard calls for a particular set point, the user programs
that exact number. The operational fluctuations specified with the set point do not imply that the user is allowed to program a set point higher or lower than the exact set
point specified.
D
Unless otherwise indicated, black panel temperatures apply during the light-only portion of the cycle. The equilibrium black panel temperature is obtained without a spray
period. For light intervals less than 30 min, the black panel temperature might not reach equilibrium.
E
Typical uses do not imply that results from exposures of these materials according to the cycle described will correlate to those from actual use conditions.
F
Historical convention has established this as a very commonly used test cycle. This cycle may not adequately simulate the effects of outdoor exposure.
G
Unless otherwise specified, water spray refers to water sprayed on the exposed surfaces of the test specimens.
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and G153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
Coordinates G169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ- Weathering Tests
ence With a Gray Scale
3. Terminology
D3361/D3361M Practice for Unfiltered Open-Flame
Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
3.1 The definitions given in Terminology G113 are appli-
D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking
cable to this practice.
of Exterior Paint Films
D5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index of
4. Significance and Use
Plastics
4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration of
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light,
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
heat, and water can be very significant for many applications.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
This practice is intended to induce property changes associated
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight,
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-
moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not
ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing
weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological
of Nonmetallic Materials
attack, and saltwater exposure.
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-
lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests 4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accel- different operating conditions are used. Therefore, no reference
erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by
G152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the
Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for
D5031/D5031M − 13 (2018)
detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results 6.3 Carbon residue and ash are known respiratory irritants.
obtained according to this practice. Wear an appropriate high-efficiency dust respirator, gloves, and
safety glasses when handling or changing carbon rods. Make
NOTE 2—Additional information on sources of variability and on
sure to wash any carbon residue from hands or arms prior to
strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data
eating or drinking.
analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.
4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an
7. Test Specimens
enclosed carbon arc is significantly different from that pro-
duced in light and water exposure devices using other carbon-
7.1 Apply the coating to flat (plane) panels with the
arc configurations or other light sources. The type and rate of
substrate, method of preparation, method of application, coat-
degradation and the performance rankings produced by expo-
ing system, film thickness, and method of drying consistent
sures to enclosed carbon arcs can be much different from those
with the anticipated end use, or as mutually agreed upon
produced by exposures to other types of laboratory light
between the producer and user.
sources.
7.2 Panel specifications and methods of preparation include
4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all
but are not limited to Practices D609 or D1730, or Specifica-
laboratories use the same type of carbon arc, filters, and
tion D358. Select panel sizes suitable for use with the exposure
exposure conditions.
apparatus.
4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has
7.3 Coat test panels in accordance with Practices D823, then
been shown to be good when the stability of materials is
measure the film thickness in accordance with an appropriate
evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other
procedure selected from Test Methods D1005, D1186, or
4,5
materials or to a control. Therefore, exposure of a similar
D1400. Nondestructive methods are preferred because panels
material of known performance (a control) at the same time as
so measured need not be repaired.
the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended
that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to 7.4 Prior to exposing coated panels in the apparatus, condi-
allow for statistical evaluation of results. tion them at 23 6 2°C [73 6 3°F] and 50 6 10 % relative
humidity for one of the following periods in accordance with
4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to
the type of coating:
operate the equipment according to Practice G153. Significant
Baked coatings 24 h
factors include regulation of line voltage, freedom from salt or
Radiation-cured coatings 24 h
other deposits from water, temperature and humidity control,
All other coatings 7 days
and conditions of the electrodes.
7.4.1 Other procedures for preparation of test specimens
4.5 All references to exposures in accordance with this
may be used if agreed upon by all interested parties.
practice must include a complete description of the test cycle
7.5 Mount specimens in holders so that only the minimum
used.
specimen area required for support by the holder is covered.
5. Apparatus Do not use this covered area of the specimen as part of the test
area.
5.1 Use enclosed carbon-arc apparatus that conforms to the
requirements defined in Practices G151 and G153.
7.6 Unless otherwise specified, expose at least three repli-
cate specimens of each test and control material.
5.2 Unless otherwise specified, the spectral power distribu-
tion of the enclosed carbon arc shall conform to the require-
7.7 Follow the procedures described in Practice G147 for
ments in Practice G153 for the enclosed carbon arc.
identification and conditioning and handling of specimens of
test, control, and reference materials prior to, during, and after
6. Hazards
exposure.
6.1 Warning—In addition to other precautions, never look
7.8 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose of
directly at the carbon arc because UV radiation can damage the
showing on one panel the effects of various exposure times.
eye. Most carbon-arc machines are equipped with door safety
Misleading results may be obtained by this method, since the
switches, but users o
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5031/D5031M − 13 D5031/D5031M − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of Paint and Related
Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5031/D5031M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for accelerated exposure testing of coatings and related products in
enclosed carbon arc devices operated according to Practices G151 and G153. This practice also covers the preparation of test
specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the evaluation of test results. Table 1 describes commonly used test
conditions.
1.2 This practice does not cover filtered open-flame carbon-arc exposures of paints and related coatings, which is described in
Practice D822/D822M. Another procedure for exposing these products is covered by Practice D3361/D3361M, in which the
specimens are subjected to radiation from an unfiltered open-flame carbon arc that produces shorter wavelengths and higher levels
of short wavelength radiation than filtered open flame or enclosed carbon arcs.
NOTE 1—Practice D3361/D3361M requires use of open-flame carbon-arc apparatus with automatic humidity control.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D358 Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels in Weathering Tests of Coatings (Withdrawn 2014)
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating
Products
D610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces
D659 Method for Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paints (Withdrawn 1990)
D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of Exterior Paints
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints
D714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of Paints
D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scaling) of Exterior Paints
D822/D822M Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013Sept. 1, 2018. Published October 2013September 2018. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20062013
as D5031 – 01 (2006).D5031/D5031M – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D5031_D5031M-13.10.1520/D5031_D5031M-13R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5031/D5031M − 13 (2018)
A
TABLE 1 Test Cycles Commonly Used for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Testing of Paints and Related Coatings
Uninsulated Black
B,C,D
Panel Temperature
B,C E
Cycle Number Cycle Description °C °F Typical Uses
F
1 Continuous light 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 General coatings and historical convention
102 min light only at 50 ± 10 % RH
G
18 min light and water spray
Repeated continuously
2 18 h continuous light using: 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 General coatings
102 min light only at 50 ± 10 % RH 24 ± 1.5 75 ± 3
G
18 min light and water spray
6 h dark using:
95 % relative humidity (no water spray)
Repeated continuously
3 48 min light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Coatings used in original equipment manufacturing
12 min light and water spray
Repeated continuously
4 4 h light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Exterior pigmented stains
4 h dark with water spray
Repeated continuously
5 12 h light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Exterior wood stains and clears
12 h dark water spray
Repeated continuously
6 8 h light at 50 ± 10 % RH 63 ± 2.5 145 ± 5 Marine enamels
10 h light and water spray
6 h dark with water spray
Repeated continuously
A
The cycles described are not listed in any order indicating importance, and are not necessarily recommended for the applications listed.
B
Unless otherwise specified, operate the device so that the allowable deviations about the set points given in Table 1 are within the specified limits specified in the
corresponding entry. If the actual operating conditions do not agree with the machine settings after the equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test and correct the cause
of the disagreement before continuing.
C
Set points and operational fluctuations are listed as set point ± operational fluctuation in Table 1. They are sometimes listed in separate columns. The set point is the
target condition for the sensor used at the operational control point as programmed by the user. Operational fluctuations are deviations from the indicated set point at the
control point indicated by the readout of the calibrated control sensor during equilibrium operation and do not include measurement uncertainty. At the operational control
point, the operational fluctuation can exceed no more than the listed value at equilibrium. Therefore, when a standard calls for a particular set point, the user programs
that exact number. The operational fluctuations specified with the set point do not imply that the user is allowed to program a set point higher or lower than the exact set
point specified.
D
Unless otherwise indicated, black panel temperatures apply during the light-only portion of the cycle. The equilibrium black panel temperature is obtained without a spray
period. For light intervals less than 30 min, the black panel temperature might not reach equilibrium.
E
Typical uses do not imply that results from exposures of these materials according to the cycle described will correlate to those from actual use conditions.
F
Historical convention has established this as a very commonly used test cycle. This cycle may not adequately simulate the effects of outdoor exposure.
G
Unless otherwise specified, water spray refers to water sprayed on the exposed surfaces of the test specimens.
D1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to a Ferrous
Base (Withdrawn 2006)
D1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a
Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray Scale
D3361/D3361M Practice for Unfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films
D5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index of Plastics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic Materials
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetallic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
G152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
G153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
G169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to Weathering Tests
3. Terminology
3.1 The definitions given in Terminology G113 are applicable to this practice.
D5031/D5031M − 13 (2018)
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration of its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light, heat,
and water can be very significant for many applications. This practice is intended to induce property changes associated with
end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to
simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater
exposure.
4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when different operating conditions are used. Therefore, no reference to the
use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the specific
operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained
according to this practice.
NOTE 2—Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of
laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.
4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an enclosed carbon arc is significantly different from that produced in light
and water exposure devices using other carbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The type and rate of degradation and the
performance rankings produced by exposures to enclosed carbon arcs can be much different from those produced by exposures to
other types of laboratory light sources.
4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all laboratories use the same type of carbon arc, filters, and exposure
conditions.
4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluated
4,5
in terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to a control. Therefore, exposure of a similar material of known
performance (a control) at the same time as the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended that at least three
replicates of each material be exposed to allow for statistical evaluation of results.
4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to operate the equipment according to Practice G153. Significant factors
include regulation of line voltage, freedom from salt or other deposits from water, temperature and humidity control, and
conditions of the electrodes.
4.5 All references to exposures in accordance with this practice must include a complete description of the test cycle used.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Use enclosed carbon-arc apparatus that conforms to the requirements defined in Practices G151 and G153.
5.2 Unless otherwise specified, the spectral power distribution of the enclosed carbon arc shall conform to the requirements in
Practice G153 for the enclosed carbon arc.
6. Hazards
6.1 Warning—In addition to other precautions, never look directly at the carbon arc because UV radiation can damage the eye.
Most carbon-arc machines are equipped with door safety switches, but users of old equipment must be certain to turn off the power
to the carbon arc before opening the test-chamber door.
6.2 The burning carbon rods used in these devices become very hot during use. Make sure to allow at least 15 min for the arcs
to cool after the device is turned off before attempting to change the carbon rods.
6.3 Carbon residue and ash are known respiratory irritants. Wear an appropriate high-efficiency dust respirator, gloves, and
safety glasses when handling or changing carbon rods. Make sure to wash any carbon residue from hands or arms prior to eating
or drinking.
7. Test Specimens
7.1 Apply the coating to flat (plane) panels with the substrate, method of preparation, method of application, coating system,
film thickness, and method of drying consistent with the anticipated end use, or as mutually agreed upon between the producer
and user.
7.2 Panel specifications and methods of preparation include but are not limited to Practices D609 or D1730, or Specification
D358. Select panel sizes suitable for use with the exposure apparatus.
7.3 Coat test panels in accordance with Practices D823, then measure the film thickness in accordance with an appropriate
procedure selected from Test Methods D1005, D1186, or D1400. Nondestructive methods are preferred because panels so
measured need not be repaired.
Fischer, R., “Results of Round-Robin Studies of Light- and Water-Exposure Standard Practices,” Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of Organic Materials,
ASTM STP 1202, ASTM, 1993.
Ketola, W., and Fischer, R., “Characterization and Use of Reference Materials in Accelerated Durability Tests,” VAMAS Technical Report No. 30, NIST, June 1997.
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